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Teksty ze wsi Darwinieki oraz z Iłukszty na Łotwie z komentarzem językowym

Author(s): Małgorzata Ostrówka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2015

The study contains dialect texts recorded in the village Darvinieki in the 1960s by Józefa Parszuta (a researcher of the Polish language who was born in Latvia) and texts recorded by the author in Iłukszcie in 2001. The texts are preceded with a linguistic comment including a description of the most important phonetic, morphological and syntactic features which are characteristic of the Polish north borderland dialect.

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Funktionsverbgefüge als Einheiten im mentalen Lexikon

Author(s): Mirjana Basarić,Teodor Petrič / Language(s): German Issue: 2-3/2015

Funktionsverbgefüge (FVG) sind relativ feste Wortverbindungen. Ähnlich wie bei idiomatischen Phrasemen können wir die Gesamtbedeutung nicht vollständig aus ihren einzelnen Bestandteilen erschließen. Im Experiment wird die Annahme geprüft, dass Funktionsverbgefüge im mentalen Lexikon von slowenischen DaF-Lernern als Superlemmas repräsentiert sind und deshalb schneller abgerufen werden als freie Fügungen (FF). Das Experiment bestätigte unsere Hypothese: die ausgewählten FVG (d.h. solche mit höherem Bekanntheitsgrad) wurden nach identischen Primes schneller aktiviert als entsprechende FF.

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Letter Frequency Analysis of Lithuanian and Other Languages Using the Latin Alphabet

Author(s): Gintautas Grigas,Anita Juškevičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

It is important to evaluate specificities of alphabets, particularly the letter frequencies while designing keyboards, analyzing texts, designing games based on alphabets, and doing some text mining. In order to adequately compare lettter frequences of Lithuanian language to other languages in the Internet space, Wikipedia source was selected which content is common to different languages. The method of letter frequency jumps is used. The main attention is paid to the analysis of letter frequencies at the boundary between native letters and foreign letters used in Lithuanian and other languages.

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Two Terms in Romanian Forest Terminology: răchită (= willow; osier) and rarişte (= sparse forest)

Author(s): Ana-Maria Botnaru / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

The hereby article proposes a linguistic monograph of two terms belonging to the lexical-semantic field of forestry in Romanian: RĂCHITĂ (= willow; osier) and RARIŞTE (= sparse forest), thus illustrating the importance and richness of the related terminology.

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Metafora w nazewnictwie roślinnym: polskie i rosyjskie nazwy roślin leczniczych motywowane nazwami ze świata zwierząt

Author(s): Wanda Małgorzata Stec / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXI/2016

The paper refers to the use of animal-related metaphor in the linguistic nomination of plants.This phenomenon is illustrated through numerous examples of medicinal plants’ names in Polishand Russian languages, as well as in Latin binomial nomenclature. In the process of plants’linguistic nomination, it is fairly common to use „zoological” metaphor (metaphor involvinganimals’ body parts or the connotations associated with the animal given), reflecting the humanperception of the world of nature as well as of the interdependence between flora and fauna.Metaphorical names are illustrative and easy to remember. Not only is metaphor a part of plants’name-formation process, but it may also indicate how the plant is perceived in a society.

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Dziedzictwo kulinarne w przysłowiach śląskich

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała,Dorota Świtała-Trybek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 78/2016

The aim of the article is to present and discuss the selected Silesian paroemias where the component is an expression that belongs to the category of cuisine, understood as ready meals, which are a product of culinary art or as everything that is associated with preparing and cooking food. The article aims to portray the image of a certain slice of reality that is preserved in the Silesian paroemias, as well as the functions that they have in the language. It is also intended to draw attention to the meanings devolved through them and to present the relation with the culture of the region.

