Uwagi teoretyczne na temat zmiany kodu w monologach starowierców mieszkających w Polsce

Author(s): Michał Głuszkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2015

The Old Believers living in Poland are a bilingual community. Although they managed to maintain their religion, culture and language through ages, their language situation as well as the structure of the dialect have been undergoing severe changes. In spite of Polish loan translations and borrowings present in the Russian dialect, the Old Believers tend to switch the code between sentences and inside of them. The article is an approach to find an appropriate theoretical approach to characterize the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing in monologues, i.e. these cases of switching which are caused neither by the change of interlocutor nor by the change of communicative situation."

FORMS OF ADDRESS AS DISCRETE MODAL OPERATORS

Author(s): Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

The category of expressions of politeness includes, among others, forms of address. Forms of address express honorification. Honorification can be defined as a special type of meaning that consists of information about the social and interpersonal relations between the speaker and the addressee, the speaker and the hearer, and the speaker and the protagonist of the predication. As far as their place in the syntactic structure is concerned, forms of address can either be integrated with the other elements of a predication or not. However, they are always part of a predication’s semantic structure. Moreover, forms of address convey the speaker’s attitude to the meaning of the predicate that they want to convey, which consequently means that forms of address also carry a modal element. Modality can be defined as a situation in which an individual is in a particular mental state, i.e. exhibits some kind of attitude to a situation or a type of situations. Forms of address can be categorised as modal operators conveying imperatives, requests, suppositions, etc. The term “operator” can be used for a unit of language when it changes the semantic structure of the predication. My research on honorification is mainly based on contemporary corpora, both monolingual and multilingual. In the present study, I analyse forms of address which carry imperative and optative meanings.

Prezes Wszystko-mogę Kaczyński. Sekundarne użycia antroponimów w przedwyborczym dyskursie politycznym

Author(s): Iwona Góralczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The analysis has focused on a few anthroponyms used in their secondary senses in the Polish press in the heat of pre-electional debates of 2015 and the relation between their meanings and forms, and particularly their inflectional patterns and the noun phrase structure. One unifying property of a miscellaneous set analysed, including both novel and ephemeral creations and expressions of a more established status, is a negative axiological valuation of the referent of the anthroponym. The analysis refers to a social function of such language use and mechanisms of persuasion and manipulation. The motivation for the morpho-syntactic features of the analysed proper names is sought, among others, in the processes of metaphor and metonymy. The analysis also includes examples of paragons, mimetic, or pseudo-mimetic compounding and polisemy of plurality.

Testing word embeddings for Polish

Author(s): Agnieszka Mykowiecka,Małgorzata Marciniak,Piotr Rychlik / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2017

Distributional Semantics postulates the representation of word meaning in the form of numeric vectors which represent words which occur in context in large text data. This paper addresses the problem of constructing such models for the Polish language. The paper compares the effectiveness of models based on lemmas and forms created with Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) and skip-gram approaches based on different Polish corpora. For the purposes of this comparison, the results of two typical tasks solved with the help of distributional semantics, i.e. synonymy and analogy recognition, are compared. The results show that it is not possible to identify one universal approach to vector creation applicable to various tasks. The most important feature is the quality and size of the data, but different strategy choices can also lead to significantly different results.

Czy polskość jest (słownikowo) definiowalna?

Author(s): Wojciech Chlebda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49/2017

The author argues that the essence of polishness (polskość) is found in the Polish language, that is, in the language system, as well as in texts written in Polish; hence, it should be possible to reproduce and define the very concept of polishness. So far, it should be stressed, the definitions of the concept of polishness found in dictionaries of the Polish language have not provided any information on components of the concept under scrutiny. In this paper, the author proposes, first, a number of methods that enable one to extract the components of polishness from the whole variety of text types and genres, and, second, a framework designed to accommodate the extracted components, and, in the future, to develop a synthetic dictionary definition of polishness.

Zmiany semantyki morfemu rdzeniowego *myša zmiany motywacji zachodniosłowiańskich fitonimów dialektalnych

Author(s): Liubou Padporynava / Language(s): Polish Issue: 64/2017

Contraction of the concept of the animal Mus L. leads to changes in semantics of the root morpheme*myš- and accordingly in motivation of West Slavic dialectal phytonyms. The changes in semantics are based on specialization of meaning. As a result, the emotional associations, which was accompanied to the phytonyms at earlier stages, turn up at the periphery of the semantics.This fact leads to gradual loss of connection between the plant properties and the semantics of the roots of their names. The motivational mechanisms of phytonyms adapt to the changes of the semantics. As a result, the phytonyms, which were motivated by covering the ground with their leaves and stalks, are gradually becoming motivated by their similarity with the mice. The reason of these changes is that now the seme ‘ground cover’ is not realized by native speakers as a component of actual semantics of the root *myš-, so the motivation of the phytonyms has changed and become to embody in the seme ‘mousy’.

