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Wyznaczniki ekonomiczne sprawiedliwości społecznej w Polsce

Author(s): Piotr J. Wróbel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (9)/2013

Article No. 2 of The Constitution of The Republic of Poland (1997) states that Poland „shall be a democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice”. Social justice is one of the principles of government and, according to lawyers, does not constitute grounds for subjective claims.  Contemporary understanding of the Ulpianidea of justice (suum cuique): giving everyone his due, derives from the conception of distributive justice by J. Rawls, which is based on proportional equality. This paper discusses the levels of four social justice indicators that Poland now deals with: income inequality, tax system, unemployment and poverty. The structure of the socio-economic system in Poland, which was founded and established during a period of transition, (presented in paper by statistical data and international comparisons) does not support the conclusion that Poland indeed fully embodies the principles of social justice.

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Rozi izvještaj. Godišnji izvještaj o stanju ljudskih prava LGBT osoba u Bosni i Hercegovini u 2013. godini.

Author(s): Mariña Barreiro,Vladana Vasić,Jordan Maze,Saša Gavrić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: */2013

Iskustva homofobije i transfobije su i dalje vrlo česta u BiH sa ograničenom ili nikakvom akcijom poduzetom od strane autoriteta u cilju zaustavljanja takvih vrsta diskriminacije, zlostavljanja i nasilja. Redovni napadi na LGBT osobe i na branioce i braniteljke LGBT ljudskih prava, komentari puni mržnje u štampanim, elektronskim i video medijima podstiču atmosferu netolerancije usmjerene prema LGBT osobama. Kompleksni federativni sistem, nizak nivo napretka u polju vladavine zakona, te generalno nizak nivo vidljivosti LGBT osoba i LGBT aktivizma dopuštaju političkim strukturama u BiH nemar pri zaštiti LGBT prava. Pozitivna strana priče o LGBT pravima u BiH se ogleda u činjenici da policija pokazuje više pažnje prema specifičnosti LGBT pitanja. Ovaj napor za povećanje povjerenja LGBT osoba u vladine institucije kao i broj prijavljenih slučajeva rezultirao je time da su u jednom kantonu FBiH, preciznije u Kantonu Sarajevo, policijske strukture pokrenule rad na vlastitom osvješćavanju kroz saradnju sa civilnim društvom i Sarajevskim otvorenim centrom. Međutim, napad tokom festivala Merlinka pokazuje da LGBT osobama sloboda okupljanja nije zagarantovana. Postoji očita potreba za daljim radom i saradnjom sa institucijama izvršne vlasti (policijom, uredom tužilaštva i sudovima). Kršenje ljudskih prava LGBT osoba u BiH prestavlja mnogo širi spektar individualnih slučajeva diskriminacije ili nasilja, te ističe nemar institucija i zakonodavnih organa koje zanemaruju potrebe i prava LGBT osoba, kao i nedostatak volje u državnim institucijama za implementaciju bh. zakona. Prema kvalitativnom istraživanju dr. Zlatiborke Momčinović, Ko smo mi da sudimo drugima?, postoji veoma nizak nivo senzibiliteta bh. populacije prema lezbejkama, gejevima, biseksualcima_kama, i transrodnim (LGBT) osobama, kao i manjak znanja o problemima sa kojima se LGBT osobe suočavaju. 56,5% ispitanih misli kako “homoseksualnost mora biti izliječena”1 , što je dokaz o nedostatku znanja kao i uvriježenim stereotipima prema homoseksualnosti, uprkos činjenici da je ista uklonjena sa liste bolesti i socijalnih poremećaja. Za tri četvrtine ispitanika_ca ljubljenje istospolnih parova u javnosti nije dopustivo, dok je pitanje promjene spola odbojno za 59,5% ispitanih osoba. Tokom 2013. godine LGBT zajednica je postala vidljivija u bh. društvu, posebice zahvaljujući radu organizacija za promociju ljudskih prava u području sprječavanja diskriminacije i nasilja protiv LGBT osoba. Unatoč tome, veliki broj LGBT osoba još uvijek se skriva, što čini nevidljivost jednim od najvećih problema u zajednici. Prvi korak u prepoznavanju i zaštiti zasniva se upravo na vidljivosti i zahtijevanju svojih prava, a taj korak postaje posebno bitan u okviru kompleksnog političkog konteksta kao što je u BiH danas. Iz ovih razloga akcija državnih institucija prema usvajanju mjera za osiguravanje zaštite protiv diskriminacije i/ili nasilja svih osoba, uključujući LGBT osobe, postaje imperativ. Stoga je neophodno da FBiH napravi amandman Krivičnog zakona u koji će uključiti zločine iz mržnje, pa tako i zločine iz mržnje izvršene na temelju seksualne orijentacije i rodnog identiteta. Uz to je potreban trening policajaca_ki, sudija_nica i tužioca_teljki, zdravstvenih radnika_ca, obrazovnog osoblja i ostalih državnih službenika_ca na području cijele države u vidu specijalne edukacije iz oblasti ljudskih prava i problema s kojima se suočavaju LGBT osobe u BiH.

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Rozi izvještaj. Godišnji izvještaj o stanju ljudskih prava LGBT osoba u BiH u 2012. godini

Author(s): Mariña Barreiro,Vladana Vasić,Saša Gavrić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: */2012

Vlasti u BiH nisu svjesne da su LGBT osobe dio našeg društva, te smatraju da su prava LGBT osoba manje važna od prava drugih grupa. Ovaj stav se uglavnom opravdava veoma malim brojem vidljivih LGBT osoba i uobičajenim mišljenjem da to (misleći na homoseksualnost) i oni_e (misleći na LGBT osobe) ne postoji_e u BiH. Kada se raspravlja o LGBT pravima, bh. institucije nisu dovoljno senzibilne da primjete ili da se bave pitanjima i problemima sa kojima se LGBT osobe susreću svakodnevno, te pretpostavljaju da je zabrana diskriminacije, koja je regulisana u Zakonu o zabrani diskriminacije u BiH, dovoljna za omogućavanje zaštite i jednakosti LGBT osoba sa ostalim građanima BiH. Obzirom da LGBT teme postaju sve vidljivije u BiH, kako kroz medije koji još uvijek izvještavaju na senzacionalistički i šokantan način u cilju privlačenja gledatelja_ki, tako i kroz aktivizam i rad organizacija koje se bave LGBT pravima, govor mržnje i zločini počinjeni iz mržnje prema LGBT osobama su postali evidentniji u prethodnoj, 2012. godini. Porast vidljivosti LGBT aktivizma u 2012. godini je propraćen ozbiljnim i prijetećim govorom mržnje na web portalