TRI PODOBY POVSTANIA V SLOVENSKEJ DRÁME 1945 – 1949: POVSTANIE AKO ROMANTICKÉ DOBRODRUŽSTVO, KULISA I MOST K BUDÚCNOSTI

Author(s): Veronika Svoradova / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 04/2015

The study focuses on dramatic texts inspired by the Slovak National Uprising which were written in 1945 – 1949, i.e. at a time when the theme of the Uprising was not subject to a politically motivated interpretation. The author briefly introduces individual titles (altogether six dramas), but she focuses primarily on the interpretation and analysis of plays by three authors: Ivan Stodola Básnik a Smrť (The Poet and Death, 1946), Leopold Lahola – Štyri strany sveta (The Four Sides of the World, 1947), Peter Karvaš – Bašta (The Bastion, 1948). She points to the problematic aspects of these plays, as well as to some features which distinguish them from plays by other playwrights writing about the Slovak National Uprising in this period (Rudolf Latečka-Repický, Ján Skalka, Viera Markovičová-Záturecká) and which can be in a sense considered interesting or original. The study also addresses the rise of “the period iconography of the Uprising”, i.e. a set of certain recurrent themes, motifs and methods which occur in works of art depicting the Slovak National Uprising from the period of 1945 – 1949, including film, visual arts and drama.

SLOVENSKÁ KLASICKÁ DRÁMA A DIVADELNÁ RÉŽIA NA PRELOME TISÍCROČÍ

Author(s): Andrej Maťašík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03/2014

This paper analyses the relationship of Slovak dramatic theatre to Slovak drama classics between 1989 and 1994: a time of great social change. This paper analyses the issue by discussing the characteristics of the distinctive approaches adopted by notable figures in theatre production and examines the situation through “official” (i.e. publicly funded) theatre companies. This is done for three key reasons: (a) at the turn of the millennium, the institutional foundations of Slovak theatre still functioned on the basis of inertia, and independent theatres and agencies and ad hoc groupings of theatre makers (existing beyond the network of publicly funded theatres) were still only being established; (b) national classics were practically absent from the season programmes of independent theatre companies until the mid-1990s because until then these companies had presented themselves as “authorial theatres” and as theatres focusing on contemporary works; (c) a number of decentralizing administrative and organizational changes were initiated in the mid-1990s which resulted in the creation of a new model of organizing professional theatre, meaning that developments after 1995 deserve separate attention.

Tatry v slovenskej a poľskej literatúre vyjadrujúce vzájomnú súvislosť poľského a slovenského národa

Author(s): Jana Dzuriaková / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

In the article I deal with perception of Tatras in Slovak na Polish literature. I refer to perception of Tatras by Polish authors, which understood Tatras as a helth enviroment for human soul. Authors literature is full of pesimism and boredom, but Tatras help them to overcome theirs deprssion. Slovak authors see in the Tatras the guardians of Slovak nation. Their perception is more nationalist and Tatras are characterized as subjects of Slovak national identity. The common feature of both groups of authors is characterization of Tatras as “Tatras – Prometheus”. This characterization emerges in works of distinguished authors as Hviezdoslav or Tetmajer. For both nations are Tatras important characteristic of national awakening.

Словашкият романтизъм като литературна и културна идентичност

Author(s): Valeria Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The Slovak Romantic Movement arises in a time when classicism is in its decline in European art and philosophical idealism and rational knowledge are giving way to intuition, spontaneity and wild imagination. Modern aesthetic and artistic impulses gain popularity in Slovakia in the1830s and meet with a positive response from the young generation off students in Bratislava, Levoиa and Kežmarok. The gradual transition to the aesthetics and poetics of romanticism in the end of the1930s and the beginning of the 1940s brings about a number of metamorphoses in the cultural-historical consciousness of the Slovakromantic author, who, in the spirit of Štúr’s ideal for “unity of spirit andmatter”, creates distinctive romantic norms. He is inspired both byintuitively-emotional impulses and by his own historical destiny, by folk literature, by national idiosyncrasies and the need for literary, cultural and spiritual identification.

Словашки източници за византийско-славянската традиция и култура (за Peter Žeňuch, Pramene...)

