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Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros ugdymo siekiniai ir jų įgyvendinimo retrospektyva

Author(s): Zita Nauckūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 33/2014

The aim of the investigation is to establish the correspondence between the outcomes of Lithuanian language and literature education laid down by the educational policy for secondary schools, and the specific assessment criteria of Lithuanian language and literature matures examination. With this aim in view (on the one hand), educational documents on regulating the Lithuanian language and literature education in general secondary schools are analyzed (Lithuanian Language Education Strategy for 2010–2014, Lithuanian Language and Literature Framework Programme for Secondary Education) on the basis of which the Lithuanian language and literature education outcomes have been defined. On the other hand, the state matura examination syllabus and the construct of the Lithuanian language and literature exam are analysed for establishing whether the outcomes of education in the Lithuanian language and literature are adequately assessed by the language and literature state matures examination. The study shows that the main outcomes in the education of the subject under investigation – the Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros valstybinio brandos egzamino užduoties vertinimo instrukcija. (2013). Internetinė prieiga: http://www.nec.lt/394/ [Žiūrėta: 2014 08 10]. Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros vidurinio ugdymo bendroji programa. (2011). Internetinė prieiga: http://www.upc.smm.lt/suzinokime/bp/2011/ [Žiūrė- ta: 2014 08 10]. Lietuvių kalbos ugdymo bendrojo lavinimo programas vykdančiose mokyklose 2010–2014 metų strategija. (2010). Internetinė prieiga: http://www3.lrs.lt/ pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=390510&p_ query=&p_tr2= [Žiūrėta: 2014 08 10]. Mokinių pažangos ir pasiekimų vertinimo samprata. (2004). Internetinė prieiga: www.upc.smm.lt/ ekspertavimas/biblioteka/failai/samprata.pdf [Žiū- rėta: 2014 06 10]. Nauckūnaitė Z. (2011). Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros samprata: vidurinio ugdymo kaitos diskursas. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, t. 27, p. 102–114. Salienė V. (2013). Kalba kaip socialinis kultū- rinis reiškinys pagrindinės ir vidurinės mokyklos gimtosios kalbos ugdymo sistemoje. Pedagogika, t. 109, p. 105–109. Valstybinių brandos egzaminų kriterinio vertinimo nuostatai. (2013). 1 priedas. Internetinė prieiga: http://www.nec.lt/106/ [Žiūrėta: 2014 08 10]. THE OUTCOMES OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION AND THE RETROSPECTIVE OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION Zita Nauckūnaitė Summary development of cultural, social and civic, communicative and creativity competencies – are evaluated by the matures examination only in part because of the enormous number of requirements set out for the task (essay) and the lack of flexibility in assessment criteria. The Lithuanian language and literature outcomes in secondary education could be more successfully achieved if the following conditions were observed: 1) the definition of argumentative essay should be modified, allowing students to choose their own references to the contents of Lithuanian literature and cultural phenomena; 2) themes of the literary essay should not require the evaluation of works of various authors or reviews of the development of literature, but the awareness of the specificity of an individual author and the ability to perform an in-depth literary analysis; 3) criterion-referenced assessment should be liberated from the precise calculation of errors and be based on a holistic approach.

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Moters socialiniai vaidmenys privačiame diskurse: Zofijos Kriaučiūnienės laiškai Mailai Talvio

Author(s): Žydronė Kolevinskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

The article discusses the letters of Zofija Kriaučiūnienė (1846-1912) written in 1894-1909 to the Finnish writer, Maila Talvio-Mikkola (1871-1951), translated into the Lithuanian and published in the book, Nemuno krašto aidai: laiškai Mailai ir Josepiui Mikoloms (The Echoes of Nemunas Land: Letters to Maila and Jooseppi Julius Mikkola; 1996). The correspondence shows the field where women act by combining both public and private spheres and when a little story is incorporated into the grand narrative of a nation and homeland. The main focus of the article is on women’s social roles being constructed in the process of formation of national identity. It notes that in comparison to other letters written by educated women (such as Marta Zauniūtė and Liudvika Didžiulienė) of that time, Kriaučiūnienė’s letters stand out for its full elimination of feelings towards her husband Petras Kriaučiūnas, teacher, book smuggler and active member of Lithuanian national revival movement. The article also observes that the rhetoric of motherly concern, strongly suggested by Lithuanian intelligentsia at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries, was present not only in private but also in public sphere of a woman’s life and that mother’s archetype became essential in forming a new woman social model in the history of national revival. The conclusion is made that in literature and cultural history, Lithuanian women of education remained only wives (daughters, daughters-in-law, or sisters) of the activists of the national movement. Although they were the real engines of cultural life of that time, women stayed on the margins of the fight for Lithuanian identity.

