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UŻYCIE RZECZOWNIKA DEPRAWACJA JAKO ŹRÓDŁO WIEDZY O PROBLEMACH DOTYCZĄCYCH MORALNOŚCI

Author(s): Karolina Lisczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article aims at indicating the topics to which the noun deprawacja [‘depravity’] has referred in Polish over the last century. The study covered material excerpted from four corpora of the Polish language from the period 1919–2021, additionally divided into four shorter time intervals. Data analysis shows the actions that are widely discussed and negatively assessed due to their possible effect: violation of socially accepted moral norms. The research leads to conclusions about the changes in the scope of the noun deprawacja over the last hundred years. There is a visible increase in topics related to sexuality, a decrease in the percentage of contexts related to crime or ideological depravity, and a comparable level of statements related to general ethical problems.

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WYBRANE PROBLEMY POLITYCZNE I SPOŁECZNE W NAJNOWSZYM SŁOWNICTWIE POLSKIM – NA MATERIALE OBSERWATORIUM JĘZYKOWEGO UW

Author(s): Jarosław Łachnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The paper presents an analysis of the latest Polish lexis related to political and social life. The study covers 1103 units (beginning with the letters A–O) from the dictionary of neologisms of the Linguistic Observatory of the University of Warsaw. The author discusses selected methodological problems related to lexical analysis of neologisms and offers a classification of lexical items into thematic fields. The quantitative load of the lexical fields is examined, with the most and least loaded fields being indicated.

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JĘZYKOWO-KULTUROWY OBRAZ ZIEMI ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIEJ UTRWALONY W MIKROTOPONIMII (NA PRZYKŁADZIE NAZW TERENOWYCH POWIATU KAZIMIERSKIEGO)

Author(s): Iwona Nobis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article attempts to reconstruct the linguo-cultural view of the Świętokrzyskie village contained in the microtoponymy of the Kazimierski district. The ways of perception and interpreting the surrounding reality by the local rural community are presented. The onymic material contains over 500 microtoponyms, i.e. names of local uninhabited places and objects, land objects (e.g. fields, meadows, forests, mountains, pastures, hills) and water objects (e.g. swamps, ponds, streams, rivers). Among all the collected field names, the author distinguished the names whose source of motivation are the objective properties of the referent: location, size, shape, etc. (topographic-locating and topographic-characterizing names), and the names that show the relationship between an object and a person (possessive, business and occasional/memorial names).

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Polskie i czarnogórskie spiranty ś i ź

Author(s): Robert Bońkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2023

Montenegro’s independence in 2006 and the introduction of Montenegrin as an official language in the Republic of Montenegro paved the way for institutionalized normative work on the Montenegrin language, in which the phonemes ś and ź officially appeared as full-fledged. Thus, the official Montenegrin language is the only South Slavic language and the third, next to Polish and Lower Sorbian, to have in its phonemic stock the soft spirants analyzed in the paper. The purpose of this analysis is to present and compare Polish and Montenegrin spirants ś and ź in terms of genetic description and their contemporary status. Such a comparison does not ignore dialectal contexts.

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Urzędowska, Aleksandra (2023), Facewords. O tendencjach słowotwórczych w mediach społecznościowych

Author(s): Katarzyna Skrzypczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVI/2024

Review of: Urzędowska, Aleksandra (2023), Facewords. O tendencjach słowotwórczych w mediach społecznościowych. Kraków: Universitas, ss. 260, ISBN 978-83-242-4041-8, ISBN e-book 978-83-63241-09-4.

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Metaforyka militarna w polskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Dorota Połowniak-Wawrzonek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The aim of the article is to present how military metaphors are revealed in contemporary Polish phraseology. The analyses are based on the principles of syntactic phraseology. Research has shown that military terms include primarily: VERBAL DISPUTE, POLICY, ECONOMY, MENTAL PROCESSES, PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, LOVE, AND COURTING. Military metaphors are revealed in the following types of phraseology: I. Consisting of a metaphorical main element originally related to (ARMED) FIGHT and a defining element that refers to the sphere of transference; II. Containing two metaphorical components – one of ARMED FIGHT; III. Registered in military texts in the form of fixed connections with a specific metaphorical and metonymic meaning, while in non-military texts, they acquire a new, metaphorical semantics; IV. Being variants, derivatives of compounds recorded in military texts; V. Appearing in texts about (ARMED) FIGHT in the form of loose word compounds; subject to phraseologisation in non-military texts; VI. Not recorded in their entirety in military texts, although their components are related to (ARMED) FIGHT.