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Kontynuacja zmiany. Śląskie słownictwo gwarowe dotyczące domów mieszkalnych, zabudowań gospodarczych oraz ich wyposażenia

Author(s): Kamila Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 78/2016

Lexical changes that take place in the contemporary dialects are a result of rapid cultural and civilizational changes, which occur in the contemporary Polish village. Its residents accepted the model of mass culture and the differences between urban and rural population are effacing. The rapid flow of information and the use of recent technologies cause an implementation of new elements in the local dialect. Consequently, the new elements replace the old dialectal vocabulary. First and foremost, the dialects evanesce for the benefit of the official language. At present, the use of dialectal vocabulary decreases significantly and first and foremost the Germanisms disappear. The younger is the resident of the village, the lower is his competence in the dialectal lexis. If the given lexeme has its semantic equivalent in the official language, it is prone to disappear from the spoken language, however, the most vulnerable to the elimination from language are words that are dispensable due to the transformations in the external world. In the article, the author attempts to present the scale of disappearance of the dialectal lexical units that may be observed among the younger generation of Silesians.

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Stereotipia comentariului incident de conformitate în stilul biblic-religios. Conţinut, geneză, funcţii

Author(s): Monica Timofte / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2016

Our paper focuses on finding out the content, origin and functions of a particular syntactic and semantico-pragmatic sterotype in Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Our findings – which are positive as to the structural value of the stereotype under investigation – involve a broader characterization of the religious functional style in terms of form and content.

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Clişeele verbale şi utilizarea acestora în discursul cotidian – câteva consideraţii semantice, sintactice şi pragmatice

Author(s): Macaveiu Peica Cipriana / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2016

The complexity of human language manifested through multiple forms of transmission the communication message was, is and will be notified by speakers, but at the same time was, is and will be studied by linguists, in general, and by pragmatics in particular. The major differences between what is said through linguistic material used and what is actually meant to be said, in fact, what it is wanted to be transmitted and countless modality by which this can be achieved, it represents a rich study material. The ambiguities of language in daily conversations are created because so much verbal clichés are used in daily speech, political speech, and media discourse.In this work, we refer to the meaning, the context and the ambiguity, the three essential elements for creating the message, transmission, reception and, especially, its interpretation, referring to some oral stereotypes that we will analyze in semantic, syntactic and pragmatic terms.

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Clişeul lingvistic: profilul unui concept transdisciplinar

Author(s): Armanda Ramona Stroia / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2016

The acute reliance on clichés reflects on the one hand a general and inevitable but intrinsec feature of language, inscribed in its "genetic code". On the other hand, from the perspective of social psychology, it reflects a broader phenomenon that marks the human mind, in order to simplify the complex set of stimuli from the environment. Apparently, linguistic clichés arise adverse reactions, especially from stylistics’, being disqualified and strongly perceived as a deviation from the aesthetic imperatives promoted under the auspices of the Romanticism: the cult of individual creative expression, the obstinate rejection of banality associated with topoï. However, this paper aims to outline the main directions by which sociology and other related disciplines reevaluate the status of clichés as vital structures in the coagulation of modern society which is being fractured and atomised.The complexity of this linguistic phenomenon is visible in the polymorphous nature of the concept, able to enter into relationship of partial synonymy with a number of related terms (stereotype, poncif, template, verbal automatism, topoi, matrix, pattern, repeated discourse). In the context of this conceptual nebulosity, it is required to rethink the fuzzy boundaries and relationship between these frequently used concepts within current linguitic studies and perhaps, even refine the theory of cliché from the new perspectives of social psychology, psychology, sociology of mass communication. Consequently, in order to have a coherent overview on the phenomenon, our investigation aims at outlining the interdisciplinary theoretical horizon necessary for the radiography of the linguistic cliché by corroborating the main linguistic approaches, especially from the Francophone space (Ruth Amossy, Herscberg Pierrot, Henri Quéré, Riffaterre) and Anglophone space (Ryan Stark, Gary Olson) with sociology and social psychology’s perspectives (Anton Zijderveld, Gabriel Tarde).

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ÊTRE ET AGIR DANS LE DISCOURS RELIGIEUX DES PREDICATEURS ISLAMIQUES CONTEMPORAINS : LE CAS DE AMR KHALED

