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Aborcja w polskim dyskursie publicznym w świetle badań korpusowych. Ujęcie porównawcze

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Śmiechowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The aim of the article is to determine differences in the construction of discourse on abortion in Poland over 30 years (from the 1990s to 2021) in the light of corpus research. Two reference corpora were used for the research (NKJP until 2010, MoncoPL from 2010) and two target corpora (weeklies: “Polityka”, “Tygodnik Powszechny”: 2020/2021). Collocations with the lexeme abortion and key words characterizing contemporary press discourse were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study of reference corpora showed a gradual increase in applications of means of polarizing discourse and rendering it more expressive, which are markers of the worldview of its participants. The study of target corpora indicated that the basic difference between them, which affects all the others, is related to the high textual and discursive importance of the lexeme law in “Polityka” and the lexeme church in “Tygodnik Powszechny”. It was also pointed out that abortion discourse of the recent months has focused on the activities of its subjects (protest, court sentence), and not on the topic of abortion in the strict sense.

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Dziecięce słownictwo częste końca XX i początku XXI w. Kilka uwag porównawczych

Author(s): Małgorzata Święcicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The aim of this paper is to characterize words statistically frequent in the vocabulary of preschool children of the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The proposed comparative description proves the durability of children’s vocabulary often used over a period of more than thirty years. The stability of children’s vocabulary is manifested both in the identical representation and hierarchy of particular functional classes, and in the persistence of representative semantic categories. The observed status quo is determined by features of the natural language, the developmental qualities of the child’s speech and the benchmarks of the spoken style. One might say that the unchanged, grammatical and semantic, structure is accompanied by the variability of linguistic exponents in the internal structure of classes and semantic categories. This, in turn, is motivated by a number of both intralinguistic and extralinguistic processes, including civilization and cultural transformations, the development of new technologies, the phenomenon of linguistic fashions or a wider social reach of vulgar words.

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Problem realności psychologicznej metafor konceptualnych

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Semantics; cognitive semantics; polysemy; conceptual metaphor; psycholinguistics; experiment; levels of categorization;

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Individualism – collectivism and the selection of the pronominal subject in yoga instructions in Polish and Russian

Author(s): Iwona Góralczyk,Joanna Łozińska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The goal of the analysis is to specify the cultural bias in the selection of the pronominal subject in clausal yoga instructions in Polish and Russian, which is presumably parallel to the individualistic and collectivist tendencies existing in the respective societies. Additionally, the focus is placed on the conceptual viewing arrangement underlying linguistic forms of directives which are conventionally used in the examined discourse genre. The research is based on the corpus of 300 tokens for each language.

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Uwagi o germanizmach w gwarach polskich i problemach ich badań

Author(s): Renata Kucharzyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article deals with the influence of the German language on Polish dialects and the methodology of etymological studies into dialects. It presents the most important research problems faced by an etymologist dealing with dialectal vocabulary. The most crucial issue is to specify which German dialects are the source of borrowings and whether Germanisms entered the Polish dialects in question directly from German or through another language. Determining the etymology of dialect lexemes is rendered difficult by the lack of adequate sources documenting especially the older dialectal forms. Many Germanisms present in dialects are not attested in written texts, which means that they remain outside the scope of linguistic analysis. Others are sparsely documented, which does not provide precise information about the range of the word, its semantics and phonetics. Moreover, dialects exhibit a tendency towards phonetic transformations of borrowings, which makes these words significantly different from their German sources. The diversity of dialects and the limited range of individual dialects mean that we may deal with borrowings that are some sort of linguistic peculiarities which are difficult to analyse because they have no parallels either in the general language or in other dialects.

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Uroda – o rozwoju znaczeniowym wyrazu w języku polskim

Author(s): Iza Matusiak-Kempa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article present semantic development of the noun uroda [‘beauty’] in the Polish language. The undertaken analysis is based primarily on definitions excerpted from historical dictionaries of the Polish language and selected dictionaries of contemporary Polish. Tracing its semantic development, an attempt is made to point out linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that influence semantic transformations of the noun, which evolved from the meaning of ‘harvest, crops’ towards determining features related to human body concerning its beauty. The first part of the text shows that semantic development of the noun ‘uroda’ was influenced by its etymological connection with the verb ‘urodzić’ as well as its axiological origin, i.e. the origin in the conceptual field of vital values. The second part of the article follows definitions and contexts in which the noun ‘uroda’ surfaces, from occurrences in 16th-century texts to definitions and contexts noted in the era of modern Polish. Analysis of dictionary definitions allows one to believe that the meaning of the noun continues to narrow down, as evidenced by those of its contemporary applications in which it refers to facial attributes.

