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The history of literature shows that the text is almost always adaptable to stage. A perfect example in this sense is the epistolary novel. Its form needs next to no adaptation when rendered on stage. The following article focuses on C.S. Lewis’ famous epistolary novel, The Screwtape Letters, on its belletristic qualities and the features that are ideal instruments for a theatrical adaptation.
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This study explores the distinction between the nobility of spirit and the nobility by birth in Stendhal (the pen name of Marie-Henri Beyle)’ s novelistic work. In this regard, we investigate vanity as a mean of conciliation between the social organisation and the natural hierarchy. We support our discussion mostly on the novels „Armance” et „Le Rouge et le Noir ” and we conclude that being loyal to one’s own beliefs and not giving in to social temptations is the exact definition of the nobility of spirit.
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In this article, we aim to elucidate the drama of the uprooted misfit from interwar Romanian prose. The characters of Alexandru Vlahuță, Ioan Al. Brătescu-Voinești, Mihail Sadoveanu, Cezar Petrescu, Camil Petrescu, Nicolae Gh. Spătaru, descended from poor peasant families, but with a desire for education, leave their homeland and go to the city. We find that environmental change is destructive for these characters. The city, marked by the process of critical transition from one type of civilization to another, does not offer them the happiness they dreamed of, the possibilities to realize themselves in their condition as intellectuals. After several setbacks in the urban setting, the heroes regret leaving home. Returning to their native village, however, they discover that they feel alienated from their original environment.
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According to the Petit Larousse Illustrated, geography is the science which aims to describe and explain the current, natural and human aspect of the Earth's surface. Therefore, geography can be considered as a writing of space, as its suffix attests, it is a mode of apprehension and appropriation of the world through language. Geocriticism represents a meeting place between geography and literature. Both talk about space but the difference consists in the fact that the referent of the first is real while that of the second is fictitious.
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Overturning the traditional literary space, Alain Robbe-Grillet left the image of a subversive and provocative writer, initiator of an original and ambitious attempt to renew the novel genre and autobiographical genre. This French author deeply marked the literary landscape of the last century, his innovative work giving rise to multiple debates and critics. After the New Roman, the "New Autobiography" represents an original approach to the autobiographical exercise.
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This article offers a reflection on the issue of autofiction; this concept is arousing growing interest in the sphere of contemporary French literature. Critics struggle to accept a single definition while self-fiction writers have divergent practices. In this work, we propose to reflect on the writing of oneself as a staging of the (con)fusion between literature and life, in Doubrovsky’s the Broken Book. Serge Doubrovsky has always played with the mixture between autobiography and fiction through the lens of autofiction.
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Rilke's novel Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge explores the complexity of the act of writing in relation to the self, whilst attempting to connect the outer world and the inner world of the character, as being intrinsically bound to the self-reflective act of writing. The article intends to investigate the position of Malte - as Rilke's alter ego, who is struggling to understand life and the process of creating art in the overwhelming Parisian metropole.
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The work brings to analysis the human degradation, taking as an example the works of the writers Urmuz and F.M. Dostoevsky. The focus is on the causes that led to man's decay and loss of happiness. The work highlights the actuality of the works of the two writers Circumstances through which temptation occurs in the lives of the characters are presented. The great power of thought is presented, which can raise or destroy a man. The paper analyzes in turn the work ,,Funnel and Stamate" by Urmuz and ,,Crime and Punishment” by Dostoevsky mentioning the different elements. After specifying the causes of dehumanization, the work refers to the Bible, which describes how a man is truly happy in the Sermon on the Mount. The focus is on the evolution of the characters Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich and Stamate. Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich finally succeeds through faith in the Lord Jesus Christ to find eternal happiness, and Stamate separated from God has a tragic end. In conclusion, Urmuz and F.M. Dostoevsky meticulously captures human decay, but also the channels through which the state of decrepitude is reached. If in Urmuz's writings the end is disastrous, in Dostoevsky the focus is precisely on the salvation of man, on the reconciliation between man and God, which brings with it happiness, eternal life and reward. Analyzed in parallel, the works of the two well-known writers are of real use to readers, who can learn from the lives of the characters and, seeing their purpose, be able to make an informed decision about their own life.