Author(s): Kamen Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

Dílo Jana Kollára ve světle klasicistních a romantických tendencí uherských literatur neo-latinské a školní latinské provenience

Author(s): Róbert Kiss Szemán / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The study deals with Ján Kollár’s oeuvre in the light of the classicist and romantic tendencies of national cultures in Central Europe. The first part of the study addresses the place of Kollar’s work within the canon of Classicism and/or Romanticism. The study states a significant difference between the Czech and Slovak reception of Kollár’s work, which results from their inherent differencies. To evaluate the relevance of these questions today the study applies the methodology of postmodern and postcolonial cultural theory. The second part of the paper suggests a new perspective on Kollár’s work – namely from the viewpoint of the Latin and Neo-Latin culture in Hungary in the 18th end 19th century.

Stredoškolské literárne dimenzie cyrilo-metodského odkazu (1862-1990)

Author(s): Július Lomenčík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03/2022

For 160 years, the literary education at secondary Slovak schools has reflected the Cyril-Methodian traditions in textbooks and extracts from preserved literary documents. This article describes how the work of Constantine-Cyril and Methodius has been reflected in school documents, particularly in textbooks by Emil Černý, since the first gymnasia were established in Slovakia in the so called Matica period (the second half of the 19th century). After the Czechoslovak Republic was established in 1918, the Cyril-Methodian tradition was closely linked with the official ideology of the first republic – the ideology of Czechoslovakism. At that time, literature textbooks and readers brought only very brief information about the missionary work of Cyril and Methodius. Textbooks published during the first Slovak Republic (1939 1945) provide more in-depth information regarding the work of the Thessalonian brothers. Readers published in this period include extracts from the literary heritage preserved from the Great Moravian Empire, as well as samples from research conducted after World War I. Under the new social-political conditions (1948 – 1989), when the Marxist-Leninist ideology and atheism were imposed by the government, students gained only basic information on the mission of Cyril and Methodius which was being interpreted according to the requirements of the ideology. As to the literary documents, only some of them were made available for students, particularly extracts from Moravian-Pannonian legends of from Proglas. Students only learned some facts about the missionaries which were then interpreted schematically, without the deep understanding of concrete literary documents. Rote learning of textbook facts about Cyril and Methodius caused students to be passive and not to show any interest in reading extracts from original literary works originated in the Great Moravian Empire. The current secondary education needs to overcome this schematic attitude towards the studies of the old Slovak literature, particularly its beginnings, because the values created by our ancestors are part of our heritage and present.

Biblická mýtizácia v autobiografckých dielach Štefana Pilárika

Author(s): Ingrid Papp / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2022

The life of the Slovak Protestant priest and Baroque period author Štefan Pilárik (1615 – 1693) was filled with hardships. Pilárik was forced to convert by the Jesuits – and several times during his life at that –, in 1663, he was captured by the Tatars and Turks, and at the time the Protestant priests were persecuted, he was forced to leave the country. Pilárik described his sufferings in three texts bearing Latin titles: Sors Pilarikiana (1666), a poem written in Slovakized Czech and in German-language proses Currus Jehovae mirabilis (1678) and Turcico-Tartarica crudelitas (1684). These autobiographical stories are rare examples of early modern period autobiographical ego-documents written in the Kingdom of Hungary. As to the form and content, they followed the 17th-century Protestant preaching practice – the rhetorical and homiletic ways of creating the texts of sermon literature. The author was familiar with the inventive, dispositional, and elocutionary devices of the Lutheran homiletics and exegesis as formed by the Protestant theologians Philipp Melanchthon (1497 – 1560) and Andreas Gerhard Hyperius (1511 – 1564) and made them part of the systematising, interpretational, and expressive means he employed in his literary works.

„Polityka do biblioteki nie należy. Biblioteka chce i ma służyć wszystkim obywatelom bez różnicy” – obraz bibliotekarstwa w Czechosłowacji na łamach czasopism fachowych w latach 1945–1955

Author(s): Agnieszka Łuszpak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Various materials published in professional journals show us a picture of the professional life of a given group. Therefore, an attempt was made to reconstruct the image of ibrarianship in Czechoslovakia in 1945–1955 on the basis of the content published in two major periodicals: „Knihovna” and „Lidová Knihovna”. During this period, the functions of libraries and librarian were redefined. Convincing decision-makers about the role of books in building the socialist system resulted in attempts to involve librarians in propaganda activities.