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Zur Übertragung von Filmtiteln aus dem Deutschen ins Polnische

Author(s): Magdalena Zofia Feret,Andrzej S. Feret / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2022

The article focuses on current tendencies in translation of film titles from German to Polish. In order to determine which translation tendencies prevail contemporarily, an analysis was performed concerning titles of German films shown during the so called Week of German Film since 2010 and their Polish counterparts. The aim was to identify translation strategies applied to render these film titles. Results of the analysis presented here were also compared with results of the analysis of film titles translation from English into Polish.

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Językoznawstwo śląskie a Ziemie Zachodnie i Północne (zarys problematyki)

Author(s): Stanisława Sochacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The aim of the article is to present how the Polish intellectual elite got scientifically and emotionally involved in organising extensive activities to bring the truth about the Western and Northern borderlands to Polish society. The work discusses selected issues, including syntheses, lexicons and monographs influencing the consciousness of the inhabitants of those lands. The struggle for the Western and Northern borderlands had been going on since the beginning of the 20th century. After the war, Silesian linguists also became very much involved in scientific, publishing and popularising activities. The present study was prepared on the basis of a diverse base of sources. These include: various authors’ publications, conference materials, programme papers, memoirs of scholars, press articles and archive documents concerning research centres (scientific institutes and universities).

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Die Auswirkung sprachbiographischer und sprachideologischer Faktoren auf den Sprachgebrauch bilingualer Sprecher:innen

Author(s): Felicja Księżyk / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

There is now a consensus that bilinguals are not dual monolinguals, but that the languages they speak influence each other. The extent and shape of this influence is due, among other things, to differences in language-biographical and language-ideological aspects. The article refers to the results of research conducted as part of the German-Polish project Language across generations: contact induced change in morpho-syntax in German-Polish bilingual speech. Two different generations are interviewed in the project – early bilinguals in Poland (Generation Poland/GP) and late bilinguals in Germany (Generation Germany/ GD). In order to consider individual differences between the bilinguals, first of all only one of these speaker groups (GD) will be analysed. Then, the two language biographies which deviate from the phenomena induced by language contact will be analysed in more detail taking into account language-biographical differences to the GD as well as the internalised language ideologies.

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Polskie odzwierzęce derywaty symilatywne w perspektywie kognitywnej

Author(s): Olga Kielak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The study analyses nationwide, dialectal and sociolectal word-formations (nominal, adjectival and verbal structural derivatives) created from the names of selected domestic animals. Following Ronald Langacker’s proposal, the author tries to answer the question how new words are formed. In addition, the analysis of the collected material shows what derivatives reveal about the human conceptualisation of the world and how Ronald Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar and Jerzy Bartmiński’s Lublin-based Ethnolinguistics are close to each other.

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O uczniowskiej umiejętności reagowania na wypowiedzi. Próba rozpoznania problemu

Author(s): Marta Chyb-Winnicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

This article attempts to determine to what extent primary school students have mastered the skill of responding to spoken messages, i.e. a competence allowing them to listen actively and effectively, which is necessary in private and professional life. To achieve the research aim, the author carried out empirical research among two groups: 190 fourth and 159 eighth graders who attend eight primary schools in Opole. The research tool was a listening test in Polish as a native language: a part of an interview and two test tasks. The conducted research shows that the participants have developed the ability to respond to spoken messages at a low level. The results prompted the author to conclude that the present-day schooling does not prepare students to listen actively and effectively in natural communication circumstances.

