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Idea rycerza-zakonnika i jej uzasadnienie w ujęciu św. Bernarda z Clairvaux

Author(s): Jacek Kwosek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the idea of a knight-monk and its justification presented by St. Bernard of Clairvaux in In Praise of the New Knighthood. First, we are following St. Bernard’s argumentation, and then, a broader theoretical context is outlined. The central problem is: how to reconcile the evangelical imperative of loving enemies with the acceptability of leading crusades or, more broadly speaking, armed combat in defense of faith. It has been argued that this problem is just an extreme example of a more universal problem inherent in Christianity, namely the tension between perfection, which, according to the Gospel, man ought to achieve, and his actual imperfection.

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„…znana jest u nas zaledwie z imienia…”. Polskie XIX-wieczne edycje przekładów Pieśni o Rolandzie

Author(s): Marta M. Kacprzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article written by the researcher of classic literature and its reception in the 19th century studies the editions of Polish translations of The Song of Roland which precededthe acclaimed translation by Tadeusz Żeleński (Boy), published several times since 1932.The author delves into the poetic translations authored by Seweryna Duchińska, néeŻochowska (1866) and Lucjan Siemieński (1878), and the prose translation by KazimierzKról (1903). She describes the circumstances surrounding their creation and portraysthe environments in which other Polish translations of The Song of Roland were created,and how they were aiming at particular readers. She analyzes the scholarly, literary andsocial goals of these editions, as well as their translatory, artistic, editorial and ideologicalprinciples. She explores their connection with the development in the 19th century ofknowledge of heroic and chivalric narratives, and considers the cultural significance ofthe chivalric ethos in the Middle Ages and later.

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Triumf (anty)rycerza? Gra ze średniowiecznością w Grze o tron G.R.R. Martina

Author(s): Aleksandra Starowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article reflects on the presence of elements of medieval culture, literature and customs in contemporary fantasy literature, based on A Song of Ice and Fire byGeorge R. R Martin. Her introductory remarks are devoted to the issues of medievalism andneo-medievalism. In a further part of the article, she analyzes specific examples of medievalelements found in the novel, with special regard to these parts of the story (the envisionedworld, characters and relations between them), which concern the ethos of chivalry.

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„Rycerskość” arystokraty z okresu Heian. Rozważana z perspektywy Il Cortegiano Baldassare de Castiglionego

Author(s): Adam Bednarczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Japanese courtly culture reached its pinnacle during the Heian period (between the9th and 12th centuries), which was characterized by the pursuit of ideal beauty and refinedelegance (miyabi). The achievements of the court in Heian in literature, art and aestheticsthoroughly assimilated themselves into the Japanese national heritage; until this day they reflect the mentality and values of the élites of that time. Genji monogatari is an 11th-centurynovel, which recorded the picture of the aristocracy expressing their version of the Europeanconcept courtoisie (Heian model of courtly ethos). Even when cursorily compared with theRenaissaince work Il Cortegiano by Baldassare de Castiglione, Genji monogatari shows a good deal of analogies with the courtly and chivalric ethos cultivated by an ideal Italian courtier. In the following article, the author proposes a comparative analysis of the two masterpieces of Old Japanaese and Italian literature, in the context of world literature and comparative studies of classical world literatures, with the aim of indicating some universal qualities and conduct that characterized a courtier, also from the perspective of chivalric ethos.

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Etyka samuraja według japońskich opowieści wojennych

Author(s): Joanna Puchalska-Nadolska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Japanese warriors, known as samurais, have a worldwide recognition. They are associated with a specific honorary code of conduct – bushidō. Its name did not come into common usage until the 20th century, and it was never written down in one canonical form. Bushidō was developing over a few centuries of the supremacy of warriors on the Japanese political stage – from the takover of power by the Minamoto family at the end of the 12th century to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the 19th century. In the early period of samurai rule, bushidō was under a strong influence of Japanese war stories called gunki monogatari. The protagonists of theses stories are samurais, yet, they intersperse actual characters and historic events with literary fiction, elevating some warriors to nearly superhuman heroes. Gunki monogatari depict samurais’ habits such as showing off their mastery of shooting and horse riding, challenging an equal opponent, committing suicide in the face of a hopless situation, and killing all in the family of an enemy. We can also find the praise of qualities like courage, loyalty, prudence, using a stratagem by commanders, and the bunbu ryōdō ideal, that is the ability of one person to master the knowledge of literature and military skills.