Skúmanie jazyka literárneho diela v časopise Slovenská reč

Author(s): Juraj Vaňko / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2022

The issue of the language of a literary work was at the center of attention of the Slovenská reč journal from the very beginning of its existence. It was related to the efforts of the editors to establish the standard of literary Slovak and increase its culture in practice, with a special emphasis on the culture and purity of the language of literature. Therefore, the contributions about the language of the literary works of Slovak writers are mainly published in the years 1932-1939, i.e. in the period of the peak of the purist focus of the journal, clearly of a language-critical nature: they point out language errors, especially Bohemisms in the analyzed literary texts. After 1945, when Slovenská reč as a journal for the Slovak language research definitively abandoned the position of purism, contributions about the language of a literary work are oriented towards a functional analysis and interpretation of the language of a literary text.

„Černá kůže – ta je přece levnější než gumové boty.“ Reprezentace kolonialismu v cestopisech Jiřího Hanzelky a Miroslava Zikmunda

Author(s): Anna Chejnová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2023

The study deals with representations of colonialism in the travelogues by Jiří Hanzelka and Miroslav Zikmund. The main reason behind writing the text is the specific position of Czechoslovakia within the post-war colonial discourse and the fact that although Hanzelka a Zikmund are a famous pair of Czechoslovak travellers, such an analysis of their travelogues has not yet been carried out. The study aims to answer the question of how Hanzelka and Zikmund represented colonialism in their texts and what these representations say about them and the social environment from which they set out into the world. These representations are mostly associated with criticism of capitalism and were deployed to highlight the positive qualities of socialist regimes and to delineate the differences between the world of the so-called West and the world of the East. Today the label 'West' usually carries rather historically progressive connotations but Hanzelka and Zikmund tend to present quite the opposite, which creates an interesting difference between how they presented themselves outside their travelogues and what is recorded in their work. Indeed, the popularity of these authors in contemporary historical memory is linked, among other things, with their anti-communist attitudes and subsequent persecution (for example, the ban on publishing in their later years). The study also addresses the issue of the applicability of the concept of Orientalism to societies that were not direct participants in expansive colonial ventures.

Religio triplex jako rámcový model autoreferenciality v Cestopisu Jána Kollára

Author(s): Róbert Kiss Szemán / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2023

The paper, employing the narratological method, examines and systematises self-referential speeches in Cestopis obsahující cestu do Horní Italie ([Travelogue containing a journey to Upper Italy] 1843) by Ján Kollár (1793 – 1852). Drawing on materials included in the kollar.elte.hu database, it maps typical forms of narrator’s self-referential speeches: the name of the author and his family members in the narration; the use and interpretation of the author’s own works in the narrative; the various forms of the author’s taste manifested in the text; the preferred literary, artistic, and architectural works he encounters or quotes; the presentation of the author’s ecclesiastical, philological, pedagogical, and other activities in the travelogue; and the narrative forms of self-referentiality that provide the narrator with the opportunity to express himself on an ideological level. The article also examines the various narrative roles which can be attributed to self-referential speeches and which point to the existence of an ideological system generally characteristic of the Enlightenment and Romantic periods in Central Europe. In this way, it reveals the characteristic features of Slavic national emblematism in the text and a certain broad system of ideas which can understood as religio triplex, which by merging revealed, natural, and national devoutness provides the narrator with a unified narrative framework.

Dve „amerikánske“ poviedky zo začiatku 20. storočia z Dolnej zeme

Author(s): Dana Hučková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

The emigration of Slovaks to overseas countries had a mass character at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This phenomenon led to the emergence of a cultural-anthropological and subsequently literary topos of the Amerikán – “Americaner” (a person who returned from emigration to America to their homeland). Vojvodina Slovak writers in the early 20th century – the realistic prose writer Ján Čajak (1863 – 1944) and the prose writer and modernist playwright Vladimír Hurban Vladimírov (VHV, 1884 – 1950) among others – also addressed this topic. They perceived modernization processes differently, as evidenced by their choice of the genre. J. Čajak, in his moralistic short story Vysťahovalec ([The emigrant], 1904), emphasises tradition, religion, stability, and the order of the old world; he sees emigration as a destructive element. VHV incorporated the same social theme into the genre matrix of melodrama in the short story Dievča zo slepej uličky ([The girl from the blind alley], 1913). He critically captures the conservatism of the domestic environment and the mentality of Vojvodina Slovaks. Through the gradation of situations of emotional uncertainty, he introduces modernist poetic techniques into the traditional rural realistic short story. The thematological article primarily follows the relationship of both texts to the modernist discourse of the period.

