Doprinosi islamskih učenjaka naučnom poduhvatu u srednjem vijeku

Author(s): Maksuda Muratović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 59/2014

This article presents the contribution of Muslim scholars in development of science in Medieval age. It is considered that Muslims have not been only guardians of ancient Greek science, but have also made original contributions in all the fields of science and scholarship. Inspired by the Islamic outlook of nature and the Qur’anic instruction to “explore the nature with a tendency to come closer to God” the Islamic science and scholarship flourished. This knowledge was transferred to Eastern Europe thus playing an important role in revitalizing the learning climate and bringing scientific research methods to Europe leading it to Renesans in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

ДИОНИСИЙ АРЕОПАГИТ В КОНЦЕПЦИИ Ю.П. ЧЕРНОМОРЦА

Author(s): Sergey Viktorovich Shkuro / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The article presents a critical analysis of the hypothesis of the modern Ukrainian theologian and philosopher Yuri Chernomorets, regarding the identity of Dionysius the Areopagite and his theological teaching. A conclusion is made that Y. Chernomorets’s concept is original, innovative and at the same time not devoid of a number of debatable points. Differentiation between ontological and epistemological aspects allows clarifying the Ukrainian researcher’s assumption on the anti-metaphysical nature of areopagitism.

A Trial of Interpretation of Meister Eckhart’s Thought on God and Man through the Analysis of Its Paradoxes

Author(s): Zbigniew Kaźmierczak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.

Autoritetas politikoje: Tomo Akviniečio politinės antropologijos metafizinis principas

Author(s): Povilas Aleksandravičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 63/2017

The article describes the metaphysical principle of Thomas Aquinas’ political philosophy, which most adequately translates into the concept of authority. This principle involves the intentional rapport between the human consciousness and the world as created by God, i.e. with the reality per se. Following the concise familiarization with the Thomas Aquinas’ concept of politics, the article sets out the details on how this metaphysical principle helps creating a certain political hierarchy of authorities and how these authorities organize the state. The notion itself of authority and its transformation in the Jewish-Christian context are analysed in particular, as well as the notions of common good and human nature, the criterion of the political power legitimacy, the problem of the relation between the individual freedom and the political authority. The article contrasts the principles of Thomas Aquinas’ political philosophy with the assumptions of political philosophy of the modern times.

İbn Sînâ Metafiziğinde Nefs-Beden Düalizmi Üzerine Bir Zihin Felsefesi Değerlendirmesi

Author(s): Mehtap Doğan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 49/2018

Soul has been a huge problem in history of philosophy within the context of its description, existence, immortality and its relationship with body since the ancient times. Avicenna’s theory on soul could be evaluated as a bridge between his epistemological and ontological ideas. Although his theory has similar characteristics with Plato’s and Aristoteles’ philosophical arguments on soul, Avicenna offers a significant schema on soul that really exceeds both Plato and Aristoteles. Avicenna proposed a systematical analysis of mind-body problem decades before Descartes, who has been known as the constructer of mind-body problem. Therefore, it should be taken into an account that Avicenna although lived in Middle-ages, made a significant contribution to both psychology and philosophy of mind indirectly. The aim of this essay is firstly to evaluate Avicenna’s soul theory concerning the description of soul, the nature of soul, types of soul and the functions of soul and then to search for its effects on modern philosophy of mind. Especially it is easy to realize that there is an explicit similarity between Descartes and Avicenna’s ideas on soul. On the issue of mind-body problem, Descartes claims that mind could exist without the existence of body. Mind is a separate and distinct substance; however, there is a mutual relationship between mind and body through pineal gland. Similar with Descartes, Avicenna also claims that soul can exist without body because it is a distinct substance. He constructs a ground for this idea by using his popular thought experiment “flyman”. In this essay, it is tried to be indicated that Avicenna’s theory of soul has important reflections both on Descartes and modern philosophy of mind

AL-FÂRÂBÎ

Author(s): Deborah L. Black / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2017