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„U nas mówią, z pieśni słowa nie wyrzucić”. Rycerskie ceremoniały i zwyczaje w polskiej powieści historycznej XIX wieku (Dzieje Polski Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego)

Author(s): Maciej Gaździcki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the depiction of medieval knights in selected historical novels by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, including those in the cycle Dzieje Polski (The History of Poland). The author of the article focuses on how the author of Stara baśń (An Ancient Tale)showed the elements of the caste’s ethos, rituals such as knighting, routines, competitions and symbols (sword). He concentrates on Królewscy synowie (The King’s Sons) (times andbattles of Bolesław Wrymouth and Zbigniew), where knighthood together with its ritualsand customs were particularly extensively described. Kraszewski’s novel is also interpretedthrough the prism of chansons de geste, and particularly The Song of Roland; its main protagonists being seen as counterparts of Roland (Wrymouth) and Ganelon (Zbigniew). The author also refers to the perception of a warrior as a „warrior of Christ”, studying Kraszewski’s characters of crusaders or Teutonic knights, and pondering over the place of Christian faith in the life of men at arms. He also demonstrates the gradual decline of the caste described by Bolesławita with regard to the progressing degeneration of values, the passing of heroes, development of military technology and changes in human mentality. In conclusion, the author indicates the virtues of knighthood that Kraszewski valued in particular and the aimhe pursued when emphasizing them in historical fiction.

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Charakterystyka „herbarzy kaflowych”

Author(s): Karol Łukomiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

For centuries, a stove has remained an extremely important element within a home.It served primarily as a source of heat, but with the development of pottery, stove-makingevolved. In the late Middle Ages, there appeared a stove tile with representations of religiousscenes, everyday situations and heraldic motifs, known in literature as gothic. Researchersbecame interested in stove tiles as early as in the 19th century. This kind of artifacts has anextensive body of literature. In spite of this, the topic still poses a lot of questions. So farno stove in situ has been found. Tiles were mainly uncovered in the cultural layers as rubble after demolition of stoves. It has not been established yet how the tiles were arranged relativeto one another on the stove surface. Heraldic motifs constitute over a half of the discoveredgothic tiles. The heraldic depictions themselves are varied. The aim of this article is a classification of the heraldic patterns on the face of tiles dated to the second half of the 15thcentury, which were found at the sites in Gniezno, Jarocin and Janków Dolny (Great Polandvoivodship). A great number of coats of arms found at one site may be indicative of familyrelations and political connections of the owner of the stove.

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Ideał wodza w Hetmanie Bartosza Paprockiego wobec ethosu rycerskiego XVI‑wiecznej szlachty polskiej

Author(s): Izabela Kosyl / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Bartosz Paprocki was a 16th‑century writer whose interests, apart from heraldry, included paraenetic writings. In Hetman (Head Commander), which is the topic of this article,Paprocki created a portrait of an ideal commander based on the principles of the chivalricethos. The following article attempts to answer the question if the ideal presented in thebook was founded on any of the actual commanders of that time and which elements wererelevant for the writer in the creation of the protagonist. Bartosz Paprocki’s Hetman (HeadCommander) is also compared to works of other authors dealing with military subjects.Moreover, the article probes for Paprocki’s sources of inspirations for his ideal commander.

