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Straipsnyje apžvelgiami lietuvių kalbos vietos prieveiksmių semantiniai tyrimai: pradžioje aptariamos pirmosios lietuvių kalbos gramatikos (XVII-XVIII a.), vėliau pristatomos XIX a. lietuvių kalbos gramatikos, toliau rašoma apie XX a. gramatikas ir tuo laiku vyravusias vietos prieveiksmio tyrimų tendencijas. Pabaigoje apžvelgiami kiti užsienio ir lietuvių kalbininkų darbai, skirti vietos prieveiksmio semantikai tirti.
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Straipsnyje nagrinėjami pusdalyvinėmis būti konstrukcijomis reiškiami laisvieji depiktyviniai ir aplinkybiniai antriniai predikatyvai. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama gramatiniams požymiams, padedantiems skirti laisvųjų antrinių predikatyvų tipus.
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Šiame darbe nagrinėjama ir leksinė evidencialumo raiška, t. y. tam tikros semantikos įterpiniai, dalelytės ir sakinio prieveiksmiai; jų evidencinė funkcija taip pat susijusi su struktūros ypatybėmis. Evidencialumo raiškos priemonės lietuvių kalboje sudaro tam tikrą leksinių ir gramatinių vienetų kontinuumą. Integruotas šių priemonių tyrimas suponuoja, kad evidencialumas suvoktinas kaip semantinė gramatikos kategorija, kurios paskirtis yra nurodyti kognityvinį arba komunikacinį autoriaus pasakymo pagrindą.
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Straipsnyje laikomasi nuomonės, kad nacionalinis charakteris suprantamas kaip specifinis tam tikrų bendrų charakterio ypatybių rinkinys, informacijos apie kurį gali suteikti kalbos vartojimo pavyzdžių analizė. Lyginama su kitų Lietuvos mokslininkų tyrimų rezultatais.
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The word combination guerrilla war has a terminological meaning ‘war, during which the weaker side uses the tactics of avoiding general battles and combats unexpected enemy attacks with the help of small military units or partisans’. The combination guerrilla war is associated by users of common language primarily with semantic elements such as ‘a scope of insidious, hidden and difficult to predict, tiring opponent actions’. In the modern texts, the term guerrilla war can undergo a metaphorisation process – it is a determinologisation of multiword expression of military terms. In the figurative sense of the verbal connection guerrilla war there are characterised semantic elements as ‘set of insidious actions, hidden, difficult to predict, directed against to someone or to something, to achieve something, teasing the opposite side, her fatigue, limiting its influence’. In some texts determinologisation signals were presented – a change of component pattern, clauses appeared, which indicates metaphorisation of compound, for example: tax guerrilla war, office guerrilla war. The texts which reported metaphored military term guerrilla war featured the following metaphors: POLITICS is a WAR, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE is a WAR, DIFFERENT, SPECIAL ACTIVITIES and FORMS OF COMPETITION is a WAR.
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Проблема композиции в стихотворении (вопроса композиции в других жанрах мы в этой работе не рассматриваем, поскольку он, скорее, относится к общей стилистике, а не к теории стиха) складывается из двух составных: композиции стихов в строфе и композиции строф в художественном целом. Если мы имеем дело со стихотворением, не разбитым на строфы, то текст его можно рассматривать как одну строфу, с разной степенью внутренней упорядоченности.
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The paper discusses source domains of smell-related metaphorical collocations. The research is limited to metaphorical collocations with pleasant smell denoting words scent, fragrance, aroma, and perfume in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The scope of the research is 2187 concordance lines (CL) containing metaphorical collocations with the words scent, fragrance, aroma, and perfume from 3580 CL containing any word phrase with the target words. The research is based on identification and description of the source domains of the collected metaphorical collocations with pleasant smell words, relating the source domains to underlying conceptual metaphors and determining the frequency distribution of the identified source domains. The following source domains were identified in the research: object, substance, physical force, and food. The analysis showed the frequency of source domains across all four groups forming smell related conceptual metaphors: object with 1833 instances of metaphorical collocations (84%), substance with 202 instances (9%), physical force with 130 instances (6%), and food with 22 instances (1%). The present study contributes to the development of cognitive semantics and its findings demonstrate which meanings are prevalent in human mentality when pleasant smell related metaphorical collocations are used.
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The paper deals with the specificity of the valence characteristics of the action and procedural verbs in language and speech. Modern linguistic research is aimed primarily at the functioning of language units at different levels. However, the valence characteristics of lexical and grammatical categories of words, in particular verbs, are studied in terms of formal and semantic features, often without distinguishing the specifics of the manifestation of this category in language and speech. The proposed study is based on the results of questionnaires of respondents, which allows us to draw conclusions about the specifics of the valence of verbs in language and speech. The purpose of the study is to establish the differences between the perception of valence characteristics of verbs in language and speech, and to outline the specifics of the influence of the semantics of the subject syntaxeme or the absence of this syntaxeme on the establishment of the number of obligatory components in the structure of a simple sentence. The following methods were used in the research: questionnaire (to obtain the actual research material); unattended observation (to establish the specifics of valence characteristics of impersonal verbs); descriptive (to inventory the results of the questionnaire, in particular the description of individual groups of verbs and their valence in context and outside it); contextual analysis (to establish seme, actualized by a narrow context), and statistical analysis (to establish the relationship between the valence characteristics of verb forms in the context and outside it). The valence of verbs in the context and outside it is distinguished by a) the number of open valence positions; b) the quality of obligatory components for the formation of the general meaning of the sentence. The number of open positions is influenced by the specifics of the use of the verb in the personal or impersonal utterance. Personal verbs used in the impersonal sense lose part of the open valence positions, acquiring the semantics of the actual procedurality. At the same time, the majority of respondents defined such verbs as actionality out of the context. The semantics of the subject, particularly in the aspect of the category “being / non-being”, has less effect on the number of open valence positions but has a greater effect on the quality of the required components. In particular, the subject-non-being actualizes mainly the circumstantial semantics of the distributors in terms of the specifics of the process, in particular its course, time constraints, the space where the process takes place, and so on.