Téma emigrácie v súvislosti s post-juhoslovanskými konfliktmi v súčasnej slovenskej vojvodinskej dráme

Author(s): Ana Marić / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

This study focuses on Slovak Vojvodina drama in the last decade of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, with an emphasis on the theme of emigration as one of the important topics in current dramatic production in Serbia. It analyses dramatic texts from the collections Nová slovenská vojvodinská dráma ([New Slovak Vojvodina drama], 2004, 2014) and the journal Nový život written by Slovak author Ľubomír Šárik, Slovak Vojvodina author Jan Hrubík, and playwright Vladislava Fekete, originally from Vojvodina but living in Slovakia. The authors in these dramas respond to the complex socio-political situation in Yugoslavia, particularly Serbia, in the 1990s and its subsequent impacts on the following decades, including the prominent issue of Slovak emigration from Serbia. The portrayal of the thematic and motivational layer of emigration varies in value depending on the creative potential of the author and their contextual placement. It ranges from unique dramatic story backgrounds (Ľ. Šárik, J. Hrubík) to the existentially heightened description of the immigrant’s border situation, including those from the Slovak enclave in Serbia (V. Fekete). This research opens up space for a more active intercultural dialogue between Slovak, Slovak Vojvodina, and Serbian drama.

Postoj slovenských dolnozemských spisovateľov ku kodifikáciám slovenčiny

Author(s): Marko Stojanović / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

This contribution addresses the relationship between Vojvodina Slovak writers and the issue of Slovak language codification in the second half of the 19th century. It is based on the thesis that a literary language is one of the most important elements in the process of nation-building and that its establishment is politically, historically, and linguistically crucial. The study examines the awareness of the Lowland intellectual elite regarding the language situation in Slovakia, as it developed in the 1840s and 1850s, marked by the 1848/1849 revolution in the Austrian Empire. A chronological analysis of the relationship between Slovak elites from the Lowlands and two codifications of literary Slovak – Ľudovít Štúr’s (1843) and Michal Miloslav Hodža and Martin Hattala’s (1851, known as the Hodža-Hattala codification) – documents the confusing language situation in the Slovak context in the second half of the 19th century. The Hodža-Hattala reform was more or less successfully established in the journalistic discourse of Vojvodina Slovaks, but biblical Czech continued to dominate communication within the Evangelical Church.

„V tých dlhých nociach dlho premýšľavam o tebe, Slavianstvo, náš svete ty!: Slovania a slovanská vzájomnosť vo výrazovom pláne lyriky P. O. Hviezdoslava

Author(s): Vladimíra Vrajová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2023

The paper focuses on the poetic depiction of Slavs and Slavic reciprocity in the poetry of P. O. Hviezdoslav with a national and social theme. The aim is to abstract the authoring strategies, which are applied in the representation of Slavonicity at the lexical and morpho-syntactic level. The research sample consists of 42 poems written between 1868 and 1914 with an explicit Slavic focus. Methodologically, the research falls into the field of general linguistics (stylistics). The results show the dominance of the anthropomorphic principle in metaphorical representation, which also demonstrates the postulates of cognitive linguistics. On the other hand, the functional application of verbal categories is primarily related to the degree of unification of the lyrical subject with the Slavs, but also to the accentuation of their unity/numerosity, (un)favourable state and (lack of) prospects for the future.

Nederlandbeelden in Oorlog met het kleine Nederland (1965). Een nooit opgevoerde twee-akter van Rudolf Sloboda

Author(s): Benjamin Bossaert / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 5S/2022

The Slovak writer Rudolf Sloboda is considered one of the leading authors of Slovak literature since World War II. His oeuvre is divided into prose, which, according to Sloboda expert Zora Prušková, can be called extremely autobiographical, and several collections of poems, essays and children’s books, but in addition he also wrote several film scenarios and two theatre plays. Most biographers forget to mention the two-act play that was published in 1965 in two issues of the literary magazine Slovenské pohľady as Vojna s malým Holandskom (War with the Little Netherlands), because this play was never performed. In this contribution, some striking features of the play are explained. It also outlines the context in which the play originated, which was accompanied by censorship by the Communist regime. Finally, it is argued that, if the geographical names and the characters are examined closely, a chronotopical counterpart to Alfred Jarry’s absurdist play Ubu Roi was created here, with the Netherlands deemed an abstract enough concept.

