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More and more empirical research and theoretical concepts indicate that psychopathyis a more complex disorder than it seemed to date. Psychopathy can have negative and positive faces. Research indicates that it is good to be a functional psychopath, that is, not acting antisocial.
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The Conference was an opportunity for young scholars, students and school youth to meet and create a space for themselves to present their research pursuits. During the conference, issues related to broadly understood security were discussed. The 4th National Student Conference “Youth for Security” was the fourth of the cycle of annual scientific meetings dedicated to this topic.
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W artykule autorzy dokonali próby oceny zmian systemu prawnego Polski po1989 r., jakie dokonały się w wyniku demokratycznej transformacji. Po 1989 r dokonanow Polsce szeregu zmian ustrojowych, systemowych, prawnych, gospodarczych oraz spo‑łecznych. Konstytucja z 1997 r. określiła ramy systemu sprawowania władzy w Polsceuwzględniając takie te wymagania prawne, które wynikają z przynależności Polski doNATO i Unii Europejskiej. Przemiany podniosły sprawność demokratycznego systemuprawa, dając możliwość efektywnego uczestnictwa obywateli w życiu społecznym. Jednakspołeczeństwo w Polsce ma niski poziom zaufania do prawa, sądów oraz sędziów. Polskisystem prawa po transformacji nie wyzbył się charakteru biurokratycznego, spolityzowa‑nego układem rządzących. Ponadto poszanowanie prawa, które jest modelem postępowaniaadministracji państwowej, jako niezbędne minimum dla jej oceny politycznej, zderza sięz konfliktowością polityki i wytwarza funkcjonalne podziały w sferze realizacji demokra‑tycznej natury państwa prawa.
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This publication considers key guarantees in the economic law of the rights of entrepreneurs regulated by the content of the package of laws creating the so-called. The starting point is, however, the location of economic activity and the social market economy in the regulations of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the basic principles, rights and freedoms derived there from, constituting the basis for the free undertaking of this activity. It also seemed necessary to refer to the general concept of economic activity, as well as various definitions defined by the legislator, depending on the normative act used, in order to understand the subjectivity of economic law participants more widely. As a consequence, the above allowed for a broad display of the principles and rights of conducting business activity guaranteed in the Act – Entrepreneurs' Law and the consequences arising from them. The institution of the Ombudsman for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises was also subject to a detailed assessment, as an additional element of ensuring protection of the rights of entrepreneurs in business transactions and in relations with public administration bodies.
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In a modern legal system based on the rule of law, protection of the legal status of an individual is an important determinant of the freedom of action of public authorities. The principles related to this paradigm, such as the principle of non-discrimination, legalism or fairnessin administrative proceedings are reflected in the right to good administration. In the European Union this right is expressed in Art. 41 of the EU Charter of Fun- damental Rights. Its codification in this most important EU human rights document not only expanded the catalog of sources of EU law in the field of the right to good administra- tion, both hard law and soft law, but also placed this right in a human rights perspective. As a result certain obligations of public administration have been correlated with the sub- jective right of the individual to demandtheir implementation. The aim of the article is to analyze the right to good administration with particular emphasis on the impact of its diversified catalog of sourceson the normative standard as issue. The considerations will be based on the theoretical and dogmatic-legal methods with the incidental use of the historical method. The references to the CJEU jurisprudence, which played a fundamental role in shaping the components of the right to good administration as general principles of EU law and nowadays – in constructing right to good administration codified in Art. 41 of the EU Charter, are of great importance for the consideration.
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The right to a fair trial is a fundamental human right. It is all the more important when the right to a fair trial is infringed more and more frequently in various regions of the world. Therefore, selected ECHR judgments were analysed.
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Legal procedures in Europe must comply with the principles of procedural fairness. These rules include a set of conditions ensuring real, fast and effective consideration of the case in accordance with guarantees stipulated under Article 6 and Article 13 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, taken by jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.The article presents the characteristics of Polish court proceeding in the scope of enforcing the effectiveness of public administration activities in the light of these requirements. Legal remedies to prevent tardiness of administration actions as well as discipline efficiency and speed of national administrative proceedings within this system were also discussed.
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The main research purpose of the following article is to indicate selected models and methods of the Europeanisation of public administration, as well as their legal and social aspects. As a result of the research material selection, the article also attempts to indicate how certain conditions have influenced the processes of Europeanization. The political and legal context of preparing public administration (both government and local) for effective participation in the European Union public policies was also highlighted.
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The article deals with the issue of the impact of the crisis in the euro area on Poland's membership in the euro area. The program of work that the European Union has imposed on individual countries was shown, as well as the position of Poland in this area.
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The aim of this paper is to present and critically appraise the norms of international law relating to the enforcement of arbitral awards against States. It canvasses the main international instruments governing the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards (notably the New York Convention). It then elucidates the doctrine of sovereign immunity in customary international law – and an attempt to codify it – as a hurdle to enforcement of such awards in domestic courts. The analysis investigates whether the doctrine acts as a safeguard against jeopardizing peaceful relations between States while promoting international commerce, foreign direct investment and trade relations between State and foreign non-State actors. Diplomatic protection is examined as an alternative to international and national adjudication.
