CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

AUGUSTINO „DE DIALECTICA“ IR ANKSTYVIEJI STOIKAI: KALBINIŲ REIKŠMIŲ SKYRYBOS

Author(s): Gintarė Kurlavičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2017

This paper analyses Augustine’s conception of verbal meaning (sayable, dicibile) in his early work De dialectica. Scholars have often suggested that it is based on or at least is very similar to that of the early Stoics. It is claimed that the widely accepted view should be reconsidered. The gap between dicibile and λεκτόν becomes clear when questions are raised such as “what is the minimal meaningful unit?” and “Where are verbal meanings?”. Augustine is interested in meanings at the level of simple words (simplicia verba), while the main interest of the Stoics is to explore the meanings of statements (ἀξιώματα) – especially those statements which can be subject to truth and falsity. What is more, Augustine’s claim that meanings are contained in the mind, held within the mind, is incompatible with the claim of the Stoics that they subsist in accordance with thought, with a rational impression.

More...

KETURIŲ ELEMENTŲ METAFIZIŠKUMAS ARISTOTELIO FIZIKOJE

Author(s): Jonas Čiurlionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

The article analyzes a problem of four elements in Aristotle’s physics. It is claimed that elements are grounded metaphysically as first substances and manifestations of matter. Most of the time analysis of Aristotle’s philosophy draws attention to form as substance. The article reveals that despite the importance of form in a physical world of generation and corruption primary substances that defy the material Being cannot be ignored. Thus four elements are “embodiment” of prime matter. It is shown that the system of four elements, while serving as the basis to physics, at the same time is inseparable from the general Aristotelian philosophical system. Great importance is given to the issue of opposites, which form the essential physical system of first principles.

More...

KODĖL ARISTOTELIS NESVARSTĖ TUŠČIŲ TERMINŲ PROBLEMOS?

Author(s): Živilė Pabijutaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

The article deals with the problem of empty terms in the Aristotelian square of opposition. There has been an attitude prevalent amongst modern logicians that propositions with empty terms pose the problem of undue existential import and, in order to avoid it, the relations of contrariety, subcontrariety and subalternation must be rejected. We present the problem of propositions with empty terms in the form of a paradox: (1) empty terms are an integral part of Aristotelian logic; (2) particular O proposition with an empty term cannot be true (because of existential import); (3) particular O proposition with an empty term is true (because of the relations of the square). After other main possible solutions to the paradox are outlined, it is argued that neither universal nor particular statements had existential import in the traditional Aristotelian logic, therefore, the second premise is rejected. We formulate our theory as a strongly modified version of the traditional interpretation of the square – although endorsing its main thesis that terms in the Aristotelian logic were not “empty” in the modern sense and, as a result, propositions with such terms have to be treated in the exact same way others are, we do not understand “is” as existential in any sense and suspend any talk about existence in the Aristotelian square. We base our solution on the recent attempts to offer an intensional (as opposed to long-time dominant extensional) interpretation of categorical terms.

More...

Atskyrimo (khōrismos) doktrinos kritika Aristotelio Metafizikoje

Author(s): Virgilijus Petuška / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2019

The paper deals with the concept of separation (khōrismos) and its criticism in Aristotle’s Metaphysics. More specifically, the paper aims to show that in the Metaphysics, Aristotle criticized the separation of Forms and the separation of numbers as two inextricably linked (rather than two separate and utterly unrelated) philosophical doctrines related to two distinct yet inherently connected cases of the same theoretical problem. This thesis is supported by the general thematic structure of books M and N, Aristotle’s testimonies regarding the genesis of the theory of Forms, as well as an interpretation of the latter according to the phenomenon of number, as it was understood by the ancient Greeks.

More...

Happiness and Homonymy of Life in Plotinus

Author(s): José María Zamora Calvo / Language(s): English Issue: 98/2020

This article analyses the Plotinian reconsideration of the link between the definition of happiness and the homonymy of life. To safeguard Platonism, Plotinus inverts the Aristotelian discussions of homonymy and its metaphysical implications, and presents the prior-posterior relationship in terms of progressive degradation. Happiness does not consist of “life” in general (understood in a univocal sense) nor of the “rational life” (understood as the sum of genus and specific difference); rather, it consists of the life that is situated in the ontologically first and most perfect degree, which is the life that pertains to intelligence and is consubstantial with it, and of which the other lives are progressively degraded derivations. The man who possesses the first and perfect life of the intelligible in actuality, like the gods, can be considered happy.

More...

5.90 €

Preview

Zadržavanja

Author(s): Martin Heidegger / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 26/2021

Gdje, koje se uspinje iz velike napuštenosti, Gdje, koje bolno dozivlje – što ište to pitanje? Što uviđa pjesnik u dozivanju? Bijeg bogova i s njim opustošenje obitavanja ljudi, prazninu njihovih djela, zaludnost njihovih činova. Pritom se pogled usuđuje u bivšu Grčku lišen oslonca zbiljskog iskustva otočkog svijeta. Zašto Hölderlin takvo iskustvo nije trebao? Možda zato jer je gledao još dalje u dolazak dolazećeg boga, tako da je tek u prostoru tog pogleda unaprijed ono bilo [das Gewesene] pridobilo njemu svojstvenu prezentnost. Pjesnikovo dozivanje prema tome nipošto ne proishodi iz puke napuštenosti, nego povjerenja u ono nadolazeće što preskače svekoliku nevolju? Ono se približava i čuva samo za ustrajno dozivanje. Čujemo li mi, današnji, još taj doziv? Razumijemo li da mora biti i slušanje su-dozivanje, napose u ljudskom svijetu koji divlja na rubu samorazaranja. Njegove makinacije nadglašavaju svako dozivanje i potiskuju ga u ništavno.

More...

5.90 €

Preview

Zagonetka Edipa: tragedija i filozofija

Author(s): Walter Kaufmann / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 26/2021

Ideja o javnim predavanjima u spomen na Arnolda Isenberga je predivna. Čim sam dobio poziv da sudjelujem u prvom ciklusu, pomislio sam da je »Tragedija i filozofija« najbolji i najprimjereniji naslov za moj prilog.1 Nakon toga, Prentice-Hall je tiskao Aesthetic Theories, priređivači su bili Karl Aschenbrenner i Arnold Isenberg, a u toj su knjizi uvršteni ulomci iz Aristotelove Poetike i Nietzscheovog Rođenja tragedije. Tragedija je umjetnost o kojoj su veliki filozofi najčešće pisali: osim Aristotela i Nietzschea, također i Platon, Hume i Schopenhauer – u novije vrijeme Max Scheler, Karl Jaspers i Martin Heidegger. Ne bih se usudio da svoje ideje stavim uz ideje posljednje trojice navedenih, nekmoli uz Nietzscheove, premda je ovo predavanje, kao i neki drugi tekstovi, uvršteno u poglavlje naslovljeno »Fenomenologija i egzistencijalizam«. Dovoljno je reći da dijelim opće interese s nekim fenomenolozima i egzistencijalistima – kao i Arnoldom Isenbergom.

More...

Oidipus és Sókratés: Tudás és tudatlanság, tragikus és filozófiai katarzis

Author(s): Emese Mogyoródi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

This paper is a comparative study on the iconic Greek heroes, Oedipus and Socrates. In particular, it contrasts their responses to the Delphic oracle and argues that Oedipus’ hamartia, his hubris consists in “double ignorance”, a state of which the Socratic elenchos is meant to purge citizens of Athens. In contrast with Oedipus, Socrates evades tragedy, for he takes the Delphic admonition (“Know thyself!”) to heart. Socratic philosophy is a cathartic procedure meant to preclude tragic catharsis. Sophoclean tragedy and the Socratic-Platonic philosophy respond to the same, perennial human hubris of “double ignorance”, and their lesson is similar. Wavering between appearance and reality, opinion and knowledge – as 5th century Greeks were – our choice is the same today: that between tragic and philosophical catharsis.

More...

Astronomija i kozmologija starogrčkih mislilaca

Author(s): Nenad Smoljan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 120-121/2021

La but de cet article est de donner un aperçu de ces idées cosmologiques des penseurs grecs antiques qui ont joué un rôle important dans le développement de la pensée philosophique et que dans la création et le développement de la cosmologie en tant que science exacte. Ce faisant, il est important de souligner les influences mutuelles de la philosophie, des mathématiques et de l'astronomie, sans lesquelles leur développement serait impossible. Le contenu et la structure de l'ouvrage ont été déterminés selon les idées des anciens penseurs grecs qui étaient ancrées dans les fondements de la cosmologie : Anaxagore prétend que la nature est régie par les lois de la nature - Pythagore explore la structure mathématique du cosmos - Démocrite interprète les phénomènes du cosmos par sa structure atomistique - Eudoxo crée l'astronomie théorique et la stéréométrie - Platon cherche la symétrie dans le cosmos - Aristote donne une base philosophique au système géocentrique - Aristarque introduit la structure héliocentrique du système mondial. Apollonius introduit la préstructure de la compréhension et de l'analyse en géométrie. Hipparque découvre la précession de la Terre et publie un atlas des étoiles - Ptolomée crée une synthèse logique des idées cosmologiques de ses prédécesseurs.

More...

КРИТИКА АРИСТОТЕЛЕМ ПРИНЦИПА «ПОДОБНОЕ ПОЗНАЕТСЯ ПОДОБНЫМ» (КОММЕНТАРИЙ К О ДУШЕ II 5, 416B 32–417A 20)

Author(s): Svetlana Mesyats / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

One of the principles underlying Aristotle’s theory of sense perception is that the sense faculty is potentially such as the sensible object is actually. On closer examination, this statement turns out to be a modernization of the ancient rule "like is known by like", shared by most of the early Greek philosophers, including Empedocles and Plato. The paper shows that though Aristotle criticizes this principle in his treatise On the Soul, he doesn’t really abandon it. On the contrary, he retains it for his own theory of sense perception while using the notions of the possible and the actual. The paper is written in the form of a line-by-line commentary to De anima II 5 416b 32–417a 20, where Aristotle reproaches his predecessors for the inconsistency and contradictions of their theories; shows that the “like is known by like” principle entails certain difficulties, and solves these difficulties by introducing his own theory of being moved and acted upon, according to which the patient is in a sense unlike the agent and in a sense like it.

More...

АНТИФОНТ. ФРАГМЕНТЫ И СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВА

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Antiphon (c. 480–411 BCE) was famous in antiquity for his forensic speeches as well as more theoretical works, such as The Truth and On concord. He is also credited with the invention of logography as a profession. The majority of his heritage is now lost. The present publication contains a collection of scant doxographic evidence about Antiphon’s life and writings. The evidences are based on A. Laks and G. Most’s Early Greek Philosophy (2016).

More...

ЕВРИТ КАК УЧЕНИК ФИЛОЛАЯ

Author(s): Nikola D. LEČIĆ / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

In this article we analyse the teaching of one of the last Early Pythagoreans, Eurytus of Tarentum, by comparing it with the philosophy of his teacher, Philolaus of Croton. Eurytus is known to us through his performance of “defining” a thing with the number of pebbles needed to draw its silhouette. We strive to find signs of Philolaus' ideas in Eurytus' practice. Our quest focuses on Philolaus' teaching on first principles, harmony, generation of cosmos, knowability, number and musical intervals. Our principal goal is a separation of these fifth-century concepts from misrepresentations which arose due to intense practice of retelling and reinterpretation of Early Pythagorean thought during the following centuries; specifically, we emphasise the impossibility of an abstract notion of number in Early Pythagoreanism. We conclude that the structure of Eurytus' demonstrations correctly expresses all fundamental aspects of Philolaus' philosophy and thus gives us a trustworthy representation of genuine Early Pythagorean thought.