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La identificación de complementos directos e indirectos en español y polaco

Author(s): Monika Lisowska / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3/2023

The aim of this paper is to compare the methods of identifying the direct and indirect object in Spanish and Polish. From the author’s point of view, Spanish relies more on semantic methods, while Polish relies more on formal ones, especially those related to the category of case. As the article strives to demonstrate, the two approaches can be significant for the different interpretations of objects in both languages.

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Traducerea unei formule de salut biblice în română și polonă, în context romanic și slav

Author(s): TOMASZ KLIMKOWSKI / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2023

The purpose of this article is to compare the different variants of the translation of the verse from Luke, 1:28 (the angelic salutation) into Romanian and Polish, and the modern versions of the prayer based on this passage. The analysis reveals the innovative character of the newer biblical translations, especially in the case of the Protestant versions, while the text of the Hail Mary prayer and its Eastern counterpart used by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches respectively preserves the traditional formula. At the same time, this leads to semantic differences between the Romanian and Polish variants of this formula, due to the Greek and Church Slavonic model in the case of Romanian and the Latin model in the case of Polish. The linking element between the two languages is the formula used in the Polish Orthodox text, which follows the tradition of the Church Slavonic language and thus coincides with the Romanian version, having a literal meaning of ‘rejoice’, even though functionally it should be interpreted as a greeting.

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Jeu des pôles personnels dans la publicité verte en français et en polonais

Author(s): Alicja Hajok,Lidia Miladi / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

Green advertising encourages the public to adopt eco-responsible behaviour in view of the deterioration of the environment. Thus, to involve everyone personally or collectively, it uses the imperative mode and deictics. The aim of this study is to highlight the main themes conveyed in green advertising in France and Poland, and also to show the interplay of personal poles in imperative slogans that become rallying phrases for the green cause. Polish makes general use of the imperative in the 2nd person singular, whereas French makes extensive use of the 2nd person plural. In both languages, the use of the 1st person plural is frequent, often accompanied by an adverb ensemble (razem) to emphasise the collective involvement in adopting eco-responsible actions.

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The Last of Us? Czy istnieje przyszłość dla neofilologii?

Author(s): Monika Grabowska,Maciej Smuk,Magdalena Sowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article is about philological studies in Poland. It discusses the results of a survey conducted at 43 programs at philological studies in 13 Polish universities, with the aim of outlining the profile of students starting their studies (first year of bachelor’s and master’s programs) and those completing them (final year of bachelor’s and master’s programs). In the first case, the goal was to understand the motivations for pursuing studies and the expectations associated with them. In the second case, the objective was to determine the level of satisfaction with the completed studies and the reasons for satisfaction or dissatisfaction. In total, nearly 5000 respondents participated in the study. The results allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the profile of contemporary students of foreign philology and to propose some directions in which the programs might evolve.

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Nauczanie obcych języków specjalistycznych na poziomach podstawowych. Praca z publikacją Truchcikiem z Kopernikiem. Językowe przebieżki po uniwersytecie w grupach chińskich polonistów na studiach I stopnia

Author(s): Monika Goszczyńska,Emilia Kubicka,Filip Olkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Languages for specific purposes (LSP) are taught in two different contexts – for academic and for professional needs. In the first case, they are primarily tools for acquiring and processing knowledge, which is possible by knowing a number of terms. That is why B2 is indicated as the optimal level for starting their acquisition. LSP for professional purposes are primarily intended for effective communication and can be taught independently from general language proficiency. In this paper, the authors describe the findings of a survey in which Chinese students of Polish language and culture were asked to express their opinions on the publication Truchcikiem z Kopernikiem. The analysis aims to show if this book is a suitable tool for training LSP in an academic context. It covers levels from A to C (CEFR) and offers training of language in higher education for academic purposes as well as practical language training in situations typical for everyday life at the university. The respondents, representing A2-B1+ proficiency levels, found the book useful for language learning (70%) and for studying in Poland (92%). At the same time, however, 45% of them considered that the exercises were too difficult (for 50% they were adequate), which was explained by the high complexity of vocabulary. They also expressed their expectations for a higher number of grammar tasks in the book.