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The goal of the publication is to assess the normative scope of the new form of cooperation with the tax administration, which is the institution of a cooperation agreement. This innovative form of relations between entities of tax law is another and necessary element of modern state policy.The starting point is the location of the institution of the cooperation agreement within the scope of the Cooperation Programme, its basic assumptions and conditions, as well as its reference to the applicable tax law regulations.It has also been shown that horizontal monitoring is being established within the framework of this cooperation, which, unlike tax control, does not constitute direct supervision of the correctness of tax obligations. It is merely a supervision of the taxpayer's internal procedures implemented in his company. A tax agreement is a supplement and a necessary element of the cooperation agreement, which is a consequence of the cooperation agreement concluded, binding on both parties to the agreement and guaranteeing the observance of the arrangements in the scope of the resulting disputes or doubts.The legal basis for acting in connection with the verification of the taxpayer's compliance with the conditions of the cooperation agreement is also a tax audit, the basic assumptions of which are presented in part 3 of the study.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the socio-economic development of different regions of Poland and the number and structure of the most frequent crimes committed in them. The study clearly shows that crimes related to corruption and theft are most frequently committed in the richer regions of Poland, while the number of crimes related to damage to property decreased with the level of socio-economic development. Among the analyzed crimes, the highest correlation with macroeconomic variables was observed in the case of theft and corruption crimes; a particularly strong relationship was found between corruption and the level of GDP and wages, and between the number of thefts and the stock of housing and the level of GDP in the regions. Moreover, the structure and number of crimes in the poorest regions of Poland show many similarities, with five of the eight poorest regions in eastern Poland showing a relationship between the number and types of crimes.
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The security of Europe has been evolving in the last decade, causing the verification of national defence policies. Being members of the European Union but not NATO, Sweden and Finland are revising their defence policies to face complex threats. Their geographical proximity is one factor causing their close military cooperation, supported by building–up their national military and civilian capabilities to deter potential threat from Russia and face hybrid challenges. The progress is visible, especially over the last decade. They are not disregarding closing ranks with other Nordic countries, NATO and specifically the US recognising that a joint effort with those nations and organisations, sharing the same values and facing similar threats, is foundation of their security. The paper utilises the qualitative research approach using a case study, desk research, analysis, and synthesis as methods.
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: The English language has become the lingua franca of the contemporary world; a global language. The process of globalisation has also influenced the increasing demand for learning English. The demand involves not only general language but also language for specific purposes, including language of the military environment, Military English. English has also become the language of interoperability in NATO. The North Atlantic Alliance has always paid particular attention to the knowledge of foreign languages, which was expressed, among others, by the establishment of the BILC International Language Coordination Office and the development of language standards applicable to all Member States, STANAG 6001. Language education in the armed forces in Poland follows the Alliance’s guidelines. The correct use of military language and its understanding creates a successful administrative and operational military environment. On account of appropriate application of terminology, potential misunderstandings or misinterpretations of military activities can be avoided. Language education is one of the elements of language policy in the field of security.
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Making the world a safe place has been the aim of mankind since time immemorial. Representatives of various sciences have made an appreciable effort to help this dream come true. They have constructed theoretical systems and found practical solutions to problems which are the most significant for people. Unfortunately, in many cases research carried out by representatives of humanistic and social sciences has turned out to be unfruitful. Efforts which improve relations between people are particularly crucial for educationalists, that is they try to constrain or eliminate negative relationships with the view of benefits stemming from positive relations. In spite of considerable successes both in theory as well as in practical activities, we have to constantly face the necessity to answer the question: what should be done to bring together people who are willing to cooperate and love, not to perform diverse forms of aggression and rivalry?
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SummarySecurity as one of the needs of every human being is extremely important and necessary in everyday functioning. Each of us tries to personally ensure the safety of ourselves, our relatives and those around us. However, our ability to provide ourselves with security is limited. Therefore, certain activities in this field are undertaken by various governmental and non-governmental organizations, institutions and, above all, state services. Taking care of safety in the means of public transport is one of the areas included in the generally understood safety, which contributes to our stable functioning and the possibility of living in favorable and friendly conditions, also during travel, which is an indispensable element of life.
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Human existence has allowed a dynamic development of technology, particularly in cyberspace. One of these technologies is the internet, which has become an inseparable part of man's everyday life. This state of affairs increasingly blurs the boundary between real and virtual life. It is evident in the current pandemic situation, where society has been forced to live in confinement for fear of health. This has resulted in increased activity and the use of cyberspace, creating greater opportunities for cybercriminals. One of these threats is disinformation on the internet, especially in social networks. The following article outlines the threat of disinformation and its methods of spreading it through adware modules.
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The Conference was an opportunity for young scholars and students to meet and create a space for themselves to present their research pursuits. During the conference, issues related to broadly understood security were discussed. The 6th National Student Conference “Young for Security” was the sixth of the cycle of annual scientific meetings dedicated to this topic.
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