More...

ГЕНЕЗИС ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ

Author(s): Oleg Bazaluk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article reveals the genesis of the philosophical tradition in education. The emphasis was placed on the study of the Plato’s work. In “The Republic” Plato wrote, “…when you meet encomiasts of Homer who tell us that this poet has been the educator (πεπαίδευκεν) of Hellas, and that for the conduct and refinement of human life he is worthy of our study and devotion, and that we should order our entire lives by the guidance of this poet we must love and salute them” (Plato, Republic 10.606e). The author took Plato’s instructions literally, emphasizing the importance of Plato in the creation of the philosophical tradition.

More...

БОГ И ОТДЕЛЬНЫЕ ЛИЧНОСТИ

Author(s): Pavel Butakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The atheistic Hiddenness Argument contains a controversial premise that a perfectly loving God would love every single person. J. L. Schellenberg, the author of the Argument, claims that this premise is necessarily true. However, many ancient theologians would disagree with the truth of this premise. In this paper, I provide evidence of the variety of alternative theological views from antiquity concerning the proper object of perfect divine love. The list of alternatives includes 1) the whole humanity as a collective subject, 2) humanity as a universal, 3) divine image reflected in human beings, 4) the community of the faithful, 5) a chosen people. Based on the disagreement between Schellenberg and the ancient theologians concerning the proper object of perfect divine love, I argue that the aforementioned premise of the hiddenness argument, even if true, is not necessarily true. Therefore, the key premise of the hiddenness argument turns out to be without support, and the Argument turns out to be unsound.

More...

ДАМАСКИЙ В АЛЕКСАНДРИИ (1). ИЗБРАННЫЕ ФРАГМЕНТЫ ЕГО «ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ»

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

In the paper, I trace the evolution of the Neoplatonic school in Alexandria on the basis of select fragments from Damascius’ “Philosophical History,” translated into Russian for the first time. The fragments concern the Alexandrian intellectual scene of the first part of the fifth century. Damascius vividly presents the major philosophical figures of this period, such as Hierocles, Hermeias and his son Ammonius as well as such peculiar personalities as the philosophers Theosebius and Hierax, the sophists Ammonianus and Theo, and, last not least, Aedesia, wife of Hermeias. The fragments translated range from 46 to 57 Athanassiadi.

More...

Decorum. An Ancient Idea for Everyday Aesthetics?

Author(s): Elisabetta Di Stefano / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Everyday Aesthetics was born in the 21st Century as a sub-discipline of Anglo-American Aesthetics and it has spread in the international debate. However, the contribute of historical perspective has not properly explored yet. Is it possible to trace the history of everyday aesthetics before the official birth of this discipline? I will try and give an affirmative answer by focusing on an exemplary category: that of the decorum. Using the history of ideas, I will analyse the Greek concept of prepon and the similar Latin concepts of decorum which express the idea of ‘convenience’ or ‘fitness to purpose’ in the ethical and rhetorical sphere. Later I will analyse the evolution of the concept of decorum in the theory of Ancient and Renaissance architecture (Vitruvius, Leon Battista Alberti). My goal is to demonstrate that in Ancient and Renaissance culture decorum is a category that refers to the objects and practices of everyday life but also a principle that regulates appropriate behaviour in the sphere of good manners. Consequently, given its pervasiveness in the different areas of everyday life, the concept of decorum can be a paradigmatic example to trace the history of everyday aesthetics.

More...

Aristotle and Johnston on Hylomorphism and the Character of Objects

Author(s): Christos Y. Panayides / Language(s): English Issue: 100/2021

As M. Loux has recently reminded us, there are two basic strategies for explaining the character of particular objects, the ‘relational approach’ and the ‘constituent approach’. The prime example of a constituent approach would be Aristotelian hylomorphism. This article reveals three things. First, it gives a roadmap towards what the author considers to be the exegetically correct reconstruction of Aristotle’s hylomorphic theory. Second, it provides a presentation of the basic claims of a neo-Aristotelian hylomorphic theory, the one argued for by M. Johnston. Finally, it argues that regardless of whatever shortcomings it may have, Aristotle’s theory has an advantage over that proposed by Johnston. Unlike Johnston’s theory, it may give us a complete account of the character of a particular object.

