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O głosach w głowie Sokratesa. Przyczynek do dyskusji

Author(s): Zofia Sajdek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2013

The article is an attempt to answer the question what Socrates’ daimonion is, and withal, what its function, meaning and origins are. The main part of this article is focused on diverse interpretations of philosophers such as Guthrie, Swieżawski, Nowicki etc. In this context there are presented two general attitudes towards the problem: personal and abstract. Additionally, concerning the abstract interpretation, it is proposed reading daimonion as a sort of ultimate intuition.

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Love and Virtue in Aristotle’s Ethics

Author(s): Roopen Majithia / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2014

In the scholarship on Aristotle, much of the discussion on love has come in the context of friendship and especially self-love’s relation to friendship. Yet very little attention has been devoted to the role of love in virtue itself, which, as I hope to show, is more basic to Aristotle’s ethical enterprise. To this end, I will discuss the nature, kinds and objects of love for Aristotle, and how these are integral to the harmony that is the virtuous individual. Finally, if I am right about the importance of love in virtue for Aristotle, then many central aspects of his thought need to be reconsidered, as I will be briely show.

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The Development of the Ancient theories of Proportions

Author(s): Zbigniew Król / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2011

This paper is devoted to the reconstruction of the development of ancient theories of proportion. I argue that the development of ancient theories of proportion was motivated by the quest for one general mathematical theory and by inquiries of the mutual relations between the highest principles of Plato’s protology: the One (i.e. that which is arithmetical) and the Dyad (i.e. that which is geometrical). Six main types of the theory of proportion are analyzed, with a historical, mathematical and philosophical background.

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Quelques remarques sur la fondation cartésienne dans La recherche de la vérité de Descartes

Author(s): Alexandre Guimarães Tadeu de Soares / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2011

This article aims to reconstruct the conceptual framework set by Descartes in opposition to Aristotelian philosophy. It outlines and comments on fragments from La recherche de la vérité, a dialogue in which a representative of Scholasticism and a Cartesian thinker confront each other. Aristotle is directly addressed in his theoretical kernel, which allows a radical reflection on the principle of non-contradiction and on the notion of principle itself. As a result of this analysis, we may characterize two modes of understanding the status of philosophy or metaphysics, which displays a “founding” function according to both Aristotle’s and Descartes’s followers and. However, for the former this function is merely logical, whereas in Descartes metaphysics performs this task in the full sense of the word.

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Числові симетрії Піфагора як передумова вивчення феномена "золотого перетину"

Author(s): Tetyana Kablova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2012

The article is devoted to Pythagorean studying about the harmony of spheres. It examines the main views of the philosopher about the building of the universe, his achievements in mathematical music theory, namely the Pythagorean tuning and its connection with the golden section

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MEANING AS CONVENTION: A PUZZLING EFFECT OF ARISTOTELIAN THEORY OF NAMES

Author(s): Alexey CHERNYAK / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

According to Aristotle spoken words are signs of impressions, and those words which are used as names have conventional meanings. This theory of meaning poses a problem because it is unclear how exactly impressions which are essentially subjective may be assigned to names conventionally, i.e. due to certain interactions between different persons. In the following article the nature of the problem as well as the most prominent notions of conventions are analyzed: it is shown that considering the ways by which conventions about meanings should be established according to them the problem cannot be eliminated. It is also claimed that this is the problem not only for the particular Aristotle's theory of names, but also a problem for a much wider set of theories of meaning and interpretation.

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ДУША, ОБЛАЧАЮЩАЯСЯ В ТЕЛА, ДУША, ТКУЩАЯ ТЕЛА

Author(s): Valery V. Petroff / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The article discusses two traditions of representation of embodiment in antiquity and the Middle Ages: the soul’s putting on the body as a vestment and the soul’s weaving its body. With regard to the first tradition the texts of Seneca, Plutarch, Plotinus, Macrobius, Aristides Quintilianus are considered. It is shown that the topic of changing the bodies like garments had been discussed along with the theories of metempsychosis and (among the middle Platonists) the teaching on the soul’s descent from heaven to earth through the planetary spheres. It is pointed out that after Philo had liked the idea of the body as the soul’s robe with the biblical narrative of “leather garments” (Gen 3:21), this theory became widespread and can be found in Irenaeus, Clement, Tertullian, Origen and his followers, including John Scottus Eriugena. With regard to the problems of embodiment, we examine less common views according to which the soul itself makes its own body, weaving it like a tunic. The corresponding arguments by Plato, Porphyry, Origen, Macarius of Egypt / Symeon of Mesopotamia, Proclus of Constantinople are considered. As additional evidence, we discuss the relevant theories of Plotinus, Iamblichus, and John Scott.