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Frazeologizmy z leksemem ‘królik’ i ‘zając’ oraz 兔 tù w leksykografii polskiej i chińskiej

Author(s): Paulina Andrzejczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2023

According to Chinese astrology, 2023 is the year of the Water Rabbit, which is an occasion to look at this animal from a linguistic perspective. The article aims to reconstruct the linguistic image of the ‘rabbit’ contained in Polish phraseology and Chinese chengyu. The comparative linguistic analysis was preceded by a description of the animal preserved in the culture of both countries. In total, forty-two idioms containing the lexeme ‘rabbit’ were analyzed, including nineteen Polish phraseologisms and twenty-three Chinese chengyu. The research allowed us to indicate the differences and similarities in the linguistic image of the rabbit among Poles and Chinese, which may be an important part of the language research on the reconstruction of the full linguistic picture of this animal.

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The Main Trends in Language Criticism in the Czech Lands during the Enlightenment (1750–1800): Institutional Preconditions and Medialization in the Scholarly and Critical Environment

Author(s): Václav Petrbok,Ondřej Podavka / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2019

The aim of this paper is to describe 18th century “language criticism” (Sprachkritik) in the Bohemian Lands and underline its role within the process of establishing of the literary criticism. In the Habsburg monarchy, the language criticism can be traced back to the late 1740s; its origins are linked to the southern German sense of cultural (and thus linguistic), political and economical backwardness and to the efforts to catch up with the mostly protestant countries of Central and Northern Germany. The authors of this article examine not only reflections of used language and style in particular works, but also the position, prestige and function of various languages (German, Latin, Czech) themselves. The trends in language criticism and ‒ in the narrower sense ‒ language cultivation are examined with the use of both expert contributions to learned discussions and publicist articles in critical journals aiming at a larger audience. In the whole process, several moments that meant a significant impulse for language criticism can be observed. The first one would be the appointment of Karl Heinrich Seibt as university professor of Schöne Wissenschaften (belles lettres), rhetoric, historia litteraria and ethics in 1763, followed by the efforts to establish a learned society, Josephine reforms and foundation of a chair of Czech language and literature at Prague university in 1791. Finally, the tightening of censorship from the second half of 1790s on had a considerable influence on criticism; its subject started to change and it began to focus on a different group of intended readers: while it used to try to educate potential future authors, afterwards it concentrated more and more on educating of the “common reader” and engaging him into critical reflections on belles lettres.

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Chápanie vidu v gramatikách češtiny a slovenčiny v 17. – 18. storočí napísaných po latinsky

Author(s): Ivan Lábaj / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

Czech and Slovak studies are familiar with the Czech and Slovakized Czech grammar textbooks dating back to the first half of the 16th century. Authors of these textbooks, written in Latin, structured them on the model of Roman grammarians Donatus and Priscian and tried to apply the same principles and means to describe the category of verbal aspect. Grammar textbooks by Laurentius Benedictus Nudozierinus, Daniel Krman, Pavel Doležal (Doleschalius), and Anton Bernolák are being compared in terms of the description of the verbal aspect. The work of Daniel Krman, especially, often overlooked by scholars due to its existence only in a manuscript form, is presented here partly as a link between Nudozierinus and Doležal, partly as an exception in understanding the aspect because of its stronger ties with the classical tradition.