Ono malo podataka o životu Abû Nasra al-Fârâbîja dolazi uglavnom od srednjovjekovnih arapskih biografa čiji rukopisi datiraju između četvrtog/desetog i sedmog/trinaestog stoljeća. Najraniji iskaz iz Ibn al-Nadîmovog (u. 380/990) Kitâb al-fihrista daje samo oskudne podatke o al-Fârâbîjevom životu; kasnija izvješća dodat će na ovu osnovu opsežne popise njegovih spisa, podatke o njegovim učiteljima i učenicima i nekoliko anegdota čija je vjerodostojnost upitna. Al- Fârâbî je vjerovatno bio turskog podrijetla, rođen oko 257/870 u Fârâbu u Turkestanu. Iako su nam pojedinosti o al-Fârâbîjevom ranom obrazovanju prilično nepoznate, izvješća potvrđuju da je proučavao logiku kod kršćanskih učenjaka Yuhanne ibn Haylâna (u. 910) i Abû Bishr Matte (u. 940), jednog od prevoditelja Aristotelovih djela u arapski jezik. Budući da je Bagdadska škola bila glavni nasljednik u arapskom svijetu filozofskoj i medicinskoj tradiciji Aleksandrije, al-Fârâbîjeva povezanost s tim učiteljima oblikovala je jednu od najranijih veza između grčke filozofije i islamskog svijeta.

„A lélek: ház, s az utak a lélekerők.”

Author(s): Ferenc Bányai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

This study focuses on metaphors in the mysticism of Meister Eckhart (1260-1328). The role of the building – related metaphors was proved on his Latin works, vernacular treatises and sermons using the method of the conceptual theory of metaphor. In the research the connections in relation to these metaphors were established and from elements of the target domain the system was constructed and thus the hidden structure of Eckhart’s thought analyzed. Findings of this study demonstrate metaphors’ work in the understanding and in the translation, furthermore enable modern readers to enter into a discussion with mysticism through the Eckhartian language.

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life . not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life - not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

Архив за средновековна философия и култура (съдържание на свитъци I–XXV)

Author(s): Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,French,Macedonian,German Issue: 25/2019

Sedem slobodných umení v diele Aurelia Augustina a Boëthia

Author(s): Miroslava Trogová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

The aim of presented study is a philosophical analysis of education in the works of St. Augustine and Boethius. The study deals with the concept of seven liberal arts in the philosophical context and it is focused on the personality of Aurelius Augustine and Boethius, their works and impact on formation and transfer of the tradition of septem artes liberales (seven liberal arts). Each section contains a selection of the Latin texts written by Augustine and Boethius and our own Slovak translations. The set task of the texts reflects the idea of education and the principles of selected disciplines from the septem artes liberales cycle. The study also analyses the reception of seven liberal arts in the Middle Age and the idea of comprehensive education. It is focused on the idea of the medieval university and the content of teaching programmes at the first universities. In addition, the study deals with the importance of humanistic values of education for today’s man and society. The intention is using the selected Latin texts to justify the both – the need for the humanity component of education for society and the presence of humanities programmes at universities.

De institutione musica I,1-14

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Slovak translation of De institutione musica (I,1-14) from Boethius.

Institutio arithmetica I-V

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Slovak translation of Institutio arithmetica (I-V) from Boethius.

Crueldad – piedad – concupiscencia: el sincretismo del discurso amoroso en la literatura castellana del siglo XV

Author(s): Maja Šabec / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 10/2019