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Žmogų išbandantis blogis Grigorijaus Kanovičiaus romane „Šėtono apžavai“

Author(s): Rima Kasperionytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2017

The article discusses the novel Šėtono apžavai (Satan’s Spell) (published in Lithuanian in 2002 and in Russian in 2002 and 2007) by Grigorijus Kanovičius, the laureate of the Lithuanian National Prize, depicting the life of the Jews in a fictitious Lithuanian town of Miškiniai during the Soviet and Nazi occupations in 1939-1941. The novel is important because of the depiction of the Holocaust specific to Lithuania. It reveals the little-known biblical subculture of Jewish culture in Lithuania. The problem of the Holocaust is discussed not only in the context of concrete historical time but also of the universal human experience, raising the sensitive issue of the relationship between evil and God and discussing the nature of evil and the possibilities of resisting it from different national, religious, and ideological perspectives. In the article, Kanovičius’s novel is analyzed by linking it with the spiritual tradition of the Jews and Christians (Norman Solomon and Mindaugas Pikūnas), the idea of God who sows evil found in the Books of Esther, Job, Zechariah and Amos, its interpretation in works by Emmanuel Levin and Antanas Maceina. It also examines some more general political and moral aspects of the Holocaust (Hannah Arendt and Robert van Voren), as well as Litvak lifestyle and religious customs.

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IŠ GOETHE’S IR SCHILLERIO ARCHYVO WEIMARE: ABRAHAMO JAKOBO PENZELIO, JOHANNO WOLFGANGO VON GOETHE’S IR MARTYNO LIUDVIKO RĖZOS LAIŠKAI DĖL LIETUVIŲ DAINŲ RINKINIO DAINOS ODER LITTHAUISCHE VOLKSLIEDER (1825)

Author(s): Liucija Citavičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2017

The edition of the first Lithuanian songbook Dainos oder Litthauische Volkslieder (Königsberg, 1825) prepared by Königsberg University Professor and the Head of the Lithuanian Language Seminar Martynas Liudvikas Rėza is still raising questions. Some may be answered by sources kept in Weimar: Goethe and Schiller archives, Duchess Anna Amalia Library and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s private library at the Goethe’s house-museum. These sources are poorly investigated, published only in a fragmentary way and some have not yet been translated into Lithuanian. The investigation of the circumstances of the collection reveals details that were unknown or underestimated, for example, that the preparation of the Rėza collection was pushed by Abraham Jakob Penzel’s plans to prepare a Lithuanian song collection and to ask for Goethe’s support, as well as the circumstances of how and when Goethe received the manuscript of the collection from Königsberg and why he did not reply to Rėza. It also reveals some of the circumstances of preparation of the collection, methodology and subsequent Rėza’s plans that were not implemented. Some questions also remain unanswered: when, under what circumstances, and for what purpose was an identical song edition published in Leipzig in 1827 and how did it reach the library of Duchess Anna Amalia.

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ILGŲJŲ IR TRUMPŲJŲ NAUDININKO FORMŲ VARTOJIMO XVI A. LDK REFORMATŲ LIETUVIŠKUOSE RAŠTUOSE SANTYKIS

Author(s): Kęstutis Dambrauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 11/2017

The morphological features of Old Lithuanian texts have been explored by numerous linguists, however, the archaic dative forms have received much less attention. The aim of this article is to discuss the ratio of the use of short and long forms of dative in the Catechism by Merkelis Petkevičiaus (PC) and the Jokūbas Morkūnas Postilla (MP). The data comes from the PC as well as from the first 100 pages of the MP's Part I and Part III. The paper uses descriptive and comparative methods. The results show that short dative singular and plural forms dominate in the PC. Most of the long (archaic) dative forms were found in the MP's Part III. The ratio of the use of the short and long forms of dative is similar in the MP's Part I. The plural form of long dative is mostly used in the PC and the MP's Part I. The ratio of the use of singular and plural dative forms is similar in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms were more frequent than the long ones in the PC and the MP's Part I. The latter long dative forms were similarly used in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms with the ending -u are much more frequently used in the MP's Part III than in the MP's Part I and the PC. The results of the study confirm that the PC, the MP's Part I and Part III were translated by different translators.

