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THE COMPANY’S FOUNDERS

Author(s): Ioan Schiau / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The Romanian Company Law uses an intricate and elusive definition of the founders of the company, although is granting them special rights, privileges and responsibilities. This paper is aiming to identify this obscure category of persons and to present a comprehensive picture of the legal position of the company’s founders, as resulting from the provisions of the Company Law, taking also into account the developments brought to the legal regulation of the civil companies, as designed by the recent adopted Civil Code.

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CONSIDERATIONS RELATIVES À LA RÉGLEMENTATION DE LA GRÈVE EN ROUMANIE

Author(s): Aurelia Gidro ,Romulus Gidro / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

Les auteurs se proposent de présenter brièvement la manière dont le phénomène de la grève a été abordé par le législateur roumain, aussi bien du point de vue historique, que des réglementations actuelles. La mise en comparaison des réglementations de la Roumanie avec celles des autres pays de l’Union Européenne met en évidence la nécessité du perfectionnement de la législation roumaine, jugée trop restrictive en termes de droit des employés d’utiliser un tel moyen légal de combat. La conclusion des auteurs est que l’actuelle réglementation de la Roumanie doit être modifiée pour être conforme à l’idée de respect du droit fondamental à la grève.

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L’ORGANISATION D’UNE JUSTICE INDÉPENDANTE – PARTIE DU MÉCANISME DE CONSTRUCTION DE L’ÉTAT DE DROIT

Author(s): Lucian Chiriac / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

The activity developed by the judiciary bodies must have as a unique concern, within the limits of the jurisdiction conferred by the Constitution, the assurance of compliance with the authorities, natural or legal persons, but considering the establishment of special guarantees that provide a complete independence from any interference and influence of organs that are part of the other power, or which are subject to hierarchical control respectively to the authority of the Ministry of Justice as it is the case of the Public Ministry.

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LA REGLEMENTATION JURIDIQUE EUROPEENNE DE L’EXTRADITION

Author(s): Dragos Chilea / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

One of the tools at the disposal of those engaged in international crime control is extradition, the transfer of an individual from one state to another state that aims to submit the accused to trial. Extradition is typically a formal process, involving authorities, and based on an agreement. Most extradition treaties are still bilateral in nature, although in Europe the multilateral European Convention on Extradition, concluded in 1957, has also had an important role. Even though they are often bilateral in form, many extradition treaties contain similar provisions. Thus, most are based on the so-called principle of double criminality; individuals will only be extradited for offences that are prohibited in both states. Often, such treaties also contain the principle of specialty; the request for extradition and the subsequent prosecution need to address the same allegations. Many extradition treaties provide for two important, related exceptions: individual should not be extradited for political activities or military offences. This makes it important to figure out what exactly is meant by political offence, and needless to say, opinions here differ. The standard idea is to exclude action inspired by political considerations, but obviously this creates problems, as some of the worst crimes are inspired precisely by such motives. A recent innovation, at least in the practice of European states, is also to provide for an exception in cases where the death penalty may ensue. Many European states have abolished the death penalty; consequently, they are not keen to extradite to states where the death penalty is a possible outcome of the trial, and reserve the right to refuse extradition unless assured by the requesting state that the death penalty will not be imposed.

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LES CORRELATIONS DU DROIT POSITIF

Author(s): Lucretia Dogaru / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

Comme ensemble des normes juridiques en vigueur dans un État, dont le respect peut être assuré à la rigueur par une force de contrainte de l’État, par des institutions spécialement habilitées en ce sens, on dit avoir à faire avec le droit positif. Le droit positif (le droit objectif en vigueur et le droit subjectif ), représente une partie du phénomène juridique et non pas le phénomène même. Les rapports juridiques peuvent avoir pour objets matériaux des créations artistiques, économiques, religieuses, conduites morales ou politiques qui, autrement, reçoivent des formes juridiques. La conscience juridique peut avoir une composante morale, politique, économique ou religieuse. En conséquence, par son contenu, le phénomène juridique se trouve en connexion avec les autres phénomènes sociaux. Nous allons traiter les connexions ou les rapports du droit positif avec la morale, la coutume, la politique, la religion et aussi avec l’économie et l’État.

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EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE COASTAL AREA OF ROMANIA

Author(s): Mari Isabella Stan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The Environmental Impact Assessment is one of the basic tools of environmental policies and legislation and represents a milestone in the development of public and private projects with European funding. This article attempts to answer the question: Is environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental impact assessment a necessary and effective for public and private investment in the coastal zone? However, we can also attempt to answer the question of whether this is an effective strategy towards sustainable development of the Black Sea’s Romanian coast, as well as protection and improvement of environment and living standards

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LES DIFFÉRENTS ASPECTS DE LA NOTION DU « DROIT À LA VIE » DANS LA LÉGISLATION ACTUELLE ALBANAISE EN COMPARAISON AVEC LES STANDARDS DE LA C.E.D.H.

