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The end of World War I, dissolution of multinational Austria-Hungary and consequent formation of independent national states, borders of which were internationally guaranteed in the peace Treaty of Versailles, affected law development in the territory of Slovakia. These facts were not from the viewpoint of private law as substantial as revolution acts of 1848/1849; however, they meant minimally a change in State and legal conditions, usually connected more or less with efforts to create new, mostly “national” law and a legal order. The revolutionary formation of the Czechoslovak Republic did not provide the time needed for creation of materially new law, and thus the institute of reception of law found its application, principally necessarily, meaning that from the material or contentual viewpoint the legal order of the newly established Czechoslovak State was identical to the legal order of the ceasing to exist Austria-Hungary, except for necessary changes related to the changes of the State and legal conditions. With regards to the fact that the legal order of Austria-Hungary was not internally, formally or materially the same, reception of law content determined existence of two legal areas in one, often claimed to be unitary, State. The author was interested in the legal area of Slovakia, where as consequence of reception former Hungarian legal norms (transformed to Czechoslovak norms valid in the territory of Slovakia) remained valid; and in its framework sources of private law, in particular specific for the Hungarian legal order — the legal customs and binding decisions of the Hungarian Supreme Court (the so-called curial decisions).
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The issue of the organizational unification of administrative structures constituted one of the most discussed subjects in the legal-administrative literature of the 19th century. Two contradictory systems of the organization of the public administration, a real and provincial one, were analysed in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. A real system was understood as a subjective division of duties of the state administration into selected organizational structures of the organs subject to a given department at the central level. The problem of mutual relations between central and local organs of the administrative management of the country combined the subject of the real and provincial system with the issue of centralization and decentralization of administration. The theory of the administrative law combined the real system with the model of centralized administration, seeing in it an organizational system, consisting in a hierarchical arrangement of the whole administrative apparatus to one or several central organs in which the lower-level organs are deprived of an organizational independence while their activity is subject to a constant interference of superior organs. The issue of centralization and decentralization was tightly connected with concentration and deconcentration. The 19th century theory of an administrative law mixed the very notions, identifying concentration with centralization and deconcentration with decentralization. However, concentration was understood as a concentration of decisive competences only under the administration of central organs, especially the ministers. In consequence, deconcentration was treated as a form of centralized administration, characterised by a specific type of relations of a hierarchical interdependence between the organs functioning in decentralised structures.
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Three periods of the environmental law development in Finland could be identified: the first is the Swedish governance; the next is the period of dependence upon Russian Empire with the beginning of self-government and discussions about the force and the status of local normative acts; and the last is a modern period characterized by internal political independence conditioned by joining the European Union and active participation in the world policy. In recent times, Finnish researchers are becoming more and more concerned about EU growing influence on domestic legislation of the country.
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The article examines certain measures implemented by the Russian tsar Nicholas I at the beginning of his reign and some preconditions for these measures. The purpose of the undertaken measures was to attract civil servants to Olonets Province. The author focuses on the underlying mechanisms of the undertaken measures and ways of their implementation, as well as on the role played by S. I. Minitsky, the Governor General of Olonets, Vologda and Arkhangelsk Provinces. The conducted study revealed that under S. I. Minitsky’s governorate the administration of Olonets Province submitted a petition to the Imperial Government requesting a remote province status to be granted to the Olonets Province. Joint support of this initiative by Governor General Minitsky and Senator Baranov ensured its success – in 1828 civil servants and clerks, assigned to various positions in the Olonets Province, were granted the same benefits and privileges as civil service employees in Siberia and Caucasus. However, implemented measures did not produce any immediate results, and in 1832 Russian government had to prolong them.
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The analysis of legal literature and judicial practice has revealed numerous issues concerning administrative liability for violation of environmental laws. In the Republic of Karelia, for example, such problems are associated with the failure to abide by the sanitation and epidemiological norms related to the population welfare, requirements for housing construction, transport operation, catering arrangements, and environmental safety. That is why, the current legal situation requires clarification of the following definitions: “good environment”, “the harm caused to the environment”, “administrative liability for violation of environmental laws” and etc. On the one hand, “good environment” and “the harm caused to the environment” have already had their legal pre-formulation, on the other hand, the last term is not formalized in present legislation. Moreover, today legal experts do not gear administrative liability to the norms of environmental law, as well as environmental harm – to the absence of administrative law. These categories are usually viewed in reference to each other but in fragments, or in a narrow sense. As a result, it can be stated that the problems of application of administrative liability for violation of environmental laws are among the most critical issues of the Russian reality. Therefore, the identification and resolution of the above-mentioned issues at the appropriate level might facilitate in prevention of unlawful acts.
