4;0-6;0 Yaş (48-72 Aylar) Arasındaki Çocukların Ad-Eylem Kullanımları

Author(s): Gülsün Seda Gökmen / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 137/2007

Within the language acquisition researches, the main focusing subject is searching the dominant usage of word category among acquisition and usage. In the findings through the researches, it takes part that noun spurt phenomenon does not have the same validity within the all databases and all languages. This study is based on the natural speech context of the 4-6 years old children groups. Also this is study is dealed with whether there is the noun bias in noun usage of children who acquired Turkish and are in later period. The most important finding of this study is determining that there is the dominance of verb usage rather than noun category which is also valid for either in three age groups. Additionally, it was found that the higher usage ratio of the verb type is the event category.

A comparative study of form-focused and communicative methods of language teaching in ESP courses

Author(s): Amin Karimnia,Mahmood Khosravani / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the use of communicative methods and form-focused methods as implemented in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses. To accomplish this, two groups of management students were selected for the study. Each group consisted of 30 participants. Their level of proficiency in English and their subject matter knowledge were tested through a sample of IELTS and a pre-test. The two groups were at the same level of proficiency in both general English and English for Students of Management before receiving treatment in 20 sessions within a period of 75 days. Participants in Group A received a form-focused method with some occasional uses of their L1. In Group B, however, the participants were exposed to a communicative ESP course which exclusively relied on English the L2. After the period of treatment, the two groups were examined via a post-test. Results showed that Group B was more successful in the post-test. Moreover, the learners who were proficient in English and the subject matter achieved more from the communicative methods of language teaching in the ESP course. Findings imply that the nature of the subject matter, or whether it is theoretical or applied, could be a factor in deciding a method of language teaching for ESP courses.

A new beginning? A bibliometric analysis of L2 vocabulary research in 1985

Author(s): Paul Meara / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

This paper uses a co-citation analysis to examine the research on L2 vocabulary acquisition that was published in 1985. This year seems to mark a kind of transition in the field. Unlike the earlier years analysed in this series of papers, 1985 shows signs of a coherent L2 vocabulary research front developing. The number of papers that qualify for inclusion is much greater than in previous years, and the analysis suggests that recognizable research themes are beginning to be clearly articulated.

Acquisition of a Null Subject Language

Author(s): Asli Altan / Language(s): English / Issue: 161/2013

This study analyzes the use of pro-drop in speech among children between the ages 2;0- 4;8 acquiring Turkish as a native language. The data analyzed is part of the CHILDES data base and includes cross-sectional language data from a total of 48 children. The data was categorized according to the type of verb (verbal, nonverbal, existential or imperative) and the age of the child. Those cases where the child omitted the pronoun where it was not recoverable from the context are highlighted. The analysis of the data demonstrates that children from all age groups omit the subject pronouns, especially in verbal sentences. The data from children in the smallest age group demonstrates that they tend to overgeneralize the pro-drop rule to cause ambiguity in some cases. The rate of pro-drop decreases with age and children tend to use it more correctly.

Acquisition of epistemic marking in estonian and russian

Author(s): Reili Argus,Victoria V. Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2016

The article compares the acquisition of epistemic modality in typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The longitudinal data of 4 children was used to analyse the first emergence and the further development of lexical markers expressing certainty and uncertainty. Developmental analysis of micro fields of epistemic modality has shown that in both languages the semantics of uncertainty starts to be acquired slightly earlier than certainty. The main tendencies in the usage of epistemic markers in utterances are similar in our corpora. Since the acquisition of epistemic modality is similar in the two languages, it would be reasonable to assume that some categories, like epistemic modality, rely more on general cognitive development than others.*

Acquisition of motion in L2 Estonian

Author(s): Merilin Miljan,Nelis Liis / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2016

This study focuses on the acquisition of Motion in Estonian by native English speakers. The aim was to determine how English learners of Estonian are influenced by their first language (L1) when describing Motion events in Estonian as their second language (L2). Prior studies have claimed that people develop certain ways of thinking for speaking when learning their first language which affect the acquisition of other languages (e.g. Slobin 1996, Pool, Pajusalu 2012 i.a.). In order to find out how native English speakers are influenced by their L1 when acquiring Motion in Estonian, an experiment was implemented on 22 participants (11 native English speakers and 11 native Estonian speakers) in which they were asked to write a short narrative in Estonian based on a picture book by Mayer (1969). The Motion events found in the narratives were analysed one by one. The findings suggest that L1 thinking patterns influence the intermediate learners more than the advanced or beginner learners, thus partly supporting the findings of Cadierno and Ruiz (2006) who reached a similar conclusion