Author(s): Kristinka Jance,Edvana Tiri / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

L’Albanie, un pays qui cherche à s’intégrer en Europe. Pour l’Albanie, l’«être ou non être » en Europe c’était pendant des années un paradoxe entre sa situation géographique et sa position politique. Située au milieu de l’Europe (très près du pays où pour la première fois on a prononcé le nom « Europe »: La Grèce), elle n’était pas traitée comme partie de l’Europe. Sortie d’une occupation de 5 siècles par les Ottomans, devenue un vrai campus de bataille pendant les deux Guerres Mondiales, humiliée par les communistes pendant 45 années, l’Albanie au début de ce millénium fait son maximum pour être traitée comme un Etat européen. Des valeurs et que des valeurs, sont les points communs dont l’Albanie peut approcher l’Europe. Une législation compatible avec les standards européens est une valeur estimable, une condition importante pour qu’un Etat s’appelle « Etat européen ». Comparer la législation albanaise avec les standards européens fera l’objet de notre étude, pour qu’on arrive à la conclusion que l’Albanie est ou non un Etat européen.

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ASPECTS REGARDING THE COMPETITIVE OFFER CLAUSE IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS

Author(s): Marlena Boanca Ivan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The competitive offer clause allows one contracting party (usually the buyer) to get from the other contracting party (usually the seller) conditions that are more favourable than those from the current contract, namely those offered by a third party. The promissory party has the possibility to accept the adaptation of the contract or to refuse it. If the seller accepts to align to the competition tariff, the contract continues under the new conditions. The acceptance of the promissory party can intervene also within new negotiations between parties, a situation when the contract adaptation will be made not necessarily under the terms of the competitive offer, but anyway under more advantageous conditions for the beneficiary. Otherwise, the parties most frequently stipulate for the suspension of the contract at a given time, allowing the establishment of a contractual relationship between the clause beneficiary and the more competitive party. If the promissory party refuses expressly or by silence the adaptation of the contract, the parties stipulate for the termination of the contract as a solution, each contracting party regaining his freedom to conclude new contracts (including with the third party that makes the most favourable offer), without being encumbered by the obligations in the original contract.

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DISPOSITIONS GENERALES RELATIVES A L’EXERCICE DES VOIES DE RECOURS DANS LE NOUVEAU CODE DE PROCEDURE CIVILE

Author(s): Claudia Roşu / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

La loi n° 134/2010 visant le Code de procédure civile a modifié la manière dans laquelle on réglementait les voies de recours. Avant de consacrer des articles distincts à chaque voie de recours, on prévoit des dispositions établissant le cadre général de l’exercice des voies de recours. Contrairement au Code de procédure antérieur, chaque article a maintenant un titre, désignant la réglementation visée. L’exercice des voies de recours est régi par certaines règles, parmi lesquelles nous citons: le jugement est soumis aux seules voies de recours prévues par la loi, dans les conditions et les délais établis par celle-ci, indifféremment de mentions contenues dans le dispositif ; les voies de recours ne peuvent être utilisées que par les parties au procès qui justifient un intérêt, sauf le cas où, selon la loi, ce droit est aussi accordé à d'autres organismes ou personnes ; les voies de recours extraordinaires sont irrecevables si la décision est susceptible d'appel ; on peut aussi exercer simultanément plusieurs voies de recours extraordinaires, dans les conditions prévues par la loi; si par la même décision on a aussi statué sur des demandes accessoires, la décision dans son ensemble est susceptible des recours prévus par la loi pour la demande principale. Les principes régissant l'exercice des voies de recours sont les suivants: la légalité ; la succession des voies de recours ; l'unicité ; la disponibilité.

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REGULATION OF TAX PREFERENCES AND STATE AIDS IN THE EUROPEAN TAX LAW – A CASE STUDY

Author(s): Éva Erdős / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

What is the connection of State Aids ( aids granted by the state) with tax preferences in EU tax law? What is the criterions of the compatible and incompatible State Aids in the European tax law? In the EU the State Aids are forbidden and incompatible with the law of EU, because they distort the internal market, and distort the competition. Tax preferences work same as State Aids, they may drive to harmful tax competition, and discrimination. To give tax allowances, preferences, tax deduction or State Aid to the foreigners or to selective subjects are prohibited in the fight against of harmful tax competition. In this study I try to highlight the elements and criterions of the definition of incompatible State Aids and tax allowances in EU law, demonstrating it through the judgement of the Court of the European Union, demonstrate these criterions in a case study.