Resumen: A lo largo de la Edad Media cristiana, la concepción del amor oscila entre dos extremos que provienen de la contradicción básica entre el cuerpo y el espíritu, y la condena de la sexualidad basada en ella: el amor es, o bien una de las virtudes más nobles, o un pecado mortal. En la literatura, la resolución del conflicto entre el anhelo espiritual y el deseo físico culminó en la concepción específica de la relación amorosa de la poesía trovadoresca. En la España del siglo XV, la auténtica ‘atmósfera trovadoresca’ se propagó y, luego, degeneró en las convenciones del código del amor cortés que dominan la poesía cancioneril y la novela sentimental, y que fueron magistralmente desenmascaradas y parodiadas en La Celestina (1499) de Fernando de Rojas. La presente contribución se centra en el papel ambiguo de la misericordia (pietas) como factor del que depende la evolución del proceso amoroso. Es a esta actitud emocional, que se expresa con mayor frecuencia en el contexto cristiano, a la que apela también el amante en los discursos dirigidos a su dama. La etiqueta cortesana sigue, en este aspecto, a la doctrina cristiana, dictando a la dama actos de compasión partiendo de la suposición de que el amante no abusará de su confianza. Los ejemplos seleccionados de las obras literarias demuestran cómo la ambigüedad del uso de las metáforas en el diálogo entre los amantes potenciales abre más o menos deliberadamente interpretaciones en las que prevalecen los motivos lascivos de ambos participantes. Abstract: Throughout the entire Christian Middle Ages, the concept of love is torn between two extremes arising from the basic contradiction between body and soul, and the condemnation of sexuality based on it: love is either one of the highest virtues or a deadly sin. In literature, the resolving of the conflict between spiritual longing and physical lust reached pinnacle in the specific concept of love relationship between man and woman in the troubadouresque lyric. In 15th century Spain, the genuine ‘trubadouresque ambience’ reached full swing and declined in conventions of the courtly codex which permeate the cancioniero poetry as well as the sentimental novel, and which are masterfully exposed and parodied in Celestina (1499), a novel in dialogue by Fernando de Rojas. Our contribution is focused on the ambiguous role of mercy (pietas) being the element which determines the disentanglement of love process. This emotional attitude, most often expressed in the Christian context since Christianity makes an appeal to believers to be compassionate towards the suffering and dead Christ and therefore expect Him to be merciful towards them, is also appealed by a courtly lover in addressing his beloved one. In this perspective, the courtly etiquette followed the Christian teaching and demanded acts of mercy from a lady, however, on condition that a man would not betray her trust. Furthermore, the selected examples of literary works show how the abundantly ambiguous metaphoric of mercy in the dialogue between the two potential lovers opens up more or less intentionally a wide area of interpretations among which the first place is taken by salacious urges of both participants.

Ontogeneza glavnog junaka u Ibn Ṭufaylovom Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓānu

Author(s): Samedin Kadić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2020

This text presents the development of the main character in the work Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān from his birth, through the processes of learning and (self)cognition, to his encounter with civilization. The text examines the possibilities of Islamic anthropology within the frame of the mentioned development. In order to confirm the premise that all people are by nature good and, therefore, believers, Ibn Ṭufayl decides to make an experiment of isolated fiṭrah in the natural environment in order to protect it from any cultural influence. The isolation is radical. Ḥayy is no genius, he is an ordinary man. His faith is preserved fiṭrah. Religion, on the other hand, is a routinized faith. Religion, as an immanent social phenomenon, has the potential to corrupt faith, because culture distorts the fiṭrah. Hence, Ibn Ṭufayl’s text reveals some of the most intrinsic tensions of the muwaḥḥidūn project itself: the fear of trivializing and deforming living faith in a social conglomerate of various religious forms.

Džabirijeva hermeneutika: - Epistemološko čitanje Ibn Rušdova teksta

Author(s): Orhan Bajraktarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 22/2018

Epistemology is a theory of sciences, their methods and systematization. This is not a text about epistemology, its sources, meanings, texts and contexts, but about the scope and frontiers of this term in Jābiriʼs epistemological reading of Ibn Rushdʼs philosophy. This text also discusses its role as an essential aspect of Neo-Arabic tradition and culture in our time. In Jābiriʼs view there is a special linguistic system in Arabic-Islamic philosophy known as bayān. In the formative phase of Islam (ʽaṣr tadwīn) this linguistic system spread to all sciences and disciplines such as grammar, law, theology, language and style. In this context, Jābiri thinks that all the questions, areas, themes and subjects of Ibn Rushdʼs text may be reduced to forms and figures in the complex relationship between philosophy and religion: the purpose of the commentaries and summaries of Aristotleʼs works was to bring Aristotle and philosophy closer to the mentality and understanding of the Arabic-Muslim public opinion.