More...

Alfred von Sareshel Glossenkommentar zu den “Meteorologica” des Aristoteles

Author(s): Henryk Anzulewicz,Philipp Anzulewicz / Language(s): German,Latin Issue: XXVII/2021

The critical edition of Alfred of Sareshel’s commentary on Aristotle’s Meteorology, based on all currently known and extant manuscripts (Durham, Chapter Libr. C.III.15, fol. 11v-18r; Paris, BnF lat. 7131, fol. 82v–85r; Oxford, Bodleian Libr., Selden supra 24, fol. 84r-113r), is incomplete. The editor of the commentary, James K. Otte, omitted a series of interlinear and marginal glosses to the four books of Meteorology contained in their oldest and most important MS Selden supra 24 of the Oxford Bodleian Library, including all glosses to Book IV 9–12, 385b–390b19. Otte assumed that Alfred’s commentary in this manuscript is incomplete and ends in fol. 109r. In order to recover the entirety of Alfred’s surviving commentary and make it available to researchers of the history of medieval philosophy and its sources, an attempt was made to record and reconstruct the glosses overlooked and omitted by James K. Otte, which are hereby published in the form of a supplement to the critical edition of Alfred’s commentary.

More...

The notion of “pragma” in Aristotle’s theory of signification

Author(s): Tomasz Tiuryn / Language(s): English Issue: XXVII/2021

The concept of pragma is one of the fundamental concepts of Aristotle’s theory of language. It is the object signified by linguistic expressions, grasped by thoughts and predicated in statements. Yet, its ontological status in Aristotle is rather elusive. On some readings, pragma is “a thing in the world”, on some it is “a thing as conceived of by the intellect”, on others it is linguistic sense. In this paper I analyze the concept of pragma in various segments of Aristotle’s thought, in particular in his semantic theory, and I also try to ascertain the ontological status of pragmata. I focus here on universal pragmata, i.e. things which are signified by general expressions (nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.).In the paper I argue for the following claims: 1) on Aristotle’s account the meaning of linguistic expressions is constituted by the things (i.e. pragmata) signified by those expressions; 2) the claim that things constitute meanings is not equivalent to saying that meaning amounts to reference or denotation; 3) synonymity of linguistic expressions may be defined in terms of identity of things signified by those expressions; 4) linguistic expressions are connected with things via causal relations that occur between thoughts and the forms of material objects; 5) universal pragmata in Aristotle, at least when they exist in the mind, are abstracted forms; 6) universal pragmata are abstract objects in the sense that they are causally inert and they do not play the role of ontological components of particulars.In the closing sections of my paper I discuss the question whether Aristotle’s concept of pragma is able to play a similar role as the one played by the concept of sense in modern post-Fregean semantic theories. I answer this question in the negative and try to suggest other ways in which Aristotle might deal with Fregean paradoxes.

More...

Dwie możliwe interpretacje paradoksu Zenona z Elei Korzec prosa

Author(s): Dariusz Piętka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

The topic of this article is Zeno of Elea’s Grain of Millet Argument. All of Zeno’s survived arguments are known from the writings of later philosophers. The Grain of Millet paradox is briefly presented by Aristotle in his Physics, and it is included in the Commentary on Aristotle’s “Physics” by Simplicius. Both fragments, which are examined in what follows, contain partially different terminology and reasoning based on different inference schemes. The aim of this paper is to argue that the fragment from Aristotle’s Physics shows this paradox as an argument against movement rather than multiplicity, as it is usually presented in the light of Simplicius’ fragments. Both fragments are published in Greek with original translations and a detailed analysis of their content.

More...