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The meaning scopes of the words red, ruddy and ginger, used as color adjectives to characterize a person, have a different scope of meaning from the adjective red, whose polysemantic structure is much richer. These “human color” adjectives have somewhat different extensions compared to the adjective red, and this is frequently manifested in heir inability to realize themselves within certain grammatical structures, in which it is still possible to realize the adjective red. Relying on conceptual integration theory, we have analyzed the relationship between the semantic extensions of these adjectives and reached the conclusion that there is a pyramidal hierarchical relation between these lexemes in which the adjective red is naturally dominant as the color designation.
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In the present paper, the intensive beginning stage of the formation of a “newspeak” is observed in the era of pandemics, when native speakers form new words for denoting realia that are new both for them and their experience acquired in extraordinary conditions. The “pandemic” discourse formed by these speakers primarily includes changes in the lexicosemantic system of the Russian language. The aim of this paper is to describe new words (both semantic and lexical neologisms) and define the markers of the novelty of words in the minds of native speakers, which is of certain interest in the active stage of the formation of a “newspeak” in the era of pandemics. The development of pandemics is denoted by the notion of scenario, which in combination with relative adjectives like Italian, Swiss, Chinese, etc. present the specificity of pandemics in various countries. The borrowing Covid, quickly adopted by Russian speakers, becomes a derivative base for many lexical neologisms formed by the addition of word stems and affixation (Covid centre, Covid taxi, anti-Covid). Lexical neologisms form the majority of new words. In the paper, some individual author’s neologisms are also studied, which are based on a pun and serve an expressive function in the language (covidimo-nevidimo). During the analysis of special literature and the survey of native speakers, it was revealed that the markers of novelty have both a logical (“an unusual meaning”) and a visual perceptive character (“an odd-sounding”, “Latin script in spelling”, or “words in inverted commas”). As the survey shows, in the minds of native speakers who do not have any special knowledge, visual markers play a leading role in defining words as new ones. The intuitively perceived marker “an unusual meaning” is supported by visual markers: the spelling and the sounding. In the active period of the functioning of a neologism, its important feature of identification for ordinary speakers of Russian is the metagraphemics (the Latin script and the inverted commas) and the sounding form of a neologism. After some time, a part of external visual markers of the novelty of words is lost, for instance, inverted commas are not used, the Latin script is substituted by the Cyrillic script, and the sounding form of the word becomes usual. This means that the word loses its novelty for Russian native speakers and becomes a common word.
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The article is devoted to the semantic evolution of *ręd-, *vold- i *(g)panroots leading to contemporary Polish and Macedonian predicates of ‘exercising power’. A confrontation of Polish derivatives was conducted to rule with their Macedonian counterparts.The text indicates convergence and differences in semantic derivation of the roots studied in Polish and Macedonian.Two solid semantic components of the notion of power can be indicated: ‘order’ and ‘control’ and direction of the semantic derivation process – from linear order ‘control over own property’ and ‘rule over subjects’ towards ‘state power’.
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This paper is concerned with the Q-particle də in Sinhala wh-questions and polar questions. Previous approaches propose a two-legged semantic dependency: (i) the lower leg projects a set of alternatives and (ii) the upper leg forms a choice function dependency. The contribution of the present paper is two-fold. First, it presents novel empirical data on complex questions with islands that pose a serious problem for this architecture when applied to polar questions. Second, it develops a new proposal that maintains a common meaning for the Q-particle in the two question types while avoiding this empirical problem. The key insight of the new analysis is to liberalize the upper dependency leg as to pass up a focus value that can later combine with different operators: with the Q-operator in wh-questions and with the squiggle operator in polar questions.
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In Turkic, hendiadys has an important place as a method that is used for the emphasis of an expression. In addition to Old Turkic inscriptions, hendiadyses, which are often used in Old Uyghur texts, still survive in contemporary Turkic languages. In this article, the hendiadys of yogun yolpa i.e. ‘unmannerly, cumbersome, rude, ugly’ which appears only once (hapax legomenon) in Old Uyghur texts, and never in works from other periods, will be studied in comparison to examples from contemporary Turkic languages. The etymology of the two words yogun and yolpa which form the hendiadys will be investigated. The first element of the hendiadys, yogun, ‘intense, rude, rough, ugly’ has already been the subject of various studies. The other element of the hendiadys, the word yolpa, which does not appear in any other text, is analysed in this article.
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The purpose of this study is to identify and examine maximum-size polysemy clusters in semantic hierarchies of eleven wordnets that are included in Open Multilingual Wordnet. The clusters are extracted from both the super-subordinate hierarchies of the noun (IS-A) and the hierarchies of the verb (MANNER-OF). We focus on the substructures of semantic hierarchies that display vertical polysemy relationships (i.e. clusters containing words with the same spelling in their vertices). Besides the maximum-size polysemy clusters, the number of vertical polysemy relationships and the PoS distribution in these relations are examined. The findings of this study suggest that large polysemy clusters may indicate potential problems like in accurate identification of a word’s meaning in an NLP task. The algorithm detecting maximal clusters of polysemy has the potential to be applied to other wordnets than those focused on in this study. The analysis in this article is the first step in large-size polysemy clusters studies. We expect that polysemy clusters will help to evaluate the state of the wordnets’ semantic hierarchies and to assess the suitability of these structures as background knowledge for solving NLP tasks.
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