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Lexical inferencing in reading an English text: an introspective study

Author(s): Monika Kusiak-Pisowacka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The aim of the paper is to present the results of a think-aloud study which investigated how Polish learners of EFL coped with unknown words in a written text. The following aspects of the inferencing process were explored: the strategies and types of knowledge sources used by the learners, the students’ individual patterns of strategy use, effectiveness in deducing word meanings and the reasons behind unsuccessful inferences. The results showed that the learners applied a range of cognitive and metacognitive strategies, with translation and paraphrasing as the most frequent ones, drawing on interlingual, intralingual and external sources of information. The students differed in their way of deducing the meanings of unknown words and the effectiveness of inferencing. The failures in deriving word meanings were attributed to poor skills of referring to global context and inability to follow semantic relations throughout the text.

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Zapis komponentów odproprialnych we frazeologizmach języka polskiego

Author(s): Iwona Kosek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article is devoted to orthographic representations of some phraseological patterns and specifically to variants in the spelling of units that come from proper names (eg. Cupid’s arrow, to cross the Rubicon, Sodom and Gomorrah, udawać Greka ‘play dumb, play possum’ lit. ‘play Greek’). The variance in spelling (either with a capital or a lowercase letter) is discussed with respect to the motivation of phraseological units, both in regard to lexicographical sources and usage (based on the corpus data in NKJP and Monco.Pl). The main part of the article discusses some possible reasons for differences in spelling as well as their normative interpretations. It appears that the spelling of the analysed units which has been adopted in dictionaries depends not so much on the units’ figurative meanings as on their motivation (in the sense of Lewicki 1982), i.e. the confirmed origin of the phraseological component from a proper name. The variance in spelling is noted relatively rarely in dictionaries (every dictionary consistently adopts one way of spelling). The existence of more than one variant is only revealed if one consults various dictionaries. For a language user who is not a specialist, the identification of a given component as a proper name (sometimes irrespective of its motivation) is typically the sole or the primary criterion for selecting a spelling variant. From a normative point of view, the best strategy would be to acknowledge the variance in spelling of the examined phraseological units if such variance occurs.

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Grecki apelatyw κόρθῡς ‘garście zżętego zboża, pokosy’ i jego relacja do polskiego dialektyzmu króda ‘sterta snopów na polu’

Author(s): Elwira Kaczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article discusses two collective nouns (nomina collectiva) from the domain of agricultural terminology (Greek Doric κόρθῡς f. coll. ‘handfuls of harvested grain, swaths’; Polish dial. króda ‘a pile of sheaves in the field’) whose common Indo-European origin is indicated. The probable derivational basis of the Greek collective noun was the Doric appellative *κορθός m. ‘something truncated’, preserved in the Laconian dialect of Ancient Greek, cf. the Hesychian gloss κορσόν∙κορμόν (“korsón: log”). The Polish dialectal word króda derives from the Proto-Slavic archetype *korda (f. coll.), for which the following meanings can be reconstructed: ‘a pile of sheaves in the field’, secondarily ‘any pile (especially a pile of branches)’ and ‘a pile of firewood’. Hence, via singularization, the following secondary meanings arose: ‘firebrand, fire, hearth’ and ‘altar’. It is shown that the Greek-Slavic collective nouns are cognate formations from the point of view of Indo-European word-formation and etymology. They should be analyzed as belonging to the Proto-Indo-European verbal root *ker- ‘to cut (off), shave’, cf. Greek κείρω ‘to cut (off), shave (of hair); to mow off, cut down, ravage’, Armenian k‘erem ‘to scratch, shave’, Lithuanian kertù, kirsti ‘to chop, cut, mow, reap with a scythe’, Proto-Slavic *čerti ‘to incise, separate, split bark from trees’, also *čersti (< *kert-ti) ‘to cut, incise, cut out‘. Thus, the collective nouns under scrutiny go back to two related historical forms: PIE. *kor-dh-uh2- : *kor-dh-eh2- (f. coll.).