„Дали ангелският или човешкият интелект е активен с оглед на причиняването на интелектуалните действия?“ Окам относно волевото задвижване на мисълта

Author(s): Simeon Mladenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 27/2021

The current paper is part of a larger project, that is devoted to exploring the connection between the will and epistemology in the texts of several Franciscan authors. Ockham is an author who stressed the freedom of the will, its self-movement and self-reflection to an extreme. Concerning the theory of the activity of the intellect, he was rather a sceptic. Denying the basic arguments for a natural activity of the intellectus agens, Ockham tries to solve an epistemological issue. There are different steps of an epistemological process, which do not involve a complete knowledge of the examined object. Doubt or probability are certain moments of an epistemological process that can be explained only if we introduce an extra faculty besides the intellect. This has to be a faculty that – unlike the intellect – does not move necessarily as a natural faculty would do, but is contingent, can activate itself and move itself freely and spontaneously. Since the will is the only faculty that suits the description, Ockham tries to make the argument that the will plays a role in the epistemological process of acquiring knowledge. The different levels of concentration, the ability to intensify or even to retract a certain act of the intellect is according to Ockham the direct influence of the activity of the will. The current paper tries to elaborate on this issue.

YUAN HANEDANLIĞI’NDA BİLİM VE KÜLTÜR

Author(s): Ayşe Beyza ERCAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Various reforms were made in administrative and social areas in the Yuan Dynasty, or the Kublai Khanate, which ruled China for nearly a century. Thanks to the ethnic diversity that existed in China at the time, there was sufficient human capital to carry out scientific activities which enabled Kublai Khan to ensure the success of his reforms. Remarkable advances were thus made in the fields of education, culture, translation and science during the Kublai Khan period. Examples in this progressive period include the establishment of an observatory and two different astronomy offices run by Muslim and Chinese scientists in the capital, Khanbaliq. Kublai Khan's reforms and state-sponsored support for developments in the field of science and culture began to bear fruit in a short period of time. Therefore, this new innovative state structure of the Yuan Dynasty managed to be different from other Mongolian nations in different areas of Eurasia. From the perspective of Mongolian history, this study will throw light on the early innovations made and the scientific and cultural studies, which was done in the Yuan Dynasty during this period. In addition to this, the cultural interaction between the Iranian Mongols and the Chinese Mongols will be examined.

Спекулативната граматика

Author(s): Jan Pinborg / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

Jan Pinborg’s article Speculative Grammar traces in a historical and problematical way basic questions of the semantic doctrine of modes of signifying (the theory of speculative grammars). Speculative grammars are investigated: (1) from their appearance and historical and conceptual ground (Aristotle and his Arabic commentators, Donatus, Priscian); (2) through the development and sophistication of the system of modes of signifying (considering in the same time its ontological and logical aspects); 3) to the theoretical criticism against them and the appearance of alternative semantic conceptions (Roger Bacon, Ockham, Buridan…). The importance of the modistic doctrine for the further development of the logic and theoretical grammar is pointed out. A particular emphasis is put on the semantic character of the speculative grammars, together with its systematical account.

DYPTYK O „EKOLOGICZNYM” DOMOSTWIE BYCIA — DAWNIEJ I DZIŚ

Author(s): Wanda Bajor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

One of the manifestations of the contemporary cultural and civilizational crisis is the ecological crisis caused by the overexploitation and devastation of the natural living environment. The root cause of this phenomenon is seen in false thinking and a narrowed cognitive perspective directed exclusively towards utilitarian processing of the world and the reduction of man as a means in the pursuit of economic gain. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, existentialists such as Martin Heidegger and Gabriel Marcel, as well as contemporary Joseph Ratzinger, warned of these dangers, postulating a return to such ideas as integral knowledge of man, God and the world directed towards wisdom, contemplation, fraternity, humility and asceticism in the sense of modesty of intention. These are not some new ideas invented for the moment; they are all to be found in the ancient heritage of European culture, especially in the forgotten, despised Middle Ages, whose wisdom and rich deposits of meaning still remain undiscovered. The works of the medieval masters containing unsurpassed syntheses of knowledge about the whole of reality, the beauty of the natural world, human dignity, the meaning of life and its ultimate goals can inspire, teach and nourish today's lost, spiritually starved man.