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Dreptul de împrumut public. Implementare naţională şi internaţională

Author(s): Ana-Maria Marinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

Public lending right is one of the economic rights establish in the favour of the rights holders. Some of the characteristics of the systems implemented in the world regarding public lending right, are the following: – The general fund is allocated from the state budget system, central or local. In general, the remunerations distributed to the rights holders are modest, establishing maximum and minimum remunerations to be paid. In most states, for example the ones from the European Union, the remuneration is calculated based on the number of loans of the work made through public libraries (Estonia, Germany, Iceland, Israel, Latvia, the Netherlands, Slovenia, UK), or remuneration is paid depending on the number of copies of books of an author under the stock libraries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand), or on the number of users of public libraries, or through direct grants to the rights holders (Norway). – In some systems, the remuneration shall be distributed also to pension funds, health insurances, grants or scholarships (for example, in Austria 50% of funds are allocated to the social needs of the authors, in Germany 55% for health insurances, in Slovenia 50% for scholarships, in Sweden and France for supplementary pensions). – Also, the systems establish eligibility criteria for rights holders, usually they have to register their works within the system, they must be citizens or have permanent residence in the country in which the system is implemented and must distribute remunerations also for the foreign rights holders based on reciprocal agreements concluded with similar bodies abroad. In Australia, Germany and France, the remunerations are distributed also to publishers. – Some systems provide the payment of remunerations for public lending right in order to support literature in their own language (Scandinavian countries, Slovenia), while others are extended to other works of intellectual creation as audio or video materials and works of fine art and graphics (Netherlands, France). – The systems are taking into account the loans made through public libraries, in some states excluding university and schools libraries.

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Repere jurisprudenţiale privind apărarea numelui patronimic protejat ca marcă

Author(s): Crenguţa Leaua,Andra Fila,Mihaela Maravela / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

Some of the most valuable trade marks worldwide are personal names. While Romania is yet to have a Versace of its own, the practice of using personal names to distinguish one’s own goods or services from those of other producers or to attach one’s own reputation to that person’s goods or services as a guarantee of quality has been on the increase in the recent years in our country as well. This article takes a look into the main avenues of defending one’s right over a personal name, when such name has developed a secondary meaning in relation to certain goods or services, as opposed to the avenues of protecting one’s right to a personal name as part of personality rights. While the sources of protection may be concurrent in certain cases, there are clear-cut distinctions and requirements to be met when seeking protection of a personal name trade mark against unauthorized use, under both Romanian legislation and in special international dispute resolution procedures. It is this latter aspect that we focus on here, discussing a number of case law solutions to illustrate the particular requirements to successfully defend a personal name trade mark against unauthorized use.

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Brevetul european cu efect unitar şi relaţia cu certificatul suplimentar de protecţie

Author(s): Bucura Ionescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

The article starts with the presentation of the socio-political climate that generated the discussions on the establishment of a patent valid throughout the European Community in the sixth decade of the last century, the obstacles to the creation of this title of protection and its development to the date, which led to the foundations of the European patent with unitary effect. It is shown the package of the patent with unitary effect, in particular the institutions of the Agreement on Unified Patent Court. The article makes an analysis on the implications of creating a new type of protection of inventions in the European Union, on the accessory right conferred and recognized by granting supplementary protection certificate for inventions in the field of medicinal and plant protection products. Finally, are exposed some considerations in order to align the national legislation provisions on patents with the dispositions of the Agreement.

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Complementaritatea în domeniul mărcilor

Author(s): Gheorghe Gheorghiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

According to Law no. 84/2009 on trademarks and geographical indications, can be a trademark any sign capable of graphic representation provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other enterprises. In some cases, arise situations of complementarity whose appreciation is often difficult to analyse; with this respect the community jurisprudence has pronounced that are complementary goods the ones which are closely connected, in the sense that one is indispensable or important for the use of the other, so that consumers can believe that the responsibility for these products belongs to the same enterprise. This article discusses this problem in the case of associating products from different classes under the same brand, trying to find legal and jurisprudential criteria solutions.

