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Review of: LENKA POĽAKOVÁ - MARTIN DJOVČOŠ – MÁRIA KUSÁ – EMÍLIA PEREZ (eds.): Translation, Interpreting and Culture: Old Dogmas, New Approaches Berlin: Peter Lang, 2021. 286 pp. ISBN 978-3-631-83881-5
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The article describes difficulties connected with interpreting 16th century names of women created out of men’s profession names. The analyzed lexical material was limited to feminine formations created with the use of the -ka suffix out of masculine names ending with -arz. Due to such a clear formal restriction, I analyzed all feminatives in this class found in SPXVI as well as additional occurrences excerpted by me, which constituted over 60% of textual usages analyzed herein. I focused on two functions of the -ka suffix creating nomina feminativa of the time – the names of wives and the “simple” feminatives, that is those in which the formant provides the formative base only with the meaning of femininity. Over 60 lexemes were analyzed. In the first place, I examined all registered appearances of every word in Renaissance texts, with a particular emphasis of uses in non-literary sources providing authentic historical data about the people described. I confronted thus obtained information with 1) the findings of historians, demographics scholars or sociologists researching the role of women in Renaissance society and the opportunities available for women regarding taking up paid work and performing specific professions; 2) lexicographic descriptions of particular entries in SPXVI, broadening lexicographic analysis with the earlier lexis as registered in SStp and the later lexis found in source dictionary (Cn). The final stage of research involved a formal historical word formation analysis of the described feminatives and its dependencies with lexicographic descriptions of particular items.
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The purpose of this paper is to characterise formally and semantically the metaphorical word combination Cośjest kobietą, which has not been registered in phraseological dictionaries yet. The author presents contexts in which this phraseme has been attested, establishes its fixed form, as well as the most important elements of the global meaning.
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This article is devoted to names of social movements led by women, such as emancypacja, feminizm and sufrażyzm. It presents history of these words and their derivates in polish language, based on informations obtained from dictionaries – old and new. Author looked into definitions, qualifiers and examples of usage. It helped with establishing chronology and semantic changes of subjected words. Then author evaluated usefulness of dictionaries in this kind of research. It turned out that they can be helpful but don’t give all needed informations.
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The article discusses the problem of functioning of stereotypes in the process of teaching the Polish language and culture as foreign language to an adult student. Thanks to the didactic materials presented during the course, learners reconstruct the stereotypes of, for example, Polish, Poles, Polish woman, Polish family and social relations. The description was limited to gender stereotypes and social roles of women and men, their interests, as well as appearance and character traits. The analysis allows to claim that the stereotypical gender image in the didactic materials is present to a different extent. In the analyzed textbooks for teaching Polish as a foreign language, published at the beginning of the 21st century, the content of the stereotype of a woman and a man undergoes modifications. Young people, regardless of gender, are open to the world, they study, travel around Poland and Europe, and maintain contacts with their peers from all over the world. Women who have already finished their studies appear to be people performing professions previously considered female and male professions, similarly they perform almost all activities at home, and men are people for whom professional work is the most important.
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Review of: Stanisław Dubisz, Najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego. Rozwój polszczyzny wlatach 1918-2018, Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2020, ss. 181
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Review of: Rak Maciej, "Materiały do dziejów polskiej dialektologii i etnologii: listy Cezarii Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutz-Jędrzejewiczowej, Adama Fischera, Antoniego Kaliny, Izydora Kopernickiego, Kazimierza Nitscha, Seweryna Udzieli, Juliusza Zborowskiego". Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka (Z Prac Wydziału Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego) 2018, ss. XVI, 604, ISBN: 978-83-7638-935-6.
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The article deals with the history of the Polish words with primary meanings ‘animal’ and analyzes different views on their origin. The article describes the phenomenon of zoosemic semantic changes in Polish prison slang from the late 19th and early 20th century. Several animal-specific nouns functioning as synonyms for jailer (prison ward) are presented. Sources of individual names are indicated and it is given a description of semantic changes which took place under the influence of foreign languages.
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Review of: Slavomír Ondrejovič - VYKYPĚLOVÁ, Taťána – VYKYPĚL, Bohumil: Cercle linguistique de Bratislava. Ein Kapitel der mitteleuropäischen strukturalen Wissenschaft . In: Travaux linguistique de Brno, zv. 16. Brno: LINCOM GmbH 2019. 222 s. ISBN 978-3-86288-944-0.
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The study deals with the question when does the reflexive marker sa, si accompanying a verb present the clitic form of the pronoun and when it can be described as the reflexive morpheme used to derive verb with reciprocal semantics. Considering the results of a semantic test (reciprocity as the typical implication of the verb semantics) and syntactic test (the possibility to use the verb in the subject discontinuous construction), we came to the conclusion which verbs can be considered as derived reciprocals and thus should be processed in the dictionary and in which cases the reflexive marker is used to coin the reciprocal construction of non-reflexive verb with the reciprocity as possible, yet not typical implication.