Acquisition of noun derivation in Estonian and Russian L1

Author(s): Reili Argus,Victoria Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2018

Acquisition of derivation is not a well-studied area in first language research and a comparative approach to the acquisition of derivation in different languages doesn’t exist. There is no information on how a child acquires derivation in a language with a rich and regular system of derivational patterns, or in a language where derivation is productive, but the system of derivational patterns is opaque. According to general ideas of complexity in a language, the child should start to use simplex stems first and, only after that, complex ones, that is, complexity should increase in the course of acquisition. Our paper is intended to address these issues, based on longitudinal child data from typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The results revealed significant differences in the acquisition of noun derivation in the two languages under observation. The system of noun derivation is acquired at a faster pace in Russian, while Estonian children have far fewer noun derivatives in their speech and they use different derivation suffixes with less regularity. Even so, the so-called building block model may be applied for both languages only partially.

Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde yeni farsça alintilar sözlüğü”. Part I

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde yeni farsça alintilar sözlüğü”. Part II

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde yeni farsça alintilar sözlüğü”. Part III

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Addenda From Pre-Meninski Transcription Texts To Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde Yeni Farsça Alintilar Sözlüğü”. Part IV

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Addenda From Pre-Meninski Transcription Texts To Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde Yeni Farsça Alintilar Sözlüğü”. Part V

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Advanced FL Students’ Self-Perception of Their Language Identity

Author(s): Dorota Owczarek / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

This article reports the results of a study of self-perception of their language identity by advanced FL students. The aim of the study is to observe what students’ language choices are and what guides them in these choices. The concepts related to bi/multilingualism are taken into consideration, following Cook’s opinion (1992, p. 558) that L2 users should be compared to bilinguals rather that monolinguals. The perception of the language self is related to language competence acquired in formal education. The findings will be referred to recent research on language and identity in a foreign language context conducted elsewhere, and suggestions for further study in the field will be provided.

Ako sa rodičia a deti rozprávajú o minulých udalostiach

štúdia porovnávajúca okolnosti a témy rozhovorov rodičov a detí s typickým a špecificky narušeným vývinom reči

Author(s): Ludmila Micianová,Svetlana Kapalková,Daniela Slancová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 21-22/2015

On the background of the narrative definition and its research, the Questionnaire of Parents´ Beliefs on Talking with Children and Storytelling is introduced. The study is based on the analysis of 8 questions of the questionnaire asking on circumstances and topics of the parent-child conversations on previous events. The survey group was composed of 11 parents of intact children aged 5 – 7 and 11 parents of children with specific language impairment at the same age. Differences in quantity and quality of input between these two groups have been compared. Results show disparities among groups, which were statistically confirmed in area of topics of talking. Qualitative evaluation suggests differences also in frequency of talks and other areas, but more extensive investigation is necessary to validate these findings.

Aligning Who I Am with What I Do: Pursuing Language Teacher Authenticity

Author(s): Tammy Gregersen / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

This study explores the dynamic, interactive relationship between teacher identity and authenticity. Through an examination of several socio-cultural (social identity, situated learning, and image text) and psycholinguistic (individual differences) second language acquisition theories, a conceptualization of identity is provided. Subsequently, language teacher authenticity is characterized from both a philosophical and pedagogical perspective and connected to the notion of teacher identity. The final section of the paper presents research-based applications that include reflecting critically, redefining personal credibility, discovering one’s personal style, displaying emotion and recognizing diversity to facilitate the positive-broadening quest of aligning one’s identity (i.e., who I am) with authenticity (i.e., what I do).