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Epuizarea dreptului de divulgare al creaţiei intelectuale

Author(s): Alin Speriusi-Vlad / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

The right to disclosure of intellectual property is the decision of the author to put his/her work in contact with the public. The rise of property right has nothing to do with disclosure of work, but rather with the property’s ability to be part of the civil circulation. Patrimonial (economic) rights to intellectual property rise similarly to patrimonial rights to tangible assets, namely by “forging” of property/asset. From the moment a commodity is created, i.e. following a processing technological process of several raw materials, there is a patrimonial right to it, an ownership right of product manufacturer, whether the property was put on sale or stored to be subsequently released for sale in the future. The same reasoning fully applies to the intellectual property, as long as it meets the legal requirements to be protected by law. Disclosure of intellectual property, regardless of how it was made, with or without the author’s agreement, leads to placing of work in contact with the public, the protected work thus communicated to the public leading to exhaustion of the right to disclosure. After exhaustion, the right to disclosure can no longer be breached, so that following disclosure of the intellectual property, any possible use of it without author’s agreement violates only the patrimonial rights of the author and, possibly, other moral rights, such as the right to authorship of work and the right to withdraw the work, according to the concrete circumstances of the case. Conditioning of exhaustion of the right to disclosure from the existence of voluntary disclosure – whether there is the intent of disclosure on the part of the author or an ambiguous agreement – is wrong and inevitably leads to obstruction of civil circulation.

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Dreptul de citare în cazul operelor de artă plastică şi fotografică

Author(s): Mihai Olariu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

While the national legislations, as well as the Berne Convention, establish the exclusivity of the right of reproduction, as a fundamental right belonging to the owner’s monopoly, the same lawmakers also provide certain exceptions from this rule, among which the possibility to use short quotations from a protected work. The so-called “quotation right” shall not be understood as a subjective right of the user, since its legal nature is of a “limit” to the exercise of the author’s monopoly over his work, determined by the polemic, critic, pedagogic, scientific or information purpose of the new work. While the legal nature of this limit is not difficult to approach, as regards the graphic, plastic and photographic works of art, the practical possibility of performing the operation of “quotation” was challenged in the specialized literature. This study aims at clarifying the extent to which the quotation is allowed by the Romanian lawmaker also for the category of plastic, graphic and photographic works, as well as, on the other hand, if the quotation is objectively possible in the case of these works, without infringing the work’s right of intangibility.

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Dreptul de autor şi drepturi conexe asupra operei

Author(s): Monica Florina Bota Moisin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

During the past 5 years, the Romanian film industry, as European film, has gained recognition in Cannes, Berlin, and, as paradoxically as it may sound, even in Romania. Nowadays, the world’s 7th Art has generated a business empire that cannot be conceived in the absence of a well-established legislative framework. The international tendency in law consultancy is to provide adequate guidelines for all stakeholders involved in the film-making business. As a premiere for Romania, this paper, the first in a trilogy that tackles Romanian Copyright and Neighbouring Rights in Cinema, specifically addresses the legal status of the cinematographic creation under Romanian Law no.8/1996, namely the issue of the rights and obligations a film product generates for all individuals involved in the creative process: the director, the screenplay author, the actors etc. This article analyses the understanding of the notion of authorship under Romanian Law by comparison with the provisions of the Berne Convention and those of the European Directive 2001/29/EC on the Harmonisation of Certain Aspects of Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society.

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Consideraţii asupra protecţiei juridice a bazelor de date şi a datelor deschise prin legislaţia dreptului de autor

Author(s): Bujorel Florea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

The article examines some aspects regarding the legal protection of databases through copyright: the legal nature of the rights for databases, the legitimacy of protection through copyright rules and the relationship between copyright and the sui generis right regarding the protection of databases. The author devotes a special section for examining the open data and another one for comparing different databases containing open data, in order to outline more clearly the characteristics and the own identity of the databases.

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Consideraţii privind calitatea procesuală în cererea de instituire a măsurilor provizorii pentru apărarea drepturilor de proprietate intelectuală şi î

Author(s): Sonia Florea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

In this study, the author analyzes the legal provisions regarding the interim measures procedure in matters of intellectual property rights, as laid down in the new Code of Civil Procedure, the specific laws on trademarks and geographical indications, designs, copyright and related rights, as well as in the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 100/2005 on the enforcement of industrial property rights.

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Unele aspecte generale despre desene şi modele

Author(s): Aurelia Drăghici,Teodor Bodoasca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

Ľétude proposée este destinée á des questions générales relatives aux dessins et modèles, tels que la réglementation, des conditions juridiques et techniques pour leur conformément á la loi n. 129/1992. Analyses des conditions de fond pour la protection des dessins et modéles en vertu de la loi 129/1992 nous donné ľ occasion ď identifier des questions qui, á notre avis, la loi ferend assumer certaines entités logique de polissage.

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