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Gender roles are changing with the change of priorities and spheres of social influence in great historical upheavals. Transitional societies have undergone significant changes in social structure and gender roles have been influenced accordingly. Retraditionalization and globalization play important roles in that process.
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Portia in The Merchant of Venice and Isabella in Measure for Measure challenge the savage male mind through disguise and deception. The roles of female and male are subverted in both plays as the female mind becomes stronger while the male body is abused and victimised. Both Portia and Isabella occupy centre stage and stand out through their subtlety.
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I explore the violent deaths of Jacobean heroines on stage, looking at their fetishised dead bodies as a register of male repressed fear of women’s physicality that is perceived essentially as the equation between womb and tomb. I argue that this fetishisation is a hegemonic effort to combat this fear through the consigning of the heroines’ bodies to utter destruction. However, there is a residue left from the dialectic of death and desire that runs through Jacobean tragedy and sexualises the political issue of tyranny. The heroines’ violent deaths, while not expressing heroic transcendence, mark the ultimate self-destructiveness of patriarchal politics.
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Shakespeare’s Richard II deals with the controversy between the divine and the mortal aspects of the King. According to Kantorowicz’s The King’s Two Bodies, the King had two bodies: a Body Natural and a Body Politic. In the deposition scene of the play, Richard exploits the divine authority by undoing himself as if in a sacramental ceremony and asks for a mirror in order to see whether the change in his kingly nature has affected his face. My paper will deal with the unfolding of unendurable truth and the self-representation of Richard II in the duality of his image within the cracked mirror.
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The garden is a powerful imagery in Shakespeare history plays, yet the sea also plays an important role. By discussing episodes and metaphors related to the sea in Shakespeare’s first tetralogy, this paper aims to demonstrate Shakespeare’s macro-spatial perspective of England as an island, whose history is influenced by elements on and across the sea. The paper also examines Shakespeare’s dramatization of women’s interconnections with the sea. It attempts to contextualize Shakespeare’s dramatic representation of the sea and of women within English Renaissance maritime culture.
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The aim of the present paper is twofold: i) to show that the idea of a “savage mind” does not make sense unless accompanied by that of a wrong restraining body which needs to be broken to let the so-called “savage mind” out, and vice versa and ii) to prove this relieving process to be ultimately affected by gender. While women seem to need to resort to a third party body disguise in order to show their real selves out of their constraining bodies, it is precisely men’s minds which aim to liberate them. Examples to illustrate this idea will be taken from Rosalind and Audrey in Shakespeare’s As You Like It, on the female side, and Caliban and Ferdinand in The Tempest, on the other, male side.
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Women are more responsible today in making important decisions,their performance in organizations is becoming more profitable and more necessary.World studies are showing that companies with more women in management are surpassing the results of the competition. Their leadership style is determined, they make important decisions and affect changes. Unfortunately, their values and achievements are not known to the public. The public usually knows women from politics and public life, and the representation of women’s importance can be seen very rarely specifically connected with the organizations. The importance of economic empowerment of women and the benefits arising from it are undisputed, both from the standpoint of women’s rights, and from the standpoint of economic growth and productivity. However, when it comes to participation in formal employment and enjoying the results of that business, in reality the equality between women and men is not yet achieved.
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Persons who belong to marginalized social groups – the Roma, people who practice prostitution, homosexuals, persons with special needs and disabled, persons with different social or physical disabilities are often stigmatized by society. A country in which those who are different than the majority of the people by their origin, sexual orientation, language, health condition and yet are granted the same rights as that of the majority may be calleda modern democratic country where the rule of law is practiced.
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The present paper tackles the issue of gender roles and gender stereotypes and their perception in the Romanian society, taking as a starting point the Gender Barometer, a research carried out in Romania, in August 2000 by the Open Society Foundation.