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Między duchem walki a duchowością wojny. Wzór rycerza prawego w zwierciadle Szymona Starowolskiego

Author(s): Dorota Bylewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of this article is the 17th‑century mirror of Szymon Starowolski’s workPrawy Rycerz (The Perfect Knight), which continues the literary tradition of creating the idealof a knight. The superior category determining the direction of interpretation is the image ofthe ideal knight presented in this treatise. A reference point for the analysis was the oppositionbetween the primeval fighting spirit and the spirituality of a Christian soldier. Starowolski construed the ideal of a righteous knight – defender of the Catholic church based on the paraenetic tradition. Hence, it was necessary, on the one hand, to study the topics of service to God, just war and knighly virtues retained in literature, to which Starowolski alludes. On the other hand, we had to take into consideration that Starowolski wrote Prawy Rycerz (The Perfect Knight) in response to the neglect he saw on the political and social scene.Open criticism of the military and the call for revival of the military tradition is a very important element of interpretation, which has brought Starowolski’s paraenetic message up to date. Focusing on the created ideal, the author of the article also pointed to the richness ofintertextual references (both to ancient literature, the Bible and Starowolski’s contemporarywritings) and their role in textual rhetoric.

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„Rycerz mężny Ostoja, który roty wodzieł”. Cnoty herbowe rodu Ostojczyków w literaturze panegirycznej XVI–XVIII wieku

Author(s): Bartłomiej Michał Wołyniec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The genealogical‑heraldical discourse and interest of the Polish nobility in exploring the origins of coats of arms and history of heraldic clans resonated in the panegyric literature nad compilations published at the end of the 16th century.Heraldic legends and theatrical performances inspired by heraldic motifs, stemmas, figurative poems and funeral sermons were only a part of the eventful lives of the Polish nobility. The coats of arms nevertheless, were the fundamental of their existence, their social characteristic and an identifying symbol. Therefefore, they became a focus of interest for panaegyric writers. The treasure trove of works they left behind demonstrates the richness of modern Polish culture.In the following study, the author conducts an analysis and interpretation of varioustexts of Old Polish literature whose central theme was the Ostoja coat of arms featuringa sword with a crescent on each side. These works convey, to a large extent, the ideal of manthe Ostojas were confronted with by the heraldic legend created by Bartłomiej Paprocki. Onthe one hand, it is a theatrical performance eulogizing the glory of the Piestrzecki family,on the other hand, various poems concern the members of the Szyszkowskis, Gajewskis,Błociszewskis and other Ostoja families. They are supplemented by the funeral sermon delivered during a memorial service for Dadzibóg Władysław Słuszek.

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„Cne Lachy wszędy sława wiekopomna głosi”. Wartości rycerskie w świetle literatury okolicznościowej, poświęconej bitwie chocimskiej 1621 roku

Author(s): Marcin Piątek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Referring to Maria Ossowska’s considerations in Ethos rycerski i jego odmiany (Chivalric Ethos and Its Varieties), the author reconstructs the picture of chivalric values emerging from the occasional literature which was produced in the aftermath of the Battle of Khotyn in 1621. The study concerns both the permanent elements of the chivalric ethos functioning since antiquity and those which were of particular importance in the 17th century. They include: noble birth, valor, obedience, prowess, war experience, pride, love of the homeland, bravery and devotion. Great significance was attached to the religious aspect of the battle against the „infidel”, due to which the Khotyn war acquired the status of a holy war where the fallen soldiers deserved to be immortalized in songs.

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Rycerz chrześcijański wobec zjawiska niewoli tatarsko‑tureckiej. Na podstawie wybranych utworów staropolskich

Author(s): Renata Rybarczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the following paper deals with the works of Old Polish literature onthe Tatar‑Turkish subject matter, in particular the threat posed by the Tatar‑Turkishopponent to the freedom of countries and peoples as well as individuals. Their authors werewarning against the possible enslavement of the people and the loss of sovereignty by theCommonwealth. Defending national independence was regarded as a knightly duty. Anobligation of a knight was also to free his countrymen and coreligionists from Tatar‑Turkishcaptivity.The author of this article also brings to attention the works which regard the knightswho free captives as role models. Individual accomplishments of the liberators of captiveswere frequently and readily described in classical Polish literature. John III Sobieski wasfamed for this when he was still a head commander, as we can see in the works of SamuelLeszczyński, Remigiusz Suszycki and Jan Ślizień. This article demonstrates, on selected examples, that the defense of freedom against the Tatar‑Turkish opponent had a significantplace in the Old Polish chivalric ethos.