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Pierre’o Bourdieu teorija ir sovietmečio lietuvių literatūros lauko tyrimai

Author(s): Saulius Vasiliauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2018

The aim of the article is to briefly discuss the relevance of Bourdieu’s sociology of art to cultural studies of the Soviet period which have been getting increased attention from the researchers who focus on literary field practices. It summarizes the concepts that define the functions of literary field and their usage, and formulates questions that arise in the field of Soviet period using the chosen methodology. It also presents an overview of the critical reception of Bourdieu’s work abroad and the application of his theory in Lithuania. The article proposes to look at the field of Soviet Lithuanian literature as a specific heteronomic variation, where the power of literary legitimation is in the hands of people who dominate the political field, and where field’s anatomy is limited by censorship. The members of such literary field had to play a double game. On the one hand, seeking symbolic capital they had to follow the rules of autonomous literature (“art for art’s sake”). On the other hand, wishing to participate in the “official game” the members had to respect politically determined directives of Social Realism (the early Soviet period defined by the notion of “apparatus” could be one of the radical examples of the game). In other words, a writer seeking after the “prizes” offered by the field was forced to look for strategies allowing him or her to function in it. If that strategy even partially opposed the rules of the political game (writing in Aesopic language or arguing with the government’s decisions), a writer risked being eliminated from the field. However, the risk taken could be hardly measured, as the success was determined by multiple and sometimes random factors.

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Pernicious City: Mythologization of Kaunas in the Lithuanian Literature of the Interwar Period

Author(s): Viktorija Šeina / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

The article analyzes the mythologization of Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania,in the Lithuanian literature of the interwar period. The methodological approach of theresearch is based on the research methods of urban mythopoetics by Vladimir Toporov andthat of topological semiotics by Algirdas Julien Greimas.Due to objective historical and social circumstances, the formation of the Lithuanianurban literature started only at the beginning of the 20th century. The intensive period inthe urbanization of the Lithuanian literature was that of the interwar period when literaryreflections on Kaunas started gaining certain dominant symbolic images of the city, repeatingplots and characters typical of Kaunas. The literary myth of the temporary capital asa pernicious city which becomes a moral trial for an individual is revealed in the articlethrough the analysis of Part III of the novel Altorių šešėly [In the shadows of altars] byVincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, the most prominent Lithuanian novelist of the interwar period.

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Bycie nie na miejscu: Listy Georga Forstera z Wilna (1784–1787) jako narracja autobiograficzna

Author(s): Monika Bednarczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The paper examines the letters of Georg Forster (1754–1794), a German scientist and traveler who spent three years as a professor of natural history at Vilnius University. In a rich series of letters that Forster wrote between November 1784 and August 1787, he not only discussed the issues concerning his plans and teaching experiences but also commented critically on the functioning of both the Vilnius University and the local society. On the one hand, his correspondence offers a striking reminder of how European intellectuals of the period saw themselves and the world: Forster’s great scientific and didactic ambitions were inseparable from the stereotypical perception of Poland-Lithuania as a supposedly “backward” region in terms of its social and cultural development. On the other hand, his reports from Vilnius reflect his loneliness, with this estrangement initially resulting from various difficulties that stemmed from cultural differences and conflicts, and later from a feeling of failure with related to knowledge dissemination.

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Lyginamoji italų ir prancūzų meninių tekstų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vartojimo ir vertimo į lietuvių kalbą analizė

Author(s): Paulina Ulozienė,Aurelija Leonavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 16/2020

The intensification of research on Lithuanian translations of Italian literature and Italian translations of Lithuanian literature over the past twenty years is paralleled by the growth of interest in Italian literature in Lithuania. However, the existing research on diverse linguistic and cultural characteristics of texts translated from Italian into Lithuanian and vice versa has been sporadic, thus leaving much to be done to uncover links between the two languages and identify translation-related issues. The present article looks into one of the issues, namely, the lexical analytical construction of the Italian language and its translation into Lithuanian. Fictional texts by two representative Italian contemporary writers, Alesandro Baricco and Umberto Eco are chosen as a source of data including over three thousand pages of the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) texts. The results are compared with similar studies on translation of French literary texts into Lithuanian. The study on the translation of lexical analytical constructions in Italian literary texts translated into Lithuanian uses the theoretical framework and methodology provided by the Italian School of Semiotic Translation represented by Umberto Eco and Bruno Osimo among others. The study adopts a holistic approach to the analysis of lexical analytical constructions in Lithuanian translations of Italian literature. Comparative quantitative study has revealed three translation strategies: reformulation, translation without changes and remodelling. Reformulation has been identified to be the most frequent translation strategy. Its frequency was five times higher than that of translation without changes. The latter strategy was twice more frequent than the strategy of remodelling, which, accounts for less than ten per cent of all translation cases. Uses of calque or omission as translation strategies were not found. [...]

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Die Konzeption der litauischen Nationalliteratur (von den 1890er bis zu den 1930er Jahren)

Author(s): Viktorija Šeina / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

This article investigates how the notion and perception of Lithuanian literature took shape at the time of the Lithuanian national movement (from the end of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century) and continued to develop during the restoration and naturalization of Lithuanian statehood (1918-1940). The sources I have used for the analysis are taken from both literature historiography and school curricula dating from the period. The investigation reveals how, within the historiography of Lithuanian literature, two opposing concepts of national literature crystalized around the turn of the 20th century: one based on an ethnolinguistic (centering on the Lithuanian language) and the other on a civic notion that centered around the history of Lithuanian statehood. The latter concept of national literature created the opportunity to expand the corpus of literature written in Lithuanian to include texts that had been written during the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Ruthenian, Latin and Polish. The two differing concepts of a national literature coexisted in historiography and at universities until 1940. However, this situation was not tenable in the area of school education. After the Lithuanian state had been re-established, work began to set up a network of Lithuanian schools. The education ministry was tasked with designing a standardized school syllabus for Lithuanian literature with the aim of unifying the two approaches, namely, the ethnolinguistic concept and the notion of a national literature that integrated the country’s multilingual heritage. In the school syllabuses of 1920, 1923 and 1929, the multilingual concept had a growing influence. From the mid-1920s, however, as a nationalistic ideology took root and continued to strengthen within the political life of Lithuania, the education system was reformed in order to emphasize the nurturing of a national sentiment as the primary goal of education. The model of a multi-lingual national literature no longer fitted in with the national approach in schools—particularly unacceptable was the idea of a shared literary heritage with Poland. Consequently, after the education reform of 1936, the works by Lithuania’s 19th century Polish-speaking poets were dropped from the national canon of educational texts.

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LIETUVIŲ DRAUGIJŲ VEIKLOS ATSPINDŽIAI VYTAUTO CIVINSKIO (1887–1910) DIENORAŠTYJE

Author(s): Veronika Girininkaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 22/2020

The egodocuments (letters and diaries) provide historians and linguists with the rare opportunity to observe the everyday life of generations, who lived long ago. The Diary of Vytautas Civinskis (1887–1910), a young nobleman, tells about the years he spent abroad while studying in Leipzig, Berlin, and Dorpat in the first years of the 20th century. Along with other information, one can find rather scarce, but nevertheless valuable data about the societies of Lithuanians in Moscow, Berlin, and Dorpat which he described. In Moscow Civinskis attended Lithuanian parties, in Berlin he joined some meetings and a picnic, arranged by the local society of Lithuanians. Most closely he observed the life of the Society of Lithuanian Students of Dorpat. Civinskis became an active member of this society, and temporarily worked as a secretary, a librarian, and even one of its leaders. Spending his vacations in the Lithuanian estate Mituva, which belonged to his family, Civinskis also helped to establish the Agricultural Society of Skapiškis, arranged a theatrical performance and founded its library. This Diary, previously practically unknown, adds some interesting new details and trivia about all the mentioned societies, their activities and members. Many surnames of members are mentioned, the printed program of the party in Moscow adds to our knowledge of the cultural life of Lithuanians there, and previously unknown facts about women studying in Tartu are also published. This article includes some good quality photographs, taken by the diarist in Tartu.