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Chytry chytremu nierówny – o ambiwalencji w wartościowaniu pojęcia reprezentowanego przez czeski leksem chytrost

Author(s): Aleksandra Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

This article seeks to explain reasons for ambivalence in the evaluation of the notion chytrost, which is understood in Czech primarily as a value, and secondarily as an antivalue. For this purpose, the methods of Lublin ethnolinguistics were used to recreate a stereotype of the notion chytrost in the modern Czech language. In the first part of the article, the stereotype is reconstructed based on systemic data that allow one to determine the semantic content of the lexeme, and in the second part – on the basis of textual data providing information on evaluation. The third part presents the semantic evolution of the lexemes chytrost and chytrý from the Old Czech period to the present day. It shows which elements of the old understanding of the concept have been preserved in the stereotype, contributing to its negative evaluation. The conclusion includes a short cognitive definition of the concept chytrost, which – in contrast with the taxonomic definitions from Czech dictionaries – enables us to distinguish chytrost from other Czech lexemes relating to the mental sphere (e.g. moudrost). The distinction between chytrost as a mental trait and as a character trait allows one also to determine in which contexts chytrost is evaluated positively, and in which – negatively.

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Profesor Elżbieta Laskowska w mojej pamięci – wspomnienie nie tylko zawodowe

Author(s): Małgorzata Święcicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

In Memoriam Professor Elżbieta Laskowska (1946 - 2022)

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Norbert Morciniec: Gramatyka kontrastywna. Wprowadzenie do niemiecko-polskiej gramatyki kontrastywnej.

Author(s): Mariusz Jakosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Review of: Norbert Morciniec: Gramatyka kontrastywna. Wprowadzenie do niemiecko-polskiej gramatyki kontrastywnej. Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe. Wrocław 2020, ss. 123.

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English-sourced ordinal superlatives in contemporary Polish: An argument for the usefulness of syntactic loans

Author(s): Mirosław Bańko,Alicja Witalisz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

This article raises the question whether syntactic loans can be useful in the recipient language, i.e. whether they can exhibit advantages over their native counterparts. Polish ordinal superlatives (OSs), such as drugi najwyższy budynek (w mieście) ‘the second tallest (building in town)’, serve as the main source of examples, but two other syntactic loans are also briefly discussed in order to strengthen our position. It is not our aim to trace the history of OSs in Polish nor to provide their comprehensive description, but since they have been much underresearched, we have made preliminary queries in corpora and digital libraries to examine their structure, meaning, and origin. These queries suggest that Polish OSs were borrowed from German in the second half of the 19th century, yet their current abundance in Polish is due to the influence of English. We have put our research in the context of language contact studies and analysed the pros and cons of Polish OSs compared with their native counterparts. We have found contact-induced Polish OSs to show some advantage over their native equivalents, but to occasionally interfere with formally identical native contructions, and make the message potentially ambiguous. A further conclusion is that syntactic loans can be useful in the recipient language.

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Zielnik jako gatunek dawnego dyskursu naukowego we współczesnych odsłonach

Author(s): Artur Rejter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The article deals with contemporary realizations of a herbarium, a classic genre of old scientific discourse. The concept clearly present in Polish linguistic genology referring to three types of genre patterns was used: 1) canonical pattern, 2) alternative pattern, 3) adaptive pattern. Within each type of genre pattern, individual aspects of the pattern were observed: structural, stylistic, pragmatic, and cognitive (semantic). The concept of different genre patterns referred to the prototypical form (referring to old scientific discourse) enabled the indication of various manifestations of the herbarium’s long-lasting presence in the communication universe. This genre, which was proper for scientific discourse in its initial stage of functioning in past epochs, today finds various – sometimes related, but often completely different – and sometimes surprising and very creative – updates. This allows us to put forward a thesis about multidirectional and complex forms of discourse transformations, their interpenetration, and mutual references. The proposed considerations also seem to confirm the validity of research on speech genres in the context of discourse transformations.

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Ćwierć wieku o języku – „Prace Językoznawcze” w ujęciu diachronicznym

Author(s): Alina Naruszewicz-Duchlińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The year 2023 marks the 25th anniversary of “Papers in Linguistics” under its current name. The aim of this article is to familiarise the Reader with the journal’s history, summarise the issues published to date and indicate and discuss the key aspects of its evolution, as influenced by both the decisions of the editorial board and legislative changes concerning scientific journals. The origins and later history of “Papers in Linguistics” are presented in a historical and sociological context. The article also lists the co-creators of the journal, who contributed greatly to its establishment and development.

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