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Lithuanian Code of Civil Procedure established statutory limitations upon jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in cases not exceeding the required minimum amount. Restriction of cassation is established in order to ensure speedy trial, efficiency of procedure, limit costs, court’s caseload. The primary goal of civil justice is to ensure equal access to justice but in achieving this goal one must recognize the tension between the value of access to justice and the costs of assuring such access. Every losing litigant ought to have a right to appeal. Justice and good administration of law are needed for little cases as well as for big cases and frivolousness of the case is a matter of opinion. There is no claim which is so small that it could not raise important questions of legality and justice. The main idea behind unrestricted access to cassation is respect of the law and the right of every person to its correct application. LR CPK 341 straipsnio 2 punkte įtvirtinta, jog kasacija negalima turtiniuose ginčuose, jeigu ginčijama suma yra mažesnė kaip penki tūkstančiai litų. Ribojant kasaciją susiduriama su prieštaraujančiais bylininko ir visuomenės interesais -. teise į teisingą teismą, asmenų lygybe prieš įstatymą bei proceso operatyvumu, greitumu. Kasacinio teismo darbo krūvio ribojimas nustatomas viešo intereso apsaugos tikslais - siekiant garantuoti asmens teisę į bylos išnagrinėjimą per protingą terminą, tačiau teisės į teismą principas suponuoja sąžiningą teismo procesą, eliminuojant klaidos galimybę. Teisminės gynybos garantija apima ne tik teisę kreiptis į teismą, bet ir teismo pareigą priimti teisėtą, teisingą ir pagrįstą sprendimą. Tačiau, ar proceso greitumo ir operatyvumo principų nenusveria teisė į teisingą teismo procesą bei asmenų lygybės prieš įstatymą ir teismą principas, atsižvelgiant į tai, kad ne ginčo suma, o keliama teisės problema nulemia bylos nagrinėjimą kasaciniame teisme.
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Author analyses the use of the promissory note signed by electronic signature (e-note) in the process of small claims management. The most common and often - the quickest way to the recovery is the process of the court order issuance. However, it may not always be the effective way to achieve the goal, as sometimes the costs of recovery may exceed the amount of the receivable itself. In addition, the application for a court order issuance may be rejected simply for non-compliance with very strict and formal requirements. The signed promissory note is an option to avoid the formalities. However, Lithuanian legislation does not clearly define the type of electronic signature that shall or can be used for e-notes. On the other hand, the Electronic Signature Act permits to choose from a contractual electronic signature to a qualified electronic signature. Because of the simplicity of the e-note, it has the potential to become one of the most popular instruments for managing small claims. Straipsnyje analizuojamos elektroniniu parašu pasirašyto vekselio (e-vekselio) naudojimo galimybės valdant smulkias skolas. Labiausiai paplitęs ir neretai greičiausias supaprastintas skolų išieškojimas būdas – procesas dėl teismo įsakymo išdavimo. Tačiau jis ne visada padeda efektyviausiai pasiekti norimą tikslą, nes kartais pasirengimo skolos išieškojimui kaštai viršija pačią skolą. Be to, pareiškimas dėl teismo įsakymo išdavimo gali būti atmestas vien dėl neatitikimo griežtiems formalumo reikalavimams. Pasirašytas vekselis yra vienas iš atsiskaitymo variantų. Tačiau koks elektroninis parašas turi (gali) būti naudojamas e-vekseliuose, Lietuvos teisės aktuose nėra aiškiai nustatyta. Kita vertus, Elektroninio parašo įstatymas, reglamentuodamas elektroninio parašo naudojimą, numato galimybę rinktis nuo sutartinio iki kvalifikuoto elektroninio parašo. E-vekselis dėl savo patikimumo ir paprastumo turi potencialią galimybę ateityje tapti vienu populiariausiu nedidelių skolų valdymo įrankiu.