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The paper deals with the feminist essay in Serbian culture during the interwar period, with gender used as the basis for analysis. We begin by briefly laying out the history of the (proto)feminist essay in France and Serbia. The central section comprises analyses of the less known essays of Serbian intellectuals Isidora Sekulić, Jela Spiridonović Savić, Anica Savić-Rebas, Ksenija Atanasijević and Julka Hlapec Đorđević. These writers set benchmarks for essay writing and became mistresses of opinion for Serbian women regarding issues of culture, literature, theology, mysticism, philosophy and sociology. The paper will show how these Serbian intellectuals created an interesting model of feminine discourse in the interwar period, one that served as an alternative to the mainstream.
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It seems that during the last three decades global culture of fear (explored by authors such as Henry Giroux, Zygmunt Bauman, and Naomi Klein) obtained in the post-Yugoslav context a specific historical and ideological concretization. The paper researchs (post)Yugoslav identity as gendered legacy burdened by postwar trauma; as legacy which has to be analyzed, rethought, redefined and integrated in post-conflict processes of reconciliation in the region. The paper discusses essayistic works by the authoresses (Judita Šalgo, Svetlana Slapšak, Ljiljana Djurdjević) who in their essays deconstruct the culture of fear in the Serbian culture. Their strongly feminist, gender based post-structuralistic, post-colonial, neo-Marxist and postmodernistic essayistic discourse enables precise vivisection of political and social practices through which culture of fear has been socially (re)constructed in post-Yugoslav context. Post-Yugoslav feminist essay is constituted as a diagnostic genre, based in the definition of cultural and social practices as physical experience (considering the fear itself as part of these practices). Comprehending the fear as a constitutive aspect both of the individual and social body these essays diagnose pathology of the culture of fear and its symptoms, revealing it as the culture of lie and willingly accepted (auto)censorship. New understanding of corporeality is also caused by the specific status of female authorship in the post-Yugoslav cultural context which strongly opposes the dominant nationalistic and hegemonic, strongly masculinized, patterns of the Balkan patriarchy. Revaluation of the former Yugoslav legacy and (re)imagination of post-Yugoslav space is key objectives of this literary-essayistic mobilization. Post-Yugoslav feminist essay is renewed during the last decade of the twentieth century, citing, on the one hand, the achievements of the Yugoslav Left oriented bourgeois feminist tradition, and, on the other, the experience of women’s life and rights in the former SFRJ. Post-Yugoslav feminist essay therefore reconstructs history of the Yugoslav idea as a complex political project in which different class, national and religious interests met, reconciled and opposed; it proclaims the restoration of Yugoslavia idea as strategically necessary project which should contribute to its post-conflict future.
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In the 70s and 80s, a number of analyses of nonresponses in questionnaires was conducted with the assumption that nonresponses carry much important information. The share of expressed nonresponses can be an indicator of apathy, ignorance and lack of information. Studies revealed a higher share of nonresponses being expressed by women in comparison to men. Changing social conditions, such as the period of transition after the change of political system, the emancipation of women and financial and economic crises, can have an impact on the gender inequality expressed in nonresponses. This article will analyse the differences in nonresponse answers between men and women to some socioeconomic questions for three periods: 1) 2000-2003, the period after the transition and before accession to the European Union (EU); 2) 2004-2008, the period after accession to the EU and the presidency of the Council of the EU, as well as a period of economic growth; and 3) 2009-2013, the beginning of economic, financial and political crises in Slovenia. The number of nonresponses between men and women is different in the three observed periods. In opposition to our assumption, the gap was higher in the first two periods and lower in the period of economic, financial and political crises.
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This paper examines gender agreement with coordinate structures in Serbian, focusing exclusively on coordinate phrases with singular conjuncts. I discuss in detail four unexpected and challenging facts about coordinate structure gender agreement and provide a unified account of them. I argue that a participle or predicative adjective agreeing with a coordinate phrase takes the default masculine form either when the coordinate phrase contains conflicting gender information, which can sometimes surprisingly happen even when all conjuncts have identical gender specifications, or when at least one of the conjuncts is not marked for a gender value. On the bases of behavior of neuter, I also propose that gender in Serbian (and possibly other Slavic languages) should be represented in terms of binary features [±masculine] and [±feminine].