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Gyvenimas, atiduotas tautosakai

Author(s): Leonardas Sauka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 30/2005

The article contains a brief review of spheres of folkloristic activities by professor Kazys Grigas. His most outstanding achievements, however, belong to the field of paremiology: thanks to his own ceaseless attempts and under his guidance, over 200 000 proverbs and proverbial phrases were systematized, and publication of the fundamental edition of “Lithuanian Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases” launched (vol. 1, 2000). K. Grigas was the author of significant works in comparative paremiology, including books like “Lithuanian Proverbs” (1976) and “Parallels of Proverbs” (1987), and also numerous studies and problem articles. He published and examined other small forms of folklore as well, including riddles, onomatopoeias, tong-twisters, jokes, etc. K. Grigas also significantly contributed to the Lithuanian folklore historiography, conducting research into the 19th century, especially the works by S. Daukantas. K. Grigas was an active folklore collector, a devoted teacher of the young folklorists and researchers, editor of various folklore publications, etc. His merits in Lithuanian folklore research and popularization are truly magnificent.

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The Monograph “Lithuanian Proverbs” by Kazys Grigas and Its Significance to the Paremiological Research

Author(s): Arvo Krikmann / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2005

The contribution of Kazys Grigas to Lithuanian folkloristics cannot be overestimated; his theoretical works and publications of source materials made K. Grigas one of the most famous and prolific paremiologists of the second half of the 20th century. His lifework is worth a whole monograph and I sincerely hope that someone from the younger generation of Lithuanian folklorists would eventually write it. My paper aims at discussing only some particular problems that emerge from the fundamental monograph by K. Grigas, “Lithuanian Proverbs” (in Lithuanian Lietuvių patarlės, 1976; in Russian Литовские пословицы, 1987), which has not been done justice so far, as it deserved. Due to the limited space at my disposal I will only be able to touch upon just a few of those problems. The main problem raised in the monograph by K. Grigas is the relationship between the national and the international not only in the Lithuanian proverbs, but also generally in proverbs. It is discussed on two levels: in the first part of the work, the genetic relations and borrowings based on three Lithuanian proverbs (‘Don’t drive God into the forest / into the tree’; ‘The calves drink mead (honey) elsewhere, where we are not’; ‘The forest has ears, the field has eyes’) are considered; and in the second part, the analysis of poetical forms and the dynamics of verse and prose in Lithuanian proverbs, and in those of other peoples, is carried out.

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PUBLIKUOTŲ TEKSTŲ PAVEIKTOS PASAKOS

Author(s): Lina VALIUKAITĖ / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 29/2005

The subject of the present investigation is an interaction between the published folk tales collections and the folklore texts, in the process of which folk tales told by the informants get published as part of the collections, afterwards repeatedly finding their way back into the oral tradition. The author of the article purports obtaining arguments to prove the impact made by the tale “The Frog Prince or the Iron Heinrich” from the collection of the Grimm Brothers and the literary tale by Aldona Liobytė Ramunė [“Marguerite”] upon several folklore texts. The compared annotations from the national indices of Lithuanian (AT 425C), Latvian, East Slavonic and Polish (AT 440) folk tales and the texts themselves present evidence of this particular tale having been well known in all the above mentioned national traditions, its variants being popular and alive, i.e. acquiring variations. The impact made by the published sources upon the folk narrative texts is studied according to the methodology for proving such an impact, introduced by J. A. Novikov. Thus, several variants of the Lithuanian folk tale, rather standing out in the general context, were discerned. These variants contain characteristic details of the literary tale by A. Liobytė, their female heroine is called Ramunė, and the personage of a bridegroom-frog apparently seems quite unusual for Lithuanian folk tales. These arguments present sufficient grounds to assert that several folklore texts recorded in Lithuania have been influenced by the literary tale Ramunė. Still, the direct impact of the tale from the Grimm Brothers collection onto the folk narrative variants appears much more difficult to prove, just like obtaining the reasoned proof of a link having existed between the literary tale Ramunė and the text from the Grimm Brothers collection. Yet it is also hard to imagine A. Liobytė borrowing the personage of the bridegroom-frog from the folklore tradition, as such variants are very few. Therefore an assumption of this strange personage in her literary tale having been created independently from the Grimm Brothers collection cannot be ultimately rejected.