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Lithuania has chosen to have constitutional review of legal acts by the Constitutional Court of Republic of Lithuania. The Constitutional court can decide inter alia whether legal acts contradict to the provisions of Constitution. Adopting rulings Constitutional Court also can provide interpretations of laws. This article analyses whether interpretation of law could be applied retroactively. Particularly the Ruling of Constitutional Court providing interpretation of Law on Citizenship is analyzed in this Article. Authors emphasize that citizenship grants certainty right to persons. One of the rights is right to restitution of property which was nationalized during soviet times. Only citizens of Lithuania have right to restitution, therefore who is acknowledged citizens is important to other right of persons. Article analyzes whether ruling of Constitutional Court narrowing list of persons who can be acknowledged Lithuanian citizens could be… More information can be found in the article. Lietuvoje konstitucinę teisės aktų peržiūrą vykdo Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas. Konstitucinis teismas gali nuspręsti (inter alia), ar teisės aktai prieštarauja Konstitucijos nuostatoms. Konstitucinis Teismas taip pat gali pateikti įstatymų interpretacijas. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama, ar teisės aiškinimas galėtų būti taikomas atgaline data. Ypatingas dėmesys kreipiamas Konstitucinio Teismo 2006 m. lapkričio 13 nutarimui kuriame analizuojama pilietybės įstatymo interpretacija. Taip pat dėmesys kreipiamas į asmens teisę į nuosavybės restituciją, kuri buvo nacionalizuota Sovietiniais laikais. Taip pat straipsnyje analizuojama, ar Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimas kuris susiaurina asmenų sąrašą, kurie gali būti pripažinti Lietuvos piliečiais, galėtų būti taikomas atgaline data, t. y. pagal asmenų statusą, kurį jie turėjo iki Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimo.
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The article covers the scientific and legal analysis of the internationally recognized principle non bis in idem – its meaning and application in cases when in practice two branches of law – administrative and criminal law are applied for one offence. The scientific analysis is based on the research and the newest tendencies in the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence, the overview of the practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania and the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania. Straipsnyje analizuojamos šiandiena aktualios baudžiamosios ir administracinės atsakomybės atribojimo problemos: principo non bis in idem samprata atsižvelgiant į nacionalinius ir tarptautinius teisės aktus (Lietuvos Respublikos Konstituciją, Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamąjį kodeksą, Europos žmogaus teisių konvenciją); dažniausiai praktikoje kylančios šio principo atribojimo problemos ir jų galimi sprendimo būdai, remiantis nacionalinių ir tarptautinių teisės aktų bei teismų jurisprudencijos moksline analize.
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The legal guarantees for the protection of the rights of an acquirer in good faith are an important issue in the most of the civil law countries. It is also a permanent object of debates among the theorists of law in foreign countries. In Lithuania, however, the issue is almost never discussed. The persistent relevance of the problem is determined by the two guarantees, essential for every society. Firstly, each person is concerned about the security and protection of ownership right. Secondly, the social welfare requires a reliable and effective economic conditions and the direct application of the principle of the protection of ownership right makes those conditions backward. This is the reason for the conflict of two values and each legal system deals with it individually, favoring one of the two and protecting one better than the other... More information can be found in the article. Daugelyje civilinės teisės valstybių įtvirtintos sąžiningo įgijėjo teisių apsaugos garantijos. Nors Lietuvoje šia problema teoriškai beveik nėra diskutuojama, užsienio teisėje sąžiningo įgijėjo teisių apsaugos klausimas yra nuolatinis teisės teoretikų debatų objektas. Nuolatinį šio klausimo aktualumą lemia dviejų visuomenei būtinų garantijų reikalingumas. Visų pirma, asmuo yra suinteresuotas nuosavybės teisės neliečiamumo principu. Antra, visuomenės gerovei pasiekti būtina patikima ir efektyvi ekonominė padėtis, kurią stabdo griežtas nuosavybės teisės neliečiamumo principo taikymas. Dėl šios priežasties kyla dviejų vertybių konfliktas, kurį kiekviena teisinė sistema sprendžia individualiai, suteikdama vienai ar kitai vertybei daugiau apsaugos. Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinio kodekso 4.96 straipsnyje numatyta ribota sąžiningo įgijėjo teisių apsauga, nes nustatyti atvejai, kuomet daiktas visais atvejais gali būti išreikalautas... Daugiau informacijos ieškoti straipsnyje.
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The present paper analyses the legislative novelties and changes brought by the new Romanian Civil Code (287/2009 Act) regarding the affiliation (towards the father) as compared with the existing regulations of this institution stipulated in the Family code (4/1953 Act). Concretely, the paper deals with the legislative changes and novelties regarding the paternity presumption of the child resulted from inside the marriage, the presumption of the legal period of conception, the action for denial the paternity of the child resulted from marriage and the action for proving the paternity of the child resulted from outside the marriage.