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This article presents a systematic discussion on how Muslim gay men protect their image and identity in an Islamic ambience, which can be threatened as a result of self-identifying and coming out as gay. The overarching question of this systematic review is, ‘What has research told us about Muslim gay men?” For the literature synthesis, out of 57 articles that touch on the issues associated with Muslim gay men, 30 of them met the inclusion criteria and were coded. After scrutinizing the articles, the following themes emerged: (i) factors affecting the identity development of Muslim gay men; (ii) societal expectations on Muslim gay men; and (iii) implications of developing the identity of a Muslim gay man. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that undermined Muslim character can prompt hyper-connection within fellow religious comrades. The possible directions for future research are discussed towards the end of this paper.
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This paper discusses a project devoted to the concept of responsibility in the field of research and innovation, which has been initiated by the European Commission in recent years. The key element of this project is performing science with society and for society, which includes wide cooperation with different societal actors, representing researchers, business, civil society and policy makers. An important part of this concept is diversity and gender equality in the research and innovation sector. These issues are also perceived as instruments of shaping correct relationship between science and society. The paper presents the main initiatives under the Responsible Research and Innovation project and selected good practices introduced by research institutions aimed at overcoming gender imbalance in the scientific profession within the European Union.
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There is a broad discussion in the literature if self-employment is a solution allowing women to reconcile their work and family life. Nevertheless there is still very little empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis for different countries and institutional frameworks and the results are mixed. One of the reasons may be the lack of sufficient data containing questions on self-employment, entrepreneurship, innovations, firm performance and simultaneously questions fertility intentions and decisions. The article compares properties of several European representative surveys and discusses potential methodological issues.
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Many studies on gender equality visibly show gender-specific differences in education and upbringing. The latest survey „European Union lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survey“ points to the current meaning of the topic at various levels of society.This article presents the European Homo‘poly project which purpose is improve conditions of the development of intercultural dialogue, tolerance, gender equality and, primarily, sensitization to homosexuality issues. Beneficiaries of the project are students and teachers secondary school and university. The project is co-operating across eight countries. Each cauntry is represented by two institution: secondry school and university
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“Acceptance” Association is the first and only organization in Poland that brings together parents and people LGBT. Our vision is an open society in which LGBT people and their families are axxepted and enjoy full civil rights.
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Democratization of gender regimes has been taken as one of societal causes of ’ongoing and universal’ Second Demographic Transition (SDT), [Lesthaeghe 2010]. The question whether it is present in countries of ex-socialism or not is a frequent matter of debates and ’crisis argument’ is referred to when assessing whether it has been delayed, postponed or running in a specific manner [Höhn, et аl. 2008; Sobotka, 2008; Bobić 2014]. This paper, however, argues that this mainstream theory seems inadequate when it comes to demographic and social changes of Balkan countries, Serbia in particular. Thus it should be complemented or even replaced by more suitable paradigm of semi-periphery.After discussion of this novel approach and macro perspective, we will particularly focus onto micro level analysis, i.e. family relations through the lens of gender and individual agency [Blagojević 2009, 2013; Bobić 2014], due to their profound effects on persistent low fertility and rising childlessness. Our goal was to trace ongoing and gradual transformation from so called ’traditional model’ to greater gender empowerment and emancipation. Decline of and resistance to the women’s ’self-sacrificing micro-matriarchy’, observed and broadly investigated in state socialism [Blagojević 1994, 1997] is taking place among younger generations, middle and upper educated groups being forerunners. This shift is reflected, inter alia, in increased males’ participation in parenthood and care, though crisis of masculinity is also observed at the semiperiphery. Specific societal setting, although unfavourable when it comes to opportunities of expanding of personal and social resources (including strengthening of networks, increasing of quality of everyday life and broadening of choices), paradoxically encourages egalitarian practice in everyday life, through exchange and cooperation among men and women but as a part of ’survival economy’. This less visible and slow ’bottom up’ social change awaited for ever since the end of 1980s is, seemingly irreversible, yet troublesome. We deem this practice of collaboration and mutual support in privacy as highly conducive for rising egalitarianism although there are still prominent asymmetrical attitudes in public discourse related to gender roles, paid work, care and career. Theoretical and policy implications of such developments will also be discussed in the paper.
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