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ARISTOTELIAN NATURAL PROBLEMS AND IMPERIAL CULTURE: SELECTIVE READINGS

Author(s): Michael MEEUSEN / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The Natural Problems, attributed to Aristotle (but probably only partially authentic), have gained much scholarly attention in the last decades, yet a systematic study of how the collection circulated in the Graeco-Roman Empire remains a blind spot in contemporary scholarship. Indeed, the Imperial Era is a seminal period for the history of the text, not just as a conduit between Aristotle and the Middle Ages – which in itself is essential for explaining the subsequent Arabic and Latin uptake of the Problems more clearly – but also for the wealth of sources and testimonies it offers about the collection’s ancient readership and concrete use. The evidence shows that the collection sparked much debate among a range of ancient philosophers, doctors, sophists and scholars, both Greeks and Romans. This paper provides a selection of readings representative of the different socio-intellectual milieus in which the Problems circulated and the different agendas that it served.

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САМООТРИЦАНИЕ, САМОПРЕДИКАЦИЯ, САМОРЕФЕРЕНТНОСТЬ В ФИЛОСОФИИ ПЛАТОНА

Author(s): Vsevolod Ladov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The phenomenon of self-reference combines self-refutation (the principle of peritrope) in the case of Plato’s critics of Protagoras in “Theaetetus” and self predication in the case of a difficulty which Plato himself faces developing the theory of ideas in “Parmenides”. The author of the article asserts that self-predication does not produce a negative impact on Plato’s metaphysics and in no way destroys the integrality of Plato’s philosophy: It is logically correct as are both his criticism of Protagoras’ relativism (by means of the principle of peritrope) and the theory of ideas (in which the phenomenon of self-predication is also proposed).

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АРИСТОТЕЛЬ И САПФО (К ИСТОЛКОВАНИЮ ОДНОГО ПОЭТИЧЕСКОГО ДИАЛОГА ИЗ RHET. 1367а7–15)

Author(s): Timothey Myakin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

In the article, I prove that the dialogical ritual obscene songs, in which Sappho “scolds” (elenchei) Gorgo and Andromeda, are the closest parallel to Aristotle's poetic dialogue of Sappho with Alcaeus (cf. Sapph. Frr. 68(a), 70, 145, 99(a) etc. Campbell; cf. Max Tyr., 18. 9 (p. 230s.) Hobein). Also I prove that this poetic dialogue was most likely included in the text of the “Rhetoric” in mid-340s., when Aristotle and his young wife Pythias were living in Mytilene. Aristotelian verb tetimekasin indicates that, even in his time, these Sapphic dialogical songs had traditionally been performed in Mytilene during religious festivals (cf. SEG XV, 517, 16–19; Schol. In Pind. Nem. II, schol. 1c, 8 etc.). It becomes clear that Aristotle, while quoting this dialogue of Sappho with Alcaeus, seeks to “elevate” Sappho over the obscene songs of the Mytilenean ritual chorus, leaving all the responsibility for aischrologia entirely with Alcaeus (cf. Arist. Pol. 1336b4–7).

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ТРАКТАТ «О ПНЕВМЕ» (DE SPIRITU) АРИСТОТЕЛЕВСКОГО КОРПУСА

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The Peripatetic treatise Peri pneumatos has recently received a great deal of scholarly attention. Some authors, predominantly A. Bos and R. Ferwerda (2008), try to prove that the treatise is a genuine work of Aristotle and all the theories advanced in the text can be ultimately explained by references to this or that Aristotelian doctrine. Quite on the contrary, P. Gregoric, O. Lewis and M. Kuhar (2015) are firmly convinced that the treatise contains some physiological ideas introduced after Aristotle and are inclined to support the traditional dating of the treatise to the time after Praxagoras of Cos (ci. 300 BCE). Largely in agreement with the latter proposition, in the present study I tentatively place this earliest and unique witness of the discussions on the source of growth and nourishment of the so-called connate pneuma in the context of the Peripatetic tradition of the Early Hellenistic period. The treatise is translated into the Russian for the first time.