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Review of: František Ruščák - LIGOŠ, Milan: Vyučovanie slovenčiny ako materinského jazyka v minulosti, prítomnosti a budúcnosti (Kapitoly z dejín vyučovania slovenčiny s výzvami do budúcnosti). Bratislava: Veda 2019. 240 s.
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In the article we discuss proverbs, sayings and superstitions of Slovak people. They deal with sounds, colours, tastes, scents and odours. In the initial part we point to common elements and differences in the individual types of traditional morals on the theoretical basis. In the practical part we classify and describe these types of gnomes and sentences. We also try to find appropriate translation equivalents for them, based on the relationship between Slovak and Romanian.
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The papers corrects the generally accepted opinion in the Romanian history of Slavic-Romanian linguistic relationship according to which the first to lay the foundations of these studies were the Slovene Franz Miklosich and demonstrates that the Czechoslovak historian and linguist Jozef Šafařík preceded Miklosich’s study by 24 years and his book was well known in the scientific circles. Also, the Czechoslovak scholar previously had shown particular interest in the study of the old Romanian language and made notes on several mediaeval Romanian manuscripts in this own library.
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Mit Kollokationen und Kollokabilität hat man sich zuerst im Rahmen der Phraseologie beschäftigt. In letzter Zeit werden sie unter systemlinguistischen, fremdsprachendidaktischen sowie translatologischen Aspekten untersucht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Kollokationen in linguistischen und fremdsprachendidaktischen Zusammenhängen vorgestellt und es wird darauf verwiesen, welchen Beitrag Korpuslinguistik zur Kollokationenforschung leisten kann, und welche Rolle Kollokationen beim Erwerb des Slowakischen als Fremdsprache spielen können.
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The presented paper takes up a debate with the existing (mainly dictionary) descriptions of expressions assuming the form w miarę and na miarę. It shows that, although the intuition of the authors of the descriptions is often right, the descriptions themselves are not sufficiently precise. What is pointed to as a potential source of the misunderstandings is the multitude of the types of usage of the base noun miara. Based on a description of syntactic requirements, connectivity (including frequent collocations), and meanings, three units assuming the form w miarę (a gradation operator and two prepositions) and two units assuming the form na miarę (a preposition and an attributive expression) are distinguished. At the same time, it is noticed that the attributive (adverbial and adjectival) usages are the least established in terms of syntax and the most controversial ones.
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This paper presents an analysis of semantic and lexical connectivity of lexical units assuming the form maksymalnie (maximally), minimalnie (minimally). They are treated as metapredicative operators, or – to be more precise – as operators of gradation, while in fact they are representatives of metalevels. The paper focuses in particular on presenting limitations to the connectivity between the examined operators and the adjectives and adverbs that are called parametric and evaluative in the relevant literature. The analysed lexemes collocate with adjectives and adverbs that are relative in nature. The analyses were conducted based on the dictionary descriptions and examples of usage of the units derived from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP). The paper uses methods applied in structural grammar and semantics.
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This paper is an attempt to reconstruct the picture of a groundbreaking historical event captured in oral accounts from Warmia. To this end, terms from the field of ethnolinguistics, in particular linguistic worldview and point of view, have been applied. The analysis of the texts has revealed a clear opposition marked by lexemes polski (Polish) and niemiecki (German) and their derivatives as well as positive evaluation of what is local (Warmian). At the lexical level, borrowings from German (welować ‘to elect’), dialectal lexis (poszczwać ‘to bait’) and a significant share of collocations referring to the situation of elections (odprawiać wiece) can be distinguished. What plays an important role in the picture of the plebiscite is the language exponents of negative phenomena and emotions, e.g. acts of violence, feeling of fear. The predominant stylistic devices employed are metonyms and metaphors.
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Walenty Szylarski is the author of two Polish grammar books, one in the form of manuscript of 1767 and the other one published in Lviv in 1770. The subject matter of the analysis is five normative resolutions proposed by Szylarski. They concerned: 1) the use of a diacritic over a, 2) the position of ą in the alphabet; 3) the spelling of j before a vowel; 4) the nominative and accusative cases of singular neuter nouns ending with -ę; 5) the instrumental and locative cases of singular and instrumental case of plural masculine and neuter adjectives. Szylarski’s suggestions concerning orthography had two basic causes: one was the lack of standardised, generally accepted rules of orthography (fluctuations in the use of endings), the other was the incompatibility of the spelling convention and the properties of language in use (j, -ę in the final position, position of ą in the alphabet, use of a diacritic over the conjunction a). Some of the orthographic proposals were noticed, while others were not.
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The article presents a short survey of Slovak language learning at university St. Cyril and St. Methodius in Veliko Turnovo. The attention is also focused on some difficulties that Bulgarian students have to face while learning Slovak. Some comparisons between Slovak (as West Slavic language) and Bulgarian (as South Slavic language) are made.
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Review of: Juraj Vaňko, Obraz človeka v jazyku: zborník príspevkov z medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie konanej 11. septembra 2013 na Filozofickej fakulte Univerzity Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre. Nitra: Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre 2014. 330 s. ISBN 978-80-558-0560-3 (Ianko Gubani)
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