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KRIKŠČIONIŠKOJI RETORIKA XIX A. VIDURIO LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROJE

Author(s): Irena Skurdenienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2004

Religious and secular rhetoric differ in their intentions, aims and linguistic expression. Christian values, witnessed through cultural, psychological and social factors, were dominant in the middle of the 19th century in Lithuania. The rich religious literature of that period was subordinated to the practical needs of its addressee; its strongest emphasis was on education and didactics. Cultural values, particularly reflected in public discourse, were illustrated by the genre of the sermon. Preachers of that time, who were writing under the pressure of tsarist censorship, were restricted to certain themes, interpretations and means of expression. This genre was based on baroque principles: the authors depicted the temporality of life, the cult of death, and life after death. Those general tendencies are reflected in the sermons of R. Jasikevicius, officially accredited for use in churches. The preacher explains the principles of Christian life, emphasises the temporary nature of everyday life, and advocates asceticism and constant penitence. In the sermons of R. Jasikevicius we find a very strong cult of death: the author presents intimidating images of the Inferno and awakens emotions of fear rather than love in man’s relationship with God. As a preacher, Jasikevicius orients his thought towards transcendence, thus reminding us in his sermons of baroque religious literature. Stylistically, these sermons were adapted to peasant audiences. The religious discourse of the mid-nineteenth century vaguely reflects the active social position of the Church during these years troubled by the struggle for freedom.

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RYTŲ EUROPIEČIO SINDROMAS ŠIUOLAIKINĖS (E)MIGRACIJOS NARATYVUOSE

Author(s): Laura Laurušaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 62/2014

Employing the notion of imagology as a general imitational principle in modern-day society (Milan Kundera) and the concepts of hetero-image, self-image, and imageme introduced by literary imagology (Joep Leerssen), this article focuses on literary representations of Eastern Europeans in the latest wave Lithuanian, Latvian and Bulgarian émigré narratives. The selected narrative corpus includes four émigré novels generated in Britain: Vilis Lacitis’ Stroika with the view to London (2010), Alek Popov’s Mission in London (2012), Aleksandra Fomina’s We visited the island yesterday (2011) and Zita Čepaitė’s The breeze of London (2013). In discussing several manifestations of emigrants from the post-communist bloc, the author of the article concludes that the inherited patterns of Soviet mentality determine a similar structure of characters‘ consciousness, identical personal values, and motivational mechanisms that bear witness to a common stock type “Eastern European”. This is a certain social type with an entire preconceived repertoire of stereotypical images describing a subject of post-Soviet descent. This subject appears in émigré narratives as an inferior working-class figure with low self-esteem, a person of no reputation guided by amorality and aggressiveness. People from the former Soviet bloc perceive themselves and are perceived by local British (Western European) natives mostly in negative terms. Although, at first glance, all the personal and national characteristics of homo postsovieticus appear to be negatively charged, in every unfavorable estimation there lay a positive imageme counterpart that can be activated at any given moment (e. g., passiveness/ faithfulness, self-humiliation/patience, primitiveness/honesty, etc.).

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Twórca w czasach przełomu: nowe formy wyrażania wiary i religijności w tekstach Vaidotasa Daunysa

Author(s): Małgorzata Kasner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2020