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СИТУАЦИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ: АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ АРИСТОТЕЛЯ

Author(s): Oleg Donskikh / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

In the article, I discuss the significance of the Aristotle’s approach to education. Four aspects of his approach are of special importance: 1. the integrity of knowledge, 2. wonder as the beginning of knowledge, 3. oral communication as a specific way of accessing knowledge and operating with it, 4. knowledge as a necessary element of way of life. While nowadays the individuality is the primary value, and the accessibility of information is becoming almost absolute, these points of the Aristotle’s way of teaching are becoming crucial. Taking the Aristotelian approach to teaching as a model we observe the following significant changes: information is becoming structured only if it is well organized, the ability to wonder develops the ability to ask questions correctly and to have answers which are valued and well memorized, oral communication trains memory and involves pupils into the dialogue with teacher, and knowledge itself is taken as a necessary element of the ethical way of life rather than just as additional bit of information.

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CICERO’S MISTAKE AND DENIED CONJUNCTIONS: DID STOIC LOGIC INCLUDE SIX INDEMONSTRABLES?

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Cicero attributes an inference schema that is not logically valid to Stoic logic. This fact has been deemed as a Cicero’s mistake. However, in this paper, I assume the thesis that Cicero was not actually wrong and that, by means of his schema, he could be showing us interesting aspects of Stoicism that are not clear in the ancient sources. In this way, I use the mental models theory as a methodological tool and argue that the case of Cicero’s mistake allows us to suppose that there were six indemonstrables in Stoic logic, and not five.

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ПАРАДОКС ЛЖЕЦА И ПЕРВАЯ ТЕОРЕМА ГЕДЕЛЯ О НЕПОЛНОТЕ

Author(s): VITALY TSELISHCEV / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The article critically analyzes the example of the incorrect application of metamathematics, in particular, Gödel's First incompleteness theorem, to the explication of the Liar Paradox by J. Barker. It is shown that an explication of this kind, doubting well known Tarki’s definition of truth, is based on the erroneous use of key Gödel constructions - substitution idea and the diagonal lemma. The criticism of the proclamation by Barker of the explication of the Liar as a mathematical theorem shows certain limitations in demonstrating the heuristic analogy between the Liar's sentence and the Godelian sentence.

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ГРЕЧЕСКАЯ АРИФМОЛОГИЯ: ПИФАГОР ИЛИ ПЛАТОН?

Author(s): Leonid Zhmud / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

This essay considers the origins of the arithmological genre, the first specimen of which was an anonymous Neopythagorean treatise of the first century BCE. Arithmology as a special genre of philosophical writings dealing with the properties of the first ten numbers should be distinguished from number symbolism, which is a universal cultural phenomenon related to individual significant numbers (three, seven, etc.). As our analysis shows, the philosophical foundations of arithmology were laid down in the treatise of Plato’s successor Speusippus On Pythagorean Numbers, who relied on the Platonic doctrine of the ten ideal numbers, whereas in ancient Pythagoreanism arithmological notions, unlike number symbolism, are not attested. In the first century BCE, an epoch of revival of Platonism and Aristotelianism, Speusippus’ ideas received a second birth, thus marking the beginning of arithmology as a popular genre.

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ТРЕХМЕРНОСТЬ ВМЕСТО ПЕРВОЙ МАТЕРИИ: СРАВНЕНИЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ О МАТЕРИИ У АРИСТОТЕЛЯ И ФИЛОПОНА

Author(s): M.N. VARLAMOVA / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

This paper considers a number of arguments in defense of the idea of matter's being created developed by John Philoponus in his treatise “De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum”. It is well known that the concept of matter was transformed by Philoponus as compared to the physics of Aristotle, and in the present occasion I aim to contribute to an ongoing scholarly discussion on how Philoponus’ concept of matter qua three-dimensionality helped him to substantiate the idea of creation ex nihilo.