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The present work presents the historical events that occured after World War II. The human mentalities changes because the political regime enforces some rules that are not quite benevolent with the people, especially the peasants. Through the eyes of an ordinary peasant, these changes bring poverty, obedience and mainly an uncertain future. The communist period in Romania isn’t easy for the village life. The hardships of poor people aren’t taken into account by the Security. The peasant just should to obey and nothing more and to convince him, promises are made, whom he is forced to accept. Also, in Romanian literature we deal with different categories of peasants. One of the well-known characters whose greedy desire is to obtain land and not by honest means is Ion from the novel with the same name written by Liviu Rebreanu. In his novel, Dinu Săraru, imagined the life of some peasant, which were about to face the collectivization. Those peasants under no circumstances accept to let the land in the hands of the Security. They know that they have to fight if they want to keep the household safely. Also, they are strong characters, who were taught to face the danger and to work hard for what they wanted. With the price of keeping the land they must to make sacrifices. They could be beaten or expelled but at least the know that nobody took their land.
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The present paper aims to examine the image of the city in Cezar Petrescu’s novels – Calea Victoriei and Oraș Patriarhal. We will focus on the powerful influence which the environment exerts on the characters. Once they enter the city's space, a negative transformation occurs. In Cezar Petrescu's novels, the urban space remains, due to the absence of moral values, a destructive monster.
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The purpose of this article is to present the configuration of the aspect of the literary Romanian language in the Coresian Apostol, focusing on its morphology and vocabulary, the competition of analogical and etymological forms, the expansion of the southern dialect, the premises of the future supradialect norms.
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Second wave feminism manifested in most things social and cultural. One of the domains fiercely debated was that of language, bringing into conversation the ways in which language is used to condition or even suppress one segment of the population or another. The intersection of two academic phenomena, namely the resurgence of the interest in the linguistic relativity theory and a peak in the social movement for women’s equality, became fertile ground for a new type of conversation as well as artistic expression of the topics investigated under the academic microscope. Among these expressions, science fiction author and linguist constructed a language meant to express the perceptions and life experience of women, Láadan. As a fictional mirror of reality, as literature often finds itself to be, the universe she created follows a small group of women as they create this language. Initially only women speak it for the majority of the story spanning a trilogy, but it is not designed exclusively for women as some men eventually learn it as well. This paper will briefly analyze the language and attempt to understand the thought experiment its author, Suzette Haden Elgin, proposes with the creation of Láadan and the universe to which it belongs.
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I am writing this article, because my intention is to present how could be imagined the library to Alberto Manguel and Houari Touati. Our purpose is to define the general concept of library and to understand its evolution during the centuries. Also, by making reference to the Egyptian writer Houari Touati and the writer from Latin America Alberto Manguel, we can see how the libraries were precious and the different manner when it comes to examinate this notion in contemporaneity. Also, it is essential to note that library played an important role and was observed as a precious or elevated manner to understand the social relations during the Islamic Gold Age and in our times, in the Post-Christian World. I will use the technique of close reading the books The Enchanted Library and The Armour of the Wisdom for a better analyse of the concept of library both during the Middle Ages and Contemporaneity.
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This article analyses Robert Frost’s poetry through the ecocritical lens, it discovers in a large number of poems similar structures as scenes or monologues, all with a moral, which tries hard not to be elusive. Greg Garrard’s ecocritical tropes (“Wilderness”, “Apocalypse”, “Pastoral”, “Animal”, “The Earth”) are all identifiable in Frost’s poetry... Serenella Iovino and Serpil Oppermann’s ‛material ecocriticism’, ‘beings’, ‛porosity’ and ‛storied nature’, coexist with Stacy Alaimo’s ‛transcorporeality’ of nature in these works. It discovers a number of hyperobjects corresponding to Timothy Morton’s work on the matter.