This article discusses Christian themes in the works of the Lithuanian poet, essayist, publisher and editor Vaidotas Daunys (1958–1995). Daunys belonged to the generation of Lithuanian writers born between 1947 and 1995, whose most intense creative period were the 1980s and 1990s – the dusk of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, the activity of Sąjūdis (Reform Movement of Lithuania), and the beginning of systemic transition in the independent Republic of Lithuania. Still within the confines of the Soviet system, the ideological demands of the Communist Party of the USSR and the omnipotent censorship, a careful process began in Lithuanian literature of reconstructing severed bonds with its own national (including émigré) and Western European culture. The political breakthrough of 1990 resulted in a completely new political situation and sped up the existing cultural processes. An important position within Lithuanian culture was reclaimed by religion (mostly Catholicism), Christian tradition, and the closely related national and patriotic themes. The author analyses Vaidotas Duanys’s most important works (poems as well as essays) against the backdrop of his biography but also as an expression of the Christian tradition and its shape at the turn of the 1990s. Vaidotas Daunys’s creative biography places him among those who throughout the Soviet period balanced between the conformism of the socio-political status quo and a (naїve?) faith in creative independence and the possibility to safeguard one’s own worldview. Daunys was the editorin-chief of the Pergalė [Victory] monthly (from 1987), the Veidai [Faces] almanac (1985–1988) and, starting from 1988, the Krantai [Shores] monthly. In 1985, he published his first book of poetry, entitled Metų laikai [The Four Seasons]; the next one, Kelio ženklai [Road Signs], appeared in 1999, after the poet’s death. In independent Lithuania, he established the Regnum Foundation (whose fields of activity include publishing, music and culture) and reactivated the tradition of the inter-war cultural criticism magazine Naujoji Romuva [The New Romuva]. Vaidotas Daunys died tragically in the summer of 1995, while preparing to take flight at a balloon race.

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Kilka uwag o życiu i twórczości Jerzego Ręczyńskiego, autora poematu Dziewica Litwy Emilia Plater

Author(s): Tamara Bairašauskaitė / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2020

The purpose of this study is a presentation of works of the Lithuanian nobleman Jerzy Ręczyński (1805–1899), a soldier of the 1830–1831 Uprising and, aft er its suppression, an émigré. Ręczyński lived, in turn, in France and Great Britain. Based on his published literary works, linguistic treatises, his memoirs from the time of the uprising as well as unpublished manuscripts and, above all, his comprehensive diary, his biography has been established, and an analysis of his whole oeuvre car-ried out. Special attention was paid to the manuscripts kept in the Polish Library in Paris: a journal entitled Życiopis and a historical poem devoted to Emilia Plater. Th e author of the article attempts at the analysis of the poem’s content and the establishment of its inspiration sources, that is those historical and literary texts that served as the source material for Ręczyński.

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Wariancje semantyczne pojęcia "kołtuna" w wybranych tekstach kultury polskiej i litewskiej

Author(s): Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2020

The paper discusses semantic changes and stylistic derivation of the cultural concept of kołtun ‘Polish plait’ (Plica polonica) in Polish and Lithuanian. Although today it is impossible to meet a person with a kołtun on their head, the concept itself, as an element of socially established knowledge of the world, has survived and is still used in various discourses (ranging from dialectal texts and folklore, belles-lettres and journalistic writing, to contemporary Internet messages), to communicate different meanings, both literal and metaphorical.There are similarities and differences between the conceptualizations of kołtun in texts of Polish and Lithuanian cultures. The unifying element is the perception of kołtun as a formation of entangled hair or a mysterious disease that is inscribed into the folk system of beliefs and magical rituals. On the other hand, what sets the analysed concept apart in the two languages, is a much richer resource of folk and colloquial forms (compounds, hybrid words, phrasemes) in Lithuanian, and in addition, the lack of negative evaluation of kołtun in Lithuanian, whereas in Polish the word is often used to describe a backward, small-minded person.

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Lingvistiniai ir kultūriniai lietuvių kalbos rašybos kodifikacijos pradžios aspektai

Author(s): Vaida Buivydienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 107/2021

In 1905–1939, due to various historical, political and social factors, there were formed the norms for standard Lithuanian (1905–1918) and the dissemination of functions (1919–1939). The authors of Lithuanian language textbooks for schools continued the work started by Petras Kriaušaitis in his “Lithuanian language grammar” at the beginning of the 20th centuryand in his Lithuanian language syllabuses (syllabi), which influenced the textbooks. Therefore, the functions of the standard language were improved. School had a positive impact on the dissemination of language norms. The article deals with the aspects of the change and the establishment of the written language norms of the first Lithuanian textbooks for primary schools in the first half of the 20th century. The article presents the cultural background that had an impact on the formation of the norms of the standard language. The changes in spelling found in different textbooks show that during that period, due to the deliberate efforts of linguists and other active public figures, the consolidation of the norms for standard Lithuanian and the improvement of functions came from cultural and social factors.

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