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Ostatnie rycerstwo Europy. Husaria w utworach Wespazjana Kochowskiego

Author(s): Dominika Fesser / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to explore the image of Polish hussars emerging from the writings of Wespazjan Kochowski. The subject of reflection is mostly the ways of fighting of hussar towarzysz and the role of the characteristic hussar weaponry described in Kochowski’s poems. The author of Niepróżnujące próżnowanie (Not Idling Idleness) was sent as part of levy in mass to Berestechko (1651) shortly after graduation. Thenceforth he was in the army until 1660, also in the Crown hussar company of margrave Władysław Myszkowski. Wespazjan Kochowski devoted a large part of his writings to soldier life, famous battles and commanders. This article analyzes the works of a poet‑soldier, in which we find a first‑handDescription of hussars; they include verses from the collection Niepróżnujące próżnowanie (Not Idling Idleness) and excerpts from Commentarius belli adversus Turcas ad Viennam (Memoirs from the Wars against Turks) and Dzieła Boskiego albo Pieśni Wiednia wybawionego i inszych transakcyjej wojny tureckiej w roku 1683 szczęśliwie rozpoczętej (The Work of God or Songs of Liberated Vienna).

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„Dzieł jego i odwag rycerskich […] długo by wyliczać” – wizerunek żołnierza w polskich drukowanych oracjach pogrzebowych XVII wieku

Author(s): Urszula Kicińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

War and military subjects are a very broad issue and an object of scholarly reserach in many fields. Particularly interesting themes concerning soldiers’ everyday routines, the national and social make‑up of armies, duties of commanders, military drill and the trainingof warriors can be analyzed based on the Sejm acts on the army and hetman codes, worksand treatises written by higher‑rank commanders and politicians, dairies, memoirs, acts ofnomination and conferment and kings’ instructions.On the other hand, the extraordinarily interesting material to study the mentality, personalityand the ideal of a soldier in the modern era is provided by paraenetic sources, which comprise funeral orations, wills and testaments, epitaphs, funeral recollections, lamentations, laments and funeral eulogies. Among the above mentioned, funeral sermons deserve particular attention. They frequently overidealized the virtues of a perfect soldier, regarding birth, nobility, military values, deep patriotism, religiosity, involvement in political and sociallife, charity, devotion to family and a good death.

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Antywzór sarmackiej rycerskości. Coś nowego Łukasza Opalińskiego

Author(s): Teresa Banaś-Korniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article examines the debasement of the Sarmatian ideal of a knight, which wasshown in the satire Coś nowego (Something New) written by Łukasz Opaliński – a 17th‑century erudite and aristocratic writer. Purposely refering to various literary traditions,styles and genres, Opaliński mocks not only specific individuals but also various phenomenataking place in the 17th‑century Polish political and social reality. He is focused on ridiculingand unmasking the political and military chaos. Literary resources of ridicule vary from the picaresque style with its poetics of parody, absurd, play on words, use of vulgarities and augmentative forms, to the lofty or even bombastic style (which features elaborate metaphors, epithets, refined irony and hyperbole). In creating this stylistically varied literary form, which is parallel with the tradition of the so‑called Mennippean structure („somethingnew” in Polish literature of that period), the author does not abandon the position of an insightful and aristocratic writer who not only aptly comments on the world that he is describing, but who consciously juggles words, moving freely within various literary conventions.