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АНТИЧНАЯ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНАЯ ПРАКТИКА КАК ПРЕДТЕЧА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ТЕОРИИ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ

Author(s): Vladimir DIEV,Galina Sorina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

This article analyses ancient texts to show that ancient philosophical thought was not only considering the practical variants relating to decision-making but it was also constructing a theory of decision-making. The authors propose a reconstruction of the elements of such a theory from a perspective that interprets decision-making as a kind of intellectual activity, which makes it possible to solve a problem without a developed conceptual framework for the decision-making theory (as is the case with Plato’s dialogues Gorgias, Theaetetus, and The Republic). It is suggested that the question-answer procedures used by Socrates can be be interpreted as a kind of intellectual activity aimed at decision-making. At the same time, an analysis of Aristotle’s texts shows that he discussed decision-making as a special problem on a theoretical level. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle uses the notion of decision- making explicitly and considers it in the context of such notions as voluntary acts and conscious choice. It is shown that today, as in Antiquity, one can come across different ideas about what decision-making is.

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КАТЕГОРИЯ СТРАХА В ЭПИКУРЕЙСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ (ПО ПОЭМЕ ЛУКРЕЦИЯ «О ПРИРОДЕ ВЕЩЕЙ»)

Author(s): Svetlana Demina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

The article investigates Epicureans’ thoughts about fear based on the analysis of Lucretius’ poem «On the Nature of Things». He uses the terms timor, metus, terror, formido, pavor. The category of fear is important for Lucretius, because it allows him to elucidate the fundamentals of the Epicurean philosophy. With its help he displays the differences of characters, the similarity of the human race and animals on the emotional level, explains the aim of life in Epicurus’ conception, describes people’s attitude towards gods, natural phenomena, death, characterizes vices, violations of all norms, asserts the inevitability of punishments for them by people, not gods. Lucretius displays the correlation between various fears, which is based on erroneous thoughts of people about death and nature of things. He calls to fight against fears with help of the Epicurean doctrine, but thinks that the philosophy is not able to completely eradicate the demerits (predisposition to fear, anger, and indifference).

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УЧЕНИЕ ПРОКЛА О НАДКОСМИЧЕСКИХ ДУШАХ

Author(s): Svetlana Mesyats / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

According to Marinus of Samaria, Proclus was the author of many philosophical doctrines. In particular he was the first to assert the existence of a kind of souls (ψυχῶν γένος) that are capable of simultaneously seeing several ideas and situated between the divine Intellect which embraces all things together by a single intuition, and the souls whose thoughts pass from one idea to another. In the following we are going to answer the question, what kind of souls did Proclus discover and why did he thought it to be necessary to introduce them in his metaphysical system. To solve this problem it seems reasonable to clarify the mechanism of horizontal-vertical progression in Proclus’ philosophy, as well as to describe the general structure of the psychic level of reality embracing the so called Monad of “unparticipated” Soul and the multiplicity of its “participated” products: divine, demonic and human souls. Unlike some previous scholars, who alleged that souls discovered by Proclus were demonic or intelligent ones, I affirm that Marinus could have in mind hypercosmic participated souls, situated between the unparticipated monad of the psychic level of reality and the multiplicity of participated souls within the material cosmos.

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ПЛАТОН, ЭВИДЕНЦИАЛИЗМ И JTB

Author(s): Pavel Butakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

It is often claimed that Plato’s definition of knowledge as “true opinion with an account” is in agreement with the contemporary analysis of knowledge as “justified true belief” (JTB). Some scholars disagree with the attribution of JTB to Plato. I analyze three influential arguments against the assumption of Plato’s agreement with JTB, and refute them. Then I provide my own argument against the assumption. I argue that the contemporary interpretation of the JTB formula understands “belief” not in the sense of an “opinion,” but rather of a “degree of confidence.” Accordingly, “justification” is understood not as applying to the opinion itself, but rather to the person having a certain degree of confidence. I support this claim by showing the difference between the traditional and the contemporary understanding of “evidence,” the former referring to a property of the proposition, while the latter meaning the body of reasons, which supports the person’s confidence to a certain degree. Thus, I conclude that Plato understands knowledge as “correct opinion validated by a rational explanation,” and it has very little in common with the contemporary understanding of knowledge as “sufficiently supported subjective degree of confidence in the truth of a proposition.”

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