Author(s): Mahdi Amri / Language(s): French Issue: 23/2018

The analysis of current trends in religious preaching in the Arab-Muslim world reflects a heightened interest in new forms of spiritual discourse construction. New self-proclaimed preachers are appearing in the religious field and on the media scene where the dynamics of positive action play a central role. In the panorama of Islamic preaching, God's soldiers not only build their moral discourse on traditional sermons; they preach the socio-economic effectiveness of religion that seeks the happiness, fulfillment and prosperity of the individual. We would like to study here the positive images disseminated on the Islamic act and the new civic responsibilities that the modern Muslim must occupy in the globalized context of today. By searching the official facebook page of Amr Khaled, we see that his relationship to positive citizen action is not limited to the extreme elegance of his speech. Amr Khaled skilfully articulates faith in pleasure. With a "personal gift" of a speaker, he knows how to captivate his audience, as much by his attitude and the tone of his voice as by the choice of his formulas. A. Khaled conveys to the audience simple messages about the ethics of daily life and appearances, emphasizing that the young Muslim can be both pious and lead a normal life where there is serene existence, constructive actions, power financial, prestige and peer identification.

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Past-Time Reference, Tense, And Aspect

Author(s): Miroslava Tsvetkova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Stemming from the most common errors in the use of English tenses by Bulgarian learners, the article deals with the comparison and contrast between the Past Simple and the Present Perfect as special attention is paid to their temporal and aspectual meanings. For non-native speakers the distinction and the relationship between time, tense, and aspect can be confusing. Time can refer to the past, present, or future, tense generally describes an action or state in the present or past, while aspect is concerned with the duration and completion/incompletion of the process. The article aims at locating the study within the broader theoretical framework of how temporality is expressed linguistically and in relation to the temporal adverbials.Tests made by undergraduates of Primary Education with a Foreign Language (English) are analysed in order to interpret temporality. Various semantic restrictions typical of the perfect in English are outlined. The focus of the discussion is mainly seen from a teaching point of view.

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Techniques narratives chez Alain Robbe-Grillet (La Jalousie) et Michel Butor (L’emploi du temps)

Author(s): Diana Costea / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2018

Alain Robbe-Grillet and Michel Butor (in La Jalousie and L'Emploi du temps) use narrative techniques specific for the Nouveau Roman and narrative techniques that are not specific for this literary movement. Their texts impose limits to the interpretation, the reader becomes an active part of the interpretation, the chronology of the two novels is nonlinear, the narrative primarily uses the present tense. Robbe-Grillet uses thorough descriptions and psychology without introspection, techniques which are not specific for the Nouveau Roman. Michel Butor uses the technique of the interior monologue and, in this way, a part of the speech is addressed to the narrator himself, the narrator thus becoming a kind of addressee. For Butor, past times coexist with the present and with that “now” of the narrator.

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What Does A Name Mean?

Author(s): Aleksandra S. Aleksandrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The problem of meaning of proper names has been discussed both by philosophers and linguists. There are two main theories about name meaning: the total meaningfulness theory and the total meaninglessness theory. Modern linguistics, however, deals not only with the presence or absence of linguistic meaning in proper names, but with the specific kinds of meaning that proper names can possibly have.

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Adjective Complementation – Interlingual Perspective

Author(s): Ilina Doykova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The identity relation has a very basic role in the communication of information and is found in equative sentences, containing one-place predicates. In the present paper one basic predicative adjective pattern is examined in a bilingual English-Bulgarian corpus in order to establish the comparability and the semantic preference of certain adjectives in two languages. Although considered synonymous at the functional level, the collocational profiles of these adjectives reveal semantic nuances and are preferred in the expression of negative emotions in English. The comparison points to a different affective load into their semantics in Bulgarian thus semantically negative adjectives in the source language function with a positive charge in the target one.

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Tożsamość górnośląska wyrażona w regionalnej kuchni (na przykładzie słownika zup)

Author(s): Dorota Świtała-Trybek,Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 83/2018

The subject of this article are traditional soups in the menu of inhabitants of Upper Silesia from the second half of the 19th century until present day. An integral part of this elaboration is the dictionary of soups, in which the authors have focused on the semantic description of a given soup and the origin of its name. The authors also provided some examples of use, quoting selected sources, incl. publications from the field of ethnography and linguistics (mainly dialect dictionaries) and utterances of Silesians collected during field research conducted for the recent several years (2016-2018) in Silesian Voivodeship and Opole Voivodeship.