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Two forms of universalism, two global phenomena, Human Rights and Globalization involve states in different manners. The way globalization acts on the economic, political rights and which are the visible consequences of this process and, at the same time, which is the role of human rights in the context of globalization are some of the questions which we intend to meditate on in these pages.
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The article examines the complex and strained relations between politics, the State and the Constitution, both by means of the famous debate over democracy and constitutionalism, and by means of the paradoxes of the legal formalism associated with the constitutional law, the political law par excellence. It describes the occurrence of a cycle of master-ideas, developed throughout the history of Public Law. The Constitution was the master-idea during the era of revolutions, in the 18th and 19th centuries. The State became the master-idea only in the 19th century, with the “General Theory of the State” as the most important discipline within Public Law. However, as a result of the challenges to the purely juridical method during the Weimar era, the Constitution becomes the master-idea of the new “Theory of the Constitution”, which replaces the old General Theory of the State. This new discipline aimed at inserting politics in the constitutional analysis, especially in the Post-War period. The fundamental debate within the Theory of the Constitution fluctuated between the substantive and the procedural theories of the Constitution, both seeking to direct politics and the State or to eliminate both of them from the constitutional analysis. This master-idea culminates with the “Guiding Constitution” – which aims at establishing itself as a plan for the future of the entire society – and with the Constitutional Courts and the exhaustion of the debates over politics and legitimacy in contemporary Constitutional Theory. In order to overcome this deadlock, a “return to politics” and also a “return to the State” are required, alongside a new and wholly revised Theory of the State.
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Starting from the description of how the fundamental law of Romania had been revised in 2003, so that its texts be in ordance with the fundamental principles that govern the European legislation, the author promotes several critical ideas, regarding the manner in which the revision of the Constitution had been made. The autor comments on the texts that contradict each other, highlights the “silence” of the law and, furthermore, she ascertains an essential fact: in most European constitutions, the “European provision” is pasted in the fundamental constitutional texts, without the constitutional norms being harmonized. This is the reason why the author suggests the elaboration of a Constitution of a “European model”, the result of esteemed specialists’s work, a model that could inspire, persuade and attract the national constituent. The new ideas of state, sovereignty, constitution and its supremacy should be thought in accordance to this model. And also, it should be reasoned upon the juridical nature of the European Union which, without being a STATE, exercises state functions.
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The Treaty of Lisbon has granted significant prerogatives to the European Parliament, as part of an effort to make the European Union more democratic, efficient and transparent, and to place the citizens in the centre of the European project. The extension of the co-decision procedure (henceforth known as “ordinary legislative procedure”) has enhanced the European Parliament’s status as a legislative power, giving it more influence in certain fields, including domains in which its role had previously been absent or limited – judicial cooperation in criminal matters, police cooperation, as well as in several aspects of trade and agricultural policy. The treaty enshrines the well-established practice of the multi-annual financial framework, which requires Parliament’s approval, and creates a balance between the role of the Parliament and that of the Council, in the adoption of the EU budget. The international agreements in the fields subject to the ordinary legislative procedure also require the assent of the European Parliament. The Treaty of Lisbon consolidates the role of the national Parliaments, which will be able to participate more actively in the working of the Union. They gain more influence over the policy evaluation mechanisms in the field of freedom, security and justice, and the procedures for treaty revision. Most significantly, they have acquired powers to monitor the observance of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality in the fields that do not fall under the EU exclusive competence. National parliaments should continue to be an important source of legitimacy for the European institutions and policies.
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The authors present in a structured way, the principle of the child’s superior interest as it is regulated in terms of the new Romanian Civil Code, focusing on factors that the case law should take into consideration according to the new regulations. In the first part of the article, the authors develop a pertinent analysis on this principle in the global context of the new legislation. Thus, they analyze article 263 which establishes child’s superior interest as the principle of general application in all areas of law. In this context, the authors conduct a comparative analysis of this principle with other institutions regulated by the new Civil Code, such as parental authority, adoption and guardianship. In the second part of the article, following a review of case law and foreign literature, the authors suggest factors that could be taken into account in analyzing the application of the principle of the child’s superior interest, in family matters, with the coming of the new Civil Code in force. In conclusion, we can say that this article, by the novelty of the addressed subject, is a contribution to the doctrine which arises as a result of the new Civil Code of Romania.
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