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The last decades have been marked by the intensification of the human rights discourses, closely connected to the efforts of many minorities to assert their own identity. Since the ’70s, we are witnessing the re-evaluation of certain traditional concepts of feminist political theories, in order to prove the importance of the affiliation to a specific gender in the construction of political theories. The main goal of this article is to highlight some aspects of women’s struggle for the acquirement of civil and political rights, more exactly of the right to vote and to identify some distinct features of the feminist movement in Romania regarding the struggle for electoral rights. Women’s struggle for civil and political rights was, by far, one of the most difficult actions in the history of the feminist movements in Europe or America, because the claim for these rights was considered by the majority of the male population a great immoderacy. In Romania, the idea of attainment of civil and political rights by women became a public matter in the second half of the XIXth century, closely related to the democratization process. If we were to make a historical excursion into the legal status of women, we will find that the emancipation of Romanian women concurs with the general process of women’s emancipation in the countries with the oldest democratic tradition
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The present research deals with comparing coping strategies method with stress among state and non state high school students of the city of Karaj. This research h which is descriptive and comparative includes 100 state and non state high school students of Karaj, who were as research samples chosen through the simple random sampling method. This research tool, was the questionnaire of coping strategies with stress among the adolescents (Freudenberg & Lewis, 1993). Findings obtained suggest that there is a significant difference between state and non state high school students. Non state students scored higher in coping strategies who were categorized with respect to coping strategies grouping in the efficient group (concentration on solving problem, diligence and achievement, concentration on positive aspects) are salient characteristics of this group of people.
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The aim of the research is an estimation of the function of postal mails demand and awareness of response by the postal service customers against mails' price hikes. During the period under study, statistics and information related to mails issued annually at the national level were examined, collected and then using the statistical methods as well as regressions, the functions in question were estimated. In this research, the documentary method was applied to identify and collect statistical data and then through direct reference to the records of the statistics of the post companies, telecommunication company, department of management and planning, as well as the central banks, data needed were collected. Using the regression models, the estimated function of the linear demand was carried out by way of minimal normal squares (ols) and minimal non linear squares (nls). Findings revealed that the postal service demand is positively and directly related with the population. Results, also, suggested that the postal service demand is a function of the national income and is found to be directly and positively correlated with it. Given the demographic natural growth and increased demand for the postal services as a result of the population growth, facilities should too, increase.
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This paper investigates the causal relationship between gross domestic investment (INV) and saving rates for 40 Asian countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis for the period 1970-2010. The results indicate no long run relationship as well as no causalities between these two variables in these countries. The findings are attributed to non stationary deficits or surpluses in current accounts.
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The text analyzes several layers related to the work (and life) of Lillian Hellman. Her literary work, political activities and especially feminism puts into the contex of time and place where she lived. The author stresses a decades-long lack of extensive critique of Hellman's dramas. She finds herself that some works from her drama writing "could be put within limits of political theater" and that up to a certain extent "her characters and their mutual relations correspond with the theory of liberal feminism". Hellman's political activities travel different paths: reporting from the Spanish civil war, living in the Soviet Union, remarkable events from the McCarty era in the USA and the later reactions to the Watergate affair... The essay writer skillfully intermits all those differences that create the phenomenon of Lillian Hellman explaining the inter-relatedness and specific qualities. The analyses of Hellman's dramas are especially enticing and innovative, which she herself states as necessary.
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Association for gender equality promotion PRST was founded in April 2004 and has four active members, but also numerous contributors. Under the influence of different forms of gender inequality and stereotypes emerging from it, as well as a wish for change, PRST aims at finding solutions to either avoid such situations or alleviate them, and to develop social community consciousness about sex/gender equality and parity. PRST pleads for: quality functioning of civil society, developing social consciousness about human rights, respecting differences, right to live without violence, promoting the status of women in the society, participation of women in the relevant decision making processes.
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The article focuses on the socialist identity politics and representation of 'femininity' in the official discourse, examining the performances of the female singers at the public manifestation called the Village Gatherings (Susreti sela) in the rural area of Southeastern Serbia. The research showed that stage performances represented the optimal place for representation, social legitimization and negotiation of gender roles. Drawing on the post-structuralist concepts of identity as a fluid category opened to continuous resignification, the author explores the changes in the construction of the female singers' subjectivities and self-representations, highlighting the new ways of reconsideration and reinterpretation of the position of women in the rural cultural environment during socialism.
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Women as Engineering Students in Slovakia. In spite of the fact that in the last decades the number of women who have decided to study in higher education institutions has been continuously increasing in all European countries, in engineering studies on the contrary, there are only 20 per cent of female students. Even though the percentage of the female and male students at engineering faculties in Slovakia was almost equal before 1989, the present situation is getting more and more similar to other European countries and number of female students in engineering studies has dropped significantly. The described facts led to the research, which is focused on the clarification of factors that contribute to the creation of the culture for women engineers that would positively influence the female decision regarding engineering as a profession. The following hypothesis has been tested: a friendly and warm atmosphere and culture, and non-existence of institutional barriers for female students could lead to the growth in the percentage of female students in engineering courses. The study is focused on clearer identification of the key stages of loss of women in engineering studies in Slovakia, and the different influencing factors operating and gives an overview on identified supporting and hindering factors for female students in engineering studies. The single parts of the study describe the qualitative research undertaken within the project. The aim of the qualitative research was to gain knowledge not only about the content of degree courses and studies, but also about the culture of degree courses and institutional barriers for female engineering students.