Cyrilský rukopis Klimenta Bukovského z 18. storočia

Author(s): Svetlana Šašerina / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 04/2023

The present issue contains a diplomatic edition of the Cyrillic manuscript book known as the Manuscript of Kliment Bukovský. The edition is prefaced by an article with a manuscript edition. Kliment Bukovský’s Manuscript is located in the archive of the Uzhhorod State Library and is connected with the Slovak linguistic-cultural horizon. The handwritten book was used in the monastery on Buková hôrka, as evidenced by the ex-libris and marginalia. As with other documents of Eastern Slovak provenance, the use of the Gospel pericopes in vernacular language is characteristic of this manuscript. In addition to the Gospel readings and commentaries on them, Kliment Bukovský’s manuscript also contains texts common to collections for vernacular reading, such as overview on Old Testament kings and Roman emperors, a retelling of a legend from the Gesta Romanorum, and an apocryphal legend of Christ’s birth.

ИЗЧЕЗВАЩИЯТ ЛИРИЧЕСКИ СУБЕКТ В СЪВРЕМЕННАТА СЛОВАШКА ПОЕЗИЯ. ВЪРХУ ТЕКСТОВЕ НА ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛИ НА ТЕКСТОВАТА ГЕНЕРАЦИЯ

Author(s): Irena Dimova-Gencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The current study focuses on some of the transformations of the lyrical subject in contemporary Slovak poetry after 1989. The chosen authors are representatives of the so-called Text Generation – a poetic group defined by the Slovak critics – and appear to be key figures in the development of postmodernism in Slovak context. Peter Macsovszky is considered a leading postmodern poet in literature after 1989, and Michal Habaj is seen as his follower calling himself ‘a big epigone.’ The main problem investigated in their works is the reduction or the negation of the category of the self. Both authors made their literary debuts in the '90s and are seen as part of the experimental-deconstructional line in Slovak poetry. Their books ‘Fear of Utopia’ and ‘80-967760-4-5’ include self-referential texts in which the poets play with the categories of author, subject, and literature itself. The interpretation of the selected works is based on the authors’ concept of writing as an act of constructing a text reality enclosed within itself and reflecting on the literary terminology which is made by. Their works not only reflect on intertextuality as a literary concept, but in the case of Michal Habaj try to be tendentiously intertextually connected to works by Peter Macsovszky. In the texts, we see the reduction of the self to a grammatical form as leading to something of a disappearing lyrical subject.

The Image Base of Fairy Tale Formula in the Structure of Folklore Text (Based on Russian, Slovak, and Czech Fairy Tales and Their Translations)

Author(s): Oleh Tyshchenko,Marianna Figedyová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The article presents a comparative analysis of fairy tale texts from the perspective of their structural, semantic, pragmatic, as well as linguistic and cultural features. Verbal and semiotic code of fairy tales has been reconstructed on the basis of their bidirectional translation (translation of Folk Russian Tales by A. Afanasiev into Slovak and Czech and Slovak and Czech fairy tales translation into Russian). The article considers initial, middle and final fairy formulas ones proceeding from the archetypal structure, value and semantic dominants, as well as concepts of folklore texts (transformations and variants of plots and allomotives, typology of images and names of fairy tale characters through the lens of V. Propp, S. Neklyudov, E. Novik and others’ views). The units are described both in terms of their equivalence, figurative structure, and possible translation transformations, as well as ways of transferring culture-specific elements and pragmes into foreign cultural folklore and semiotic space. The approach applied in the article presupposes cultural and semantic reconstruction of the predominant conceptual spheres actualized in fairy tales, particularly the ones of giving, the Way, ‘us’ and ‘them’, happy end and marriage, oppositions of the living and the dead, functions of fairy tale loci, such as emptiness, chaos and cosmogonic representations associated with them. The research analyzes modal, temporal, and syntactic characteristics of fairy tale formulas, lexical and semantic substitutions, as well as compensations and equivalents in the target text.