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(L’(auto)isolement comme forme de la solitude dans Le Solitaire d’Eugène Ionesco et Bruges-la-Morte de Georges Rodenbach) This article pursues the progression of two characters, the Loner from the novel entitled The Hermit by Eugène Ionesco, who is a French playwright, and Hugues from the novel The Dead [City of] Bruges written by the Belgian author Georges Rodenbach. Even though both novels are appurtenant to two different literary movements, a common characteristic can be easily deciphered in both of them: the theme of solitude. This theme is particularly portrayed in Occidental literature and its origins are even dating from ancient times, included in the writings of the Bible and before (The Epic of Gilgamesh, for example). The character created by Ionesco is the living representation of a loner. This evidence can also be sustained by the character’s name. After inheriting a large amount of money from his American uncle, a 35-year-old man decides to give up his workplace and move to a new apartment in the southern outskirts of Paris. Rodenbach’s character Hugues is also a true loner. After his wife’s death he isolates himself from everyone, therefore his desolation starts to become so overwhelming and frightening that he cannot escape it. Being portrayed as an analogous study, the article pursues the manifestation of solitude in both novels opened for evaluation.
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The combination of science and faith is a comprehensive view of both subjective and objective reality. Through the choices that the human being makes, he not only gives the measure of his freedom but can also build his self-destruction. In the modern world, where the material occupies an increasingly important place, this self-destruction can take various forms. Through the bad decisions that people make, they can weaken the self and fall into the abyss of depression. Faith offers a counterweight to this self-destructive capacity because understanding the belonging to a more comprehensive whole, creates a much stronger individual and responsible for his own decisions. If we understand that our decisions do not only concern us, but also bring the destiny of others into the equation, the human being becomes a responsible one.
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Rewriting myths enables authors to connect new, contemporary significations to existing mythical frameworks. Washington Irving built one of the first American myths in narrative form, Rip van Winkle, on an older German folktale, which turns out to be just one of the many iterations of the myth of the Sleeper. By constellating the myth of the birth of their national identity to a mythical system, Irving legitimizes the transition from the colonial era to the post-revolutionary one as a natural stage in history, the result of historical confluences being a new, improved consciousness, the American. Through subtle dynamic characterization, Rip, the national (anti-)hero, becomes the protype for Self-Reliance, decades before it was theorized by Emerson, as well as that of American Exceptionalism, while also subverting hegemonic interpretations of the American Dream.
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The religious substratum plays a primary role in Victor Papilian's work. Present from the beginning and up to the end in his writings, the religious of mystical-Christian origin has multiple valences, being each and every time renewed and endowed with unusual means of approach: from the archaic miraculous, specific to local traditions, to the appeal to numerous biblical sources and Christian practices. All around the religious sphere is usually a mysterious, symbolic cover, which implies the gradually revelation through the (re)discovery of an ancient substratum, rooted in Romanian folk tradition and practice.
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The text explores how the image of the poet Mihai Eminescu is perceived today, emphasizing that this process of re-evaluation is due to a desire to re-evaluate the cultural past and to adapt to new generations with different interests and perspectives. Although Eminescu is considered a "great national poet", interest in his works remains alive. In his work, Iulian Costache proposes a new image of the poet, trying to place him once again at the forefront of the literary canon. Costache explores different aspects of reception, including both positive and negative valorizations of Eminesci's work. He analyzes different perspectives and explores the impact of literary interpretations on the poet's image. The work compares and contrasts literary personalities such as Eminescu and Caragiale, introducing concepts such as the contrasts of mutual attraction. Costache aims to offer a new reading experience, inviting a re-evaluation of Eminescu's work, not for the sake of a simple polemic, but as an act of interpretation and understanding of a literature that continues to fascinate.
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The German Jesuit Jacob Masen published a treatise in 1650, “The Mirror of Images of Secret Truth” (Speculum imaginum veritatis occultae), to which he appended a collection of panegyric poems with the common title Jubilee Year of Symbols (Jubilaeus symbolicus). The poet dedicated 50 works to the Apostolic Nuncio Fabius Chigi, later Pope Alexander VII. The paper presents this particular collection of poems, which bear witness to the ancient custom of honouring ecclesiastical dignitaries in poetry to commemorate them. The paper discusses the circumstances in which the poems were written and the method used by the author to highlight the personal qualities and achievements of the nuncio, taking into account the formal and content means used by the writer.
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