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The article explores two questions: what is feminist bioethics, and how differ-ent it is from standard bioethics. Development of feminist bioethics, it is argued, began as a response to standard bioethics, challenging its background values, and philosophical per-spectives. The most important contribution of feminist bioethics has been its re-examination of the basic conceptual underpinnings of mainstream bioethics, including the concepts of “universality”, “autonomy”, and “trust”. Particularly important for feminists has been the concept of autonomy. They challenge the old liberal notion of autonomy that treats indi-viduals as separate social units and argue that autonomy is established through relations. Relational autonomy assumes that identities and values are developed through relation-ships with others and that the choices one makes are shaped by specific social and historical contexts. Neither relational autonomy, nor feminist bioethics, however, represents a single, unified perspective. There are, actually, as many feminist bioethics as there are feminisms - liberal, cultural, radical, postmodern etc. Their different ontological, epistemological and political underpinnings shape their respective approaches to bioethical issues at hand. Still what they all have in common is interest in social justice - feminists explore mainstream bioethics and reproductive technologies in order to establish whether they support or im-pede gender and overall social justice and equality. Feminist bioethics thus brings a signifi-cant improvement to standard bioethics.
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Gender and Sex Aspects of Multiple Identities: Young Women and Men from Bratislava and Prague Heading Toward the EU. Previous analyses have shown that young people from Bratislava and Prague consistently show the highest indicators of gender-stereotyping and, at the same time, the lowest interest in gender-related issues from among samples from other European cities and/or regions – Edinburgh, Manchester, Madrid, Bilbao, Bielefeld, Chemnitz, Bregenz area of Vorarlberg, and Vienna (Bianchi, G., 2003). This paper examines the possible backgrounds and contexts of this extreme position of the Czech and Slovak respondents. The data were gathered within the framework of the EC-funded project “Youth and European Identity”. The study uses both quantitative (random sample of 3890 respondents in a survey) and qualitative (51 in-depth interviews) material to analyse sex differences in the multiple identity structures, as well as to identify the gender-related patterns of identity. The results are discussed within the concepts of gender mainstreaming, sexual and intimate citizenship and social identity and self-categorization theories.
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The article is devoted to practice of activity of women’s councils (zhensovety) of Tatar ASSR in the era of Perestroika: it analyzes the reasons of their recreation, purposes, tasks and forms of action, and also results. The conclusion is made that the policy concerning the women during Perestroika was inconsistency, as a result of which woman have appeared economically unprotected and removed from political decision-making.
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The paternity phenomenon in a context of traditional and new approaches to under-standing of the masculinity as the normative standard is considered in the article. The pater-nal behavior models, such as the “traditional father”, the “absentee father”, the “responsible father” and the ”new father” , are allocated and described according to two masculine behav-ior normative standard models (traditional masculinity and new masculinity).
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The results of the gender identity research which was conducted on considerable con-tingents (1677 persons) are presented in the article. The research was conducted with graphi-cal diagnostic methods usage. The research revealed the gender identity age dynamics and its male and female appearance specifics. In particular, the gender identity derangements of fe-male persons at the age after forty were revealed.
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The article analyzes the differences between men’ and women’ social and political participation in a small town. On the basis of the social research data analysis the general and specific features of the social and political men’ and women’ involvement are described. The small town type dependency of the men’ and women’ social and political life involvement degree is approved.
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This issue is about the role of fathers in their sons forming of the attitude to the serv-ing in the army. The forming follows through the making their feeling of belonging to man-kind and through mastering methods of man’s behavior. On the basis of Gallup poll of senior pupils of secondary schools it proved that influence to forming son’s attitude to this social institution depend on the presence of father in the family and on his examples of behavior against armed forces.
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The military prostitution and trafficking of women associates with are due to any hos-tilities and gains the mass scope. The mechanisms and the forms of enforcement women to prostitutions at the war conflicts are considered, the estimations of the scope of trafficking of women are given, and the role of peacekeepers in the process of the moving of women into trafficking network is analyzed in the article. The author is indicated the range of social con-sequence of trafficking of women in condition of the war. The conclusion is a possibility of the reduction of sexual violence on women and war prostitution depends on an active par-ticipation of the feminine movement in solving of military conflict and supporting of gender police by the states.
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The author analyzes tendencies and character of international community activity in the context of principles and spirit of UN Convention on the elimination of all forms of dis-crimination against women. The role and level of influence of international community (UN) in the sphere of gender equality on the civilization positive processes at the national level and formation of gender policy of nation states are studied in the article. The author defines the necessary steps towards the realization of principles of this Convention in Russia.
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