W JAKI SPOSÓB I Z JAKIEJ OKAZJI ŚWIĘTUJĄ PODRĘCZNIKOWI I PRAWDZIWI POLACY? NEGOCJOWANIE WAŻNOŚCI ŚWIĄT

Author(s): Aneta Strzelecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2014

The article presents the results of a study of Polish as a foreign language textbooks to teach (levels A1–C2) focused on the content of information about how Poles celebrate holidays. The material allowed to answer the following questions: which holidays Polish people in Polish as a foreign language course books celebrate and what are the habits associated with these holidays. The second part of the article compares the results of the textbooks analyses with social research and statistics.

STARE MEDIA W DEFENSYWIE? ZNACZENIE I FUNKCJE PODRĘCZNIKA DO NAUCZANIA JPJO W MEDIASFERZE NOWYCH MEDIÓW

Author(s): Miłosz Babecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2014

Nowadays, smartphones and tablets include software which enables their users to communicate (on a very basic level) in languages they do not actually speak. And however this kind of communication does not support socialization, some users treat such a language like a tool (especially if it is very difficult to learn). When this tool seems to be ineffective, the users search for an effective one. This instrumentalized perspective is a starting point for the author to discuss the role of course books for those foreign students studying Polish who belong to the generation C – computer-oriented young people, for whom the Internet is a source of every sort of knowledge.

OBRAZ POLSKIEJ RODZINY W WYBRANYCH PODRĘCZNIKACH DO NAUCZANIA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO

Author(s): Aneta Strzelecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

In the article, the image of the Polish family was examined, as based on the analysis of materials published in the textbooks of Polish as a foreign language on different levels of proficiency. While examining the image of the Polish family, the number of family members, their age, first names and surnames were taken into consideration. Additional elements were their appearance, personality traits, their spare time activities, their profession, and their major.

„Prawo pierwszych skojarzeń”, czyli o wpływie Studium Języka Polskiego dla Cudzoziemców na losy i decyzje życiowe niektórych jego absolwentów

Author(s): Alicja Skalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Zacznę od anegdoty, opowieści o wydarzeniu, które miało miejsce w początku mojej pracy nauczyciela w SJPdC w Łodzi. Otóż pewnego dnia do pokoju nauczycielskiego wszedł nie bardzo już młody pan o wyraźnie południowoamerykańskiej aparycji, odszukał znanych sobie nauczycieli i po serdecznych powitaniach pogrążył się z nimi w rozmowie. Pan ów, inżynier ze swego polskiego wykształcenia, wyjaśnił, że przybył ze swego kraju do Hiszpanii – a przy okazji zdecydował się odwiedzić Studium, aby spotkać się z nauczycielami. Okazało się, że ani polskie studia, ani język zupełnie mu się nie przydały w jego zawodowej karierze. Dla potencjalnych pracodawców miał etykietkę komunisty, którego nikt nie chciał.

W Szczebrzeszynie chrząszcz brzmi w trzcinie”, czyli wykorzystanie wierszy Jana Brzechwy w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego na poziomie A2

Author(s): Karolina Fastyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Prawdopodobnie wszyscy Polacy pamiętają z dzieciństwa wiersze Jana Brzechwy. Naszymi nieodłącznymi przyjaciółmi byli wówczas: „zachwycona swym powabem” Samochwała, Sójka, bez skutku wybierająca się za morze, Kłamczucha, Leń, który twierdził, że jest okropnie zmęczony, Hipopotam zakochany w Żabie i inni. Autor tych krótkich utworów bawił, jednocześnie pokazując młodym słuchaczom, które zachowania i postawy są właściwe, a które naganne. Poza tą bardzo istotną nauką teksty te mają również inną wartość edukacyjną. Wielokrotnie odczytywane przez rodziców (przy założeniu, że ich wymowa jest poprawna) i zapamiętywane przez dziecko, gruntują poprawną wymowę.

Komiks w kształceniu polonistycznym obcokrajowców

Author(s): Wioletta Hajduk-Gawron / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Obraz to bodajże najstarsza forma utrwalania przekazu, rodzaj komunikacji stworzonej przez człowieka. To właśnie ryciny czy też rysunki naskalne były pierwszymi nośnikami informacji. W ten wizualny i statyczny sposób utrwalano ludzkie doświadczenia i przedstawienia rzeczywistości (Hopfinger 1993: 7).