Analysis of refugee students’ interest, attitudes and learning in social sciences lessons from the perspectives of teachers and students

Author(s): Mehmet Akpinar / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2018

The aim of this study is to examine the interest, attitudes and learning of refugee students living in Turkey towards social sciences lessons from the perspectives of both teachers and students. This phenomenological study was carried out with 20 refugee students in 10 different public schools in Trabzon province, in the 2016–2017 spring term. In addition, 13 social sciences teachers working in these schools participated in the study. The participants were chosen via the purposeful sampling method of criterion sampling. An open-ended interview form was applied in the data collection phase, and the data were analysed through content analysis. The findings revealed that the social sciences teachers had problems in communicating with refugee students due to language barriers, and they were unable to apply individualized instruction with these students due to the limitations of the curriculum. It was further established that the refugee students had a particular difficulty in learning Turkish history and culture-related topics, because they were exposed to these subjects for the first time. On the other hand, it came to light that the students performed better when social sciences teachers taught their lessons using simpler terminology, assisted with visuals. As the results of the study highlight the fact that the social sciences curriculum is too intensive to allow for individualized instruction, it is suggested that additional studies should be carried out with refugee students; moreover, refugee students may be peer-educated with the help of other refugee students who can speak Turkish.

Ankstyvoji dvynių kalbos raida: specializuoto tekstyno kūrimas ir duomenų analizė

Author(s): Ingrida Balciuniene,Egle Krivickaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 9/2017

Twin language is considered to be a unique object of scientific studies in psychology, linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and speech therapy. Twins tend to lag behind singletons in their language development, but the causes are still unknown. There are many factors affecting the development of twins’ language such as low birth weight, genetic factors, gender, amountquantity of input, intensive interaction between the twins themselves, less interaction with adults than singletons, and many other factors. A commonly held belief is that twins develop their own autonomous and unique communication, also known as ‘secret language’, or ‘private language’. The specific twin language is unique for each pair of twins and cannot be understood by others, not even by their parents.The purpose of this study is threefold: 1) to present a unique Corpus of Lithuanian Twin Language; 2) to discuss the main principles of the Corpus development and methodological issues; and 3) to present the results of pilot research in the Lithuanian twin language.The analysis is based on longitudinal data of one pair of heterozygous twins (a girl and a boy) from Kaunas. The twins’ speech was recorded 2-4 times per week in natural daily situations; (around one and a half hour of recordings per month). The data collection was started when the twins were two years and five months of age. The data was collected by their parents under the supervision of linguists from Vytautas Magnus University. The results of our research attest to manifestations of twin secret language, including the reaction of their parents. In the future, a complex analysis of twin language will be carried out. The results will hopefully be useful not only to researchers, but also to teachers, speech therapists and anyone others who deal with interested in atypical language acquisition.Twin language is considered to be a unique object of scientific studies in psychology, linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and speech therapy. Twins tend to lag behind singletons in their language development, but the causes are still unknown. There are many factors affecting the development of twins’ language such as low birth weight, genetic factors, gender, amount of input, intensive interaction between the twins themselves, less interaction with adults than singletons, and many other factors. A commonly held belief is that twins develop their own autonomous and unique communication, also known as ‘secret language’, or ‘private language’. The specific twin language is unique for each pair of twins and cannot be understood by others, not even by their parents.The purpose of this study is threefold: 1) to present a unique Corpus of Lithuanian Twin Language; 2) to discuss the main principles of the Corpus development and methodological issues; and 3) to present the results of pilot research in the Lithuanian twin language.The analysis is based on longitudinal data of one pair of heterozygous twins (a girl and a boy) from Kaunas. The twins’ speech was recorded 2-4 times per week in natural daily situations; (around one and a half hour of recordings per month). The data collection was started when the twins were two years and five months of age. The data was collected by their parents under the supervision of linguists from Vytautas Magnus University. The results of our research attest to manifestations of twin secret language, including the reaction of their parents. In the future, a complex analysis of twin language will be carried out. The results will hopefully be useful to researchers, teachers, speech therapists and anyone interested in atypical language acquisition.