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O gramatycznych i leksykalnych wykładnikach pojęcia liczby w polszczyźnie

Author(s): Marta Nowosad-Bakalarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2018

The study is based on the assumption that human cognition is closely linked with natural language. One can therefore ask what conceptual content has found its way into linguistic expression, in what form it is expressed, and what motivates that expression.The study is concerned with the linguistic manifestation of the concept of number (one of the most important categories of human thinking), through grammatical (morphological, syntactic and lexical), highly conventionalised means. Elementary numerical meanings encoded in Polish include ‘one’ and ‘more than one’ (in former stages of the language also ‘two’), corresponding to first numerical concepts comprehensible to humans (both in the historical and the individual sense). Those meanings are obligatorily expressed by all speakers of Polish and their markers are inflectional morphemes that play a role – in accordance with the norm – in all inflected parts of speech. That numerical opposition is also broadly expressed at the world-formational plane: there exist special morphemes that code the singularity of something (e.g. grosz-ek ‘pea’) or the collectivity of items (e.g. pierz-e ‘feathers; plumage’). Similarly, specific morphemes accentuate the singularity of an event (e.g. kaszl-ną-ć ‘to cough once’) or the multitude (multiplication) of actions (e.g. na-obierać ‘peel a lot of’, po-wynosić ‘take out many/all’ the items). The importance of the concept of number in Polish is also attested by the existence of numerals. The various degrees of precision that they express, e.g. the so-called definite numerals (trzy ‘three’, piętnaście ‘fifteen’) and indefinite (kilka ‘a few’, dużo ‘many’, tyle ‘that many’) correspond to the differences in the number and needs of the persons engaged in communication. The different inflectional paradigms and related syntactic functions of different numeral types stems from the need to link, in sentences, numbers with names of entities and events – that need, in turn, shows that a wide range of phenomena are perceived and conceptualised in numerical terms.

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L'attenuazione nel discorso politico ai tempi del"gentese": una prospettiva contrastiva francese-italiano-rumeno.

Author(s): Diana Sopon / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2019

This paperwork is a synopsis of the volume L’attenuazione nel discorso politico ai tempi del “gentese”: una prospettiva contrastiva francese italiano-rumeno written by Anamaria Gebăilă. It briefly unfolds the main ideas presented by the author in each chapter. It also highlights the relevance of the book in the field of pragmatics, discourse analysis, Romance and comparative linguistics.

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PARTICULARITĂŢI LEXICO-SEMANTICE ALE LIMBAJULUI MUZICAL ÎN ITALIANĂ

Author(s): Lidia Cazacu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2(35)/2019

The theme we proposed to examine in this article falls within the Italian lexicology compartment and is a continuation of our research in this field. This contribution aims to complement our investigation with new data, focusing on the research of a concrete, namely, musical language. We specifically deal with lexical units with a complex structure, such as compound words and the polyrematics at different linguistic levels (lexical, morphological and semantic). The research is focused on the most common syntagmatic structures with nominal functions, as well as their pathways into the musical language. Although the field of interest identified focuses more on the theoretical-descriptive aspect, it implicitly intersects with the methodological and applicative part.

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Cultural-Linguistic Aspect of Teaching and Learning Spanish Colour Idioms and Symbols

Author(s): Elina Grodska,Anastasiia Machulianska,Ludmila Shapa / Language(s): English Issue: 1 Sup1/2020

The article argues that idiomatic competence should receive considerable attention during the process of foreign language acquisition because of the modern processes of European integration, which are putting forward a priority task for technical education and some fields of humanitarian one – training the future specialists to function professionally under the conditions of multicultural environment. Thus, the main purpose of foreign language teaching is to form the understanding of all psychological peculiarities of another national culture representative. The main objective of this article is to show the effectiveness of the acquisition of foreign language skills in the unity of language and culture, that was proved on the basis of the results obtained during the experimental Spanish training of 1 and 2 year students of Odessa National Polytechnic University in 2018-2019 academic year. The object of the experiment is the linguistic units denoting the colour spectrum in Spanish. To optimise the training process the corresponding verbal-oriented stages were outlined. The process of teaching Spanish idioms related to colour contains three stages. The first stage considers units whose cultural and linguistic fields coincide. The second one concerns more complex units denoting the shades of colours, which are formed in different ways in the compared languages. The third stage represents the Spanish phraseological units, whose metaphorical meanings are both far from the direct one and logical assessment of the relevant notions. The units of such kind should be taught successively by gradually increasing their complexity.

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