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Ethos rycerski w Zawiszy Czarnym Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Jakub Rawski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Zawisza Czarny (Zawisza the Black) is one of the least discussed, studied and interpreted works by Juliusz Słowacki. This unfinished drama from the poet’s late period opens a vast field for researchers who have to reach for historiographic resources in its interpretation. Słowacki’s approach to the chivalric ethos, which was the constituent element of chivalric culture, reveals the specific nature of the chivalric culture on our own ground, when compared for instance with French culture. The bard’s employment of the ethos so ingrained in medieval culture gives rise to a conscious polemic with the legend of Zawisza the Black who was known as „the most famous and bravest knight”. Słowacki seems to be far from idealizing medieval Polish warriors. On the contrary, by showing their humanity, he demythicized the culturally retained ideals and schemata. The following analysis uses the methodology of Hayden White’s historicism viewing a historical source as a fictional narrative to compare the model for Zawisza the Black’s character preserved in Jan Długosz’s Annals or Chronicles with Słowacki’s literary creation.

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Zbieranie z ciszy. O antologii poezji żydowskiej

Author(s): Marian Kisiel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is dedicated to poetry created in Yiddish, a language used by a diminishing number of people. The author poses a number of important questions, for instance: is “Jewish poetry” (in Yiddish) exempt from belonging to a cultural environmentin which it has been created? Using the anthology of Jewish poetry as an example Marian Kisiel reflects on the status of the Yiddish language in the context of ethnolects of the countries where this kind of literature used to be written. Ultimately he postulates that Polish‑Jewish poetry is primarily Jewish, and only later (secondarily) Polish.

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Śląskie antologie młodych po roku 1989

Author(s): Katarzyna Niesporek-Klanowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the article is the phenomenon of the Silesian young poets anthologies published after 1989: Inny świt by Marian Kisiel, W swoją stronę by Paweł Majerski and Martwe punkty by Dariusz Pawelec. The poetry collections in question present a different kind of poetry created in Silesia – different meaning, on the one hand departing from manifesting regionalisms in literary works, dissenting from regarding being‑Silesian only in relation to poetic schemes, while on the other still recording this very quality, subconsciously registering it. The authors of the anthologies have been looking for a common sensitivity amongst the individualities of all writers whose works have been collected. Yet, what the published collections were to show above all, was that there is something happening in Silesian poetry, that it is not stuck in a rut, quite to the contrary: it is changing, moving forward, has its storms and revolutions, and that with each new author comes a new poetics.

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Grupa Na Dziko w antologiach śląskiej poezji

Author(s): Aleksandra Zasępa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In her article the author discusses aspects of the functioning of the texts written by the members of the Na Dziko poetry group in the context of the anthology of Silesian poetry. Being an extraordinary phenomenon in the literary lives of the younger generations of Silesians, the formation not only played an important role in the local culture, but also granted an utterly new cultural status to the region (until then mostly perceived as peripheral) and its literary milieu. The texts of the Na Dziko authors were extraordinary because of their artistic qualities, but also because of the common literary principles they voiced. The author undertakes a chronological review of particular anthologies comprised of texts written in Silesia, wherein the pieces by the group members have been included. The consecutive anthologies presenting the poetic accomplishments of the groups’ authors thus symbolically mirror the development of the group itself: from its formative phase, initiated by the anthology Inny świt, through the period of integration and collective activity (W swoją stronę), until the final phase of the formation’s functioning (the anthology Martwe punkty).

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Księga miejsc utraconych. O antologii Kraj lat dziecinnych

Author(s): Jolanta Pasterska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the anthology Kraj lat dziecinnych. The analysis of the volume has been dedicated to two primary issues that can consequently be divided into two groups: the first references the times the collection was created and its purposes, as their editors’ envisioned it as serving to cheer the hearts of the emigrants returning to the lost land of their childhood only in their memories; the second is an analysis of the anthology as the prototype of the genre dynamically growing after World War 2, both in the country and amongst the emigrants. The anthology included nineteen sketches and essays of varying artistic quality, whose authors were writers, politicians and artists rooted in one tradition and culture, whose lives had them face a radically different emigration reality. The landscapes summoned in their memories speak not only of the loss of a particular place geographically, but also of a part of one’s own identity, hence being a testimony to the terrors of history affecting both the lives of individual people and whole nations. This anthology can thus be somewhat considered a book of places lost, but also a version of the common fate of the Polish people.

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