Co to jest nazwa obca

Author(s): Kazimierz Rymut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/1993

Den fremden Charakter einiger Elemente in der polnischen Namengebung kann man unterschiedlich betrachten, je nachdem, wie man die Frage formuliert: ob fremd zu etwas, oder für jemand, oder aber zu einem gewissen Zeitpunkt gemeint ist. Ein Appellativum fremder Herkunft, das zum Eigennamen wird, hört auf, fremd zu sein. Ein fremder Name, der ein slavisçhes Sufiix annimmt, wird heimisch. Ein anderes Problem stellen Namen dar, die von nationalen Minderheiten gebraucht werden: Für wen sind sie fremd, und wie sollte das Verhältnis der Polen dazu sein? Dies geht über onomastische Überlegungen hinaus und hat vielmehr nationalen bzw. administrativen Charakter. Polnische Rechtnormen sind diesbezüglich nicht klar genug.

Rosyjskie konstrukcje temporalne z przyimkiem (na tle polskim)

Author(s): Kazimierz Bajor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/1990

Монография посвящена описанию русских предложно-падежных конструкций (предлог + + форма имени существительного), служащих для выражения временных отношений. Система темпоральных конструкций данного типа представляет собой сложное переплетение синтаксических структур, в построении которых принимает участие большое количество непроизводных (первообразных) и производных (вторичных) предлогов, полифункциональных в своей подавляющей части (способных выражать различные семантические отношения, но в то же время и таких, которые могут выполнять одну только функцию - участвовать в формировании определенных речевых цепочек с временным значением (собственно темпоральные синсемантические слова). Многообразие этих конструкций подробно характеризуется в первом и втором разделах книги.

Някои видове експресивни лексеми като средства на езиковата стилистика в комедиографията на Бранислав Нушич

Author(s): Vyara Naydenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The review of expressive lexis in the discussed comedies of Nusic reveals that as stylistic devices of humor are usedpejoratives, which prevail in terms of quantity, as well as hypochoristics, diminutives and augmentatives. Expressive forms in the language of Branislav Nusic in his comedies from the end of 19th - first decades of 20th century, play a significant stylistic role in depicting the era and characters and creating a number of verbal comic, ironic and satirical effects. What is important and valid for the style of the Serbian writer of comedies, strongly influenced by the colloquial language, is the conclusion that the author deliberately resorts not only to more numerous and more frequent use of negative expressive forms, but also to their strengthening and exaggeration, while at the same time he is considerably more moderate in expressing a positive evaluation and using positive expressive forms, mainly with a familiar connotation.

Realizácia tempa reči v slovenskom rozhlasovom prostredí

Author(s): Viera Smoláková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

This paper presents findings of a research in speech tempo in radio news reporting. The author gives interpretation of the analysis results of the major newscast programme Radiozurndl broadcasted at 12.00, and the programme Infoexpres. The chosen research method is objectively expressed speech tempo by data based on counting pronounced syllables per second. Using computer analysis, concurrence of speech tempo with other suprasegments - melody and pause is also documented.

Między dialogiem a monologiem

Author(s): Mieczysław Balowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Marie Čechová a její »Život s češtinou«

Author(s): Ludmila Zimova / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2017

Medzi h Hungarizmom a Slavizmom (formovanie kolektívnej identity slovákov v časoch osvietenstva na prelome 18. a 19. storočia)

Author(s): Peter Káša / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2018

Slovakia (Slovak Landscape, Slovak Land, “Ober Ungarn”) has been for centuries only an imaginative ethnic community without its own political and state institutions and a single economic base. The Slovak national movement began to form during the period of enlightenment. Since the middle of the 18th century, the Slovak elites, who continually defended the autochthonity of Slovak ethnicity, their own tradition, culture and language, have also been respected by the traditional and functional imperial and royal institutions: the Viennese religious laws and the Hungarian legal system. The open dialogue of cultures turns into strong national monologues and emphasizes national unity and exclusivity. The language of the ethnic communities atomized, differentiated and delimited according to the principle, “We (ours) and Thy (strangers)”. The common and codified language has created collective standards and has been transformed into a symbol of national unity, collective selfdetermination and self-confidence.

Slavist. Časopis za slavistiku.

Author(s): Sofka Radojičić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/1990

Review of: "Slavist. Časopis za slavistiku.", Godina I, broj I, Sarajevo, 1990.; by: Sofka Radojičić