Another Look at the L2 Motivational Self System of Polish Students Majoring in English: Insights from Interview Data

Author(s): Miroslaw Pawlak / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

One of the most recent theoretical developments when it comes to the role of motivation in second language learning is the theory of the L2 Motivational Self System (e.g., Dörnyei, 2005). It has been proposed in recognition of the fact that: (1) learning a foreign language does not only involve acquiring a new communicative code, but also affects the personality of an individual, (2) the difficulties involved in applying Gardner’s (1985) concept of integrativeness to foreign language contexts, and (3) the mounting empirical evidence (e.g., Dörnyei & Csizér, 2002), demonstrating that key components of motivation, such as integrativeness, instrumentality, attitudes towards L2 speakers or manifestations of motivated learning behavior are intricately interrelated. As a result, the notion of integrativeness has been reinterpreted as the L2-specific aspect of an individual’s ideal self and the motivational system is believed to comprise the following three dimensions: (a) ideal L2 self, which is related to the abilities and skills that learners envisage themselves possessing, which may trigger a desire to reduce the distance between their actual and ideal selves, (b) ought-to L2 self, which is connected with the attributes that the learners believe are important in the eyes of significant others, and (c) L2 learning experiences, which is a context-related factor reflecting the nature of the immediate learning environment and learning experiences. This framework was applied in a qualitative study, the participants of which were 28 English majors in the last year of a three-year BA program who were interviewed about their motives for learning the target language. The analysis revealed that although motivational influences which have traditionally been regarded as important do play a role, there are a number of factors, such as family influence, instrumentality, knowledge orientation or international posture, that are also of vital importance.

ANTIKINIŲ VARDŲ LIETUVINIMAS:TARP TRADICIJOS IR NAUJOVIŲ

Author(s): Audrone Kucinskiene,Audorne Kairiene,Dalia Staškeviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 3/2015

The problem of Lithuanization of Ancient names was and still is relevant and not fully resolved. It is manifested by varied spelling of names as well as by ongoing discussions and considerations of this matter in the media. Translated books are often subject to criticism: the translators and editors do not have the competences necessary to understand the patterns of ancient languages so that they could Lithuanize the names properly themselves, nor have they a unified reference. Development of the Digital Database of Ancient Names may be a solution to the problem. The tradition of spelling Latin and Greek ancient names is not stable or prevalent in Lithuanian writings. It is obvious from various cases of use in Lithuanian writings, collected in the Digital Database of Ancient Names.In fact, there are no grounds for speaking about traditions of Lithuanization, because such tradition was not formed or established. This is particularly true for transcription of proper names of Greek origin. We can only note certain tendencies and influences of other languages in different periods.

Antrosios kalbos įsisavinimas natūralioje aplinkoje: įvaikinimo Italijoje atvejis

Author(s): Jogile Teresa Ramonaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2013

The functional approach to the interlanguage of spontaneous learners of L2 permits to see that from the very beginning when not yet possessing many resources of the target language the speakers makes a systemic use of them. When acquiring a language in a naturalistic environment the effectiveness of the communication is of vital importance to the speaker because he or she must start interacting without yet having acquired many of the elements of the structure of the target language. A second language learner makes use of the cognitive resources already in possession and therefore when beginning to use the new language invokes the universal pragmatic principles for utterance organization such as word order and similar. A very important step in L2 acquisition is the appearance of the predicate in the interlanguage of the learner because then the utterances of the speaker start to be constructed following also the semantic-syntactic principles. This variety of the learnerʼs interlanguage, called the basic variety, is essentially sufficient for the elementary communication and the development of the interlanguage in the morphological perspective fossilizes in this variety for some learners. In time and given favourable conditions, the interlanguage of the learner can move on to a so-called post-basic variety, that sees the formation of a system approaching that of the target language and the principles of utterance organization previously used are gradually replaced by syntactic principles characteristic to the specific target language. The situation of international adoption creates conditions that are very favourable for language acquisition also to the older children. The article presents examples and analysis of the linguistic behaviour of an over 11-year-old Lithuanian girl adopted to Italy. Her linguistic behaviour has been meticulously observed and recorded for a year after the adoption starting from the very first contact with the new language. The analysis shows that the structure of the target language is acquired in a universal path: from simple forms to more complex ones, however the situation in which the acquisition takes place determines the great rapidity of acquisition and a very advanced level after a year in the new country. The observed girl reaches the basic variety after having spent only a month surrounded by the new language and one month later her interlanguage presents clear signs that indicate morphological sensitivity and the interlanguage system that is heading towards that of the target language. After a year in the country the entire Italian verb system is in place, including the most complex parts of it, moreover, the girl fluently makes use of those system elements that are not obligatory, but optional, in a way that native speakers are able to do.