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Przejawy dziedzictwa oralno-retorycznego w zasobach biblizmów języka polskiego

Author(s): Stanisław Koziara / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2024

Artykuł dotyczy zagadnień oraz możliwości etnokulturowego opisu tej części zasobów języka polskiego, które składają się na jego dziedzictwo biblijne, obejmujące utrwalone jednostki językowe o wielorakim statusie genetycznym i formalnym. Autor przedłożył propozycję włączenia w obszar tego rodzaju refleksji lingwistycznej nielicznie dotąd wykorzystywanych w polskich badaniach założeń teoretycznych oraz metod opisu wyrosłych na gruncie tradycji oralnej oraz retorycznej, tak helleńskiej, jak i semickiej. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza przynosi zarysowe uwagi na temat dotychczasowych koncepcji opisu spetryfikowanych jednostek języka widzianych w kontekście polszczyzny, jak też ujęć kontrastywnych. Osobna uwaga w tej części dotyczy kategorii oralności i retoryczności postrzeganych w perspektywie opisu językowego dziedzictwa biblijnego, a także statusu definicyjnego pojęcia biblizm. Część druga opracowania ma charakter materiałowo-egzemplifikacyjny, wskazujący na możliwości opisu wybranych biblizmów polszczyzny poprzez odwołania do badań nad biblijną tradycją oralną i retoryczną. Są nimi meryzm, hiperbola oraz chiazm.

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Kto jest szczupakiem w czeskim stawie? Metafora pojęciowa polityka to staw w czeskim dyskursie politycznym

Author(s): Ekaterina Rycheva / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2024

W artykule poddano analizie metafory pojęciowe polityka to staw, polityka to karp i polityka to szczupak, obecne w czeskim dyskursie politycznym. Badanie przeprowadzono odwołując się do teorii metafory pojęciowej oraz zasad etnolingwistyki i lingwistyki kognitywnej. Pokazano, jak te metafory pojęciowe funkcjonują w czeskim językowym obrazie świata i jakie aspekty domen źródłowych wykorzystywane są w portretowaniu domen docelowych (polityki i polityków). Metafora polityka to staw pomaga w przedstawieniu problematycznej i wymagającej zmian sytuacji w polityce krajowej. Metafor polityka to staw, polityka to karp i polityka to szczupak zazwyczaj używa się, by zbudować przydatną w dyskursie politycznym opozycję „przyjaciel-wróg”. Metafora polityka to karp uwypukla bierność i lenistwo polityków, a także ich niechęć i niezdolność do wprowadzania zmian. Metafora polityka to szczupak może wskazywać zarówno na pozytywne cechy polityków (aktywność, energię, podejmowanie inicjatyw), jak i ich cechy negatywne (chciwość, egoizm, okrucieństwo). Stosowanie kulturowo uwarunkowanych metafor pozwala politykom ustanowić bliską relację z odbiorcami w celu poszerzenie kręgu swoich wyborców.

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Obraz nienawiści w polszczyźnie (w świetle danych leksykograficznych)

Author(s): Marta Nowosad-Bakalarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2024

Artykuł zawiera próbę cząstkowej rekonstrukcji językowego obrazu nienawiści utrwalonego w polszczyźnie. Dokonano jej przy respektowaniu założeń i z wykorzystaniem narzędzi badawczych wypracowanych na gruncie lubelskiej etnolingwistyki kognitywnej. Podstawę materiałową stanowiły dane zaczerpnięte ze słowników języka polskiego (ogólnych i specjalistycznych) dotyczące centralnych nazw pojęcia, tj. nienawidzić i nienawiść – ich dawne i współczesne formy i znaczenia, typowe użycia, relacje do innych jednostek leksykalnych (pokrewieństwa, synonimii, antonimii), kolokacje i frazeologizmy. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła odtworzyć najsilniej ustabilizowane (w polszczyźnie i świadomości jej nosicieli) treści opisowe i wartościujące, składające się na badany koncept. Stwierdzono, że nienawiść to uczucie, które powstaje prymarnie w relacji do drugiego człowieka, sekundarnie – do rzeczywistości w ogóle. Wywołuje je negatywne postrzeganie i ujemna ocena obiektu uczuć, które powodują nieprzyjemne dla podmiotu doznania. To prowadzi do ukształtowania postawy emocjonalno-intelektualno-wolitywnej, którą cechuje głęboka niechęć do kontaktu z obiektem uczuć, a nawet wola działania na jego szkodę. Nienawiść jest uczuciem bardzo silnym i gwałtowanym (niczym żywioł, zwłaszcza ogień), wymykającym się spod kontroli i sprawiającym, że człowiek traci zdolność racjonalnego oglądu rzeczywistości. Cechuje je (długo)trwałość, ale też wewnętrzna dynamika – jego intensywność może się zwiększać lub zmniejszać, na co mogą mieć wpływ podjęte przez człowieka działania.

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Typy danych a koherencja semantyczna definicji kognitywnej (przykład polskiej ojczyzny)

Author(s): Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2024

Centralnym pojęciem lingwistyki kulturowej (etnolingwistyki) – bez względu na jej dialektologiczne, etymologiczne, onomastyczne czy kognitywne ukierunkowanie – jest językowy obraz świata (JOS). W opracowaniach etnolingwistycznych o charakterze syntetyzującym (słownikach, leksykonach) w odtwarzaniu „wycinków” JOS (stereotypów, pojęć, konceptów, kulturemów, słów kluczowych) brane są pod uwagę dane językowe (systemowe, ankietowe, tekstowe) oraz „przyjęzykowe. Pierwsze z założenia wykorzystywane są zwłaszcza w analizach na gruncie etnolingwistyki „narodowej” i „porównawczej” (przykładem są studia w Leksykonie aksjologicznym Słowian i ich sąsiadów, LASiS 2015–2019), pierwsze i drugie – w ramach etnolingwistyki „ludowej” (tak w Słowniku stereotypów i symboli ludowych, SSiSL 1996–2022). Z rodzajem danych relewantnych etnolingwistycznie idą zwykle w parze typy opisów – separacyjny (LASiS) i holistyczny (SSiSL).W artykule, który ideowo nawiązuje do powyższych opracowań, prezentowany jest koncept polskiej ojczyzny, rekonstruowany nie tylko na bazie danych językowych (tu: systemowych i ankietowych), ale też i danych „przyjęzykowych” (jak w SSiSL). Autorka stawia pytania o koherencję semantyczną definicji kognitywnej ojczyzny, tj. o to, jakie charakterystyki ojczyzny uobecniają się w poszczególnych typach danych i na ile spójne są względem siebie sądy o ojczyźnie zawarte w różnych typach danych.

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Nazwy osób wskazujące na ich przyzwyczajenia czy upodobania żywieniowe

Author(s): Barbara Batko-Tokarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article presents personal nouns associated with what a given person eats, a phenomenon that is becoming more and more popular nowadays in the Polish language. In order to emphasize current modifications in personal nouns, and to indicate both the continuity as well as the variability in the way they are created, the author provides crucial information regarding their functioning in the Polish language dictionaries from the 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, the first part of the article presents analogous old and new names of certain types of food- and drink-lovers, including those not eating meet and their opponents, but also new and unknown ways of creating them in the Polish language. In the second part of the article, the author analyses an interesting problem of metonymic or metaphoric use of people’s names created based on food items they typically eat. These names are often used to expressively name residents of other countries or to describe people of a certain personality or age associated with a particular type of food.

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Żniwa w nazewnictwie rodzimych słowiańskich nazw miesięcy

Author(s): Robert Bońkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article examines the official native Slavic month names motivated by harvest, i.e. historically the most important moment during the summer season. The importance of harvest is evidenced by the range of terms referring to all the activities farmers had to perform, such as reaping, threshing and cleaning the cut grain. In addition, these names also refer to the tool used to cut the ears of grain. Alongside the enumerated terms, one also encounters references to the name of one species of cut grain, as well as to the transportation of harvested grain to farm buildings. Analysed etymologically, but also culturally, these names prove to be among the elements shaping the national identity of individual Slavic peoples and to reflect the linguistic image of the world as seen from the perspective of summer fieldwork. As such, they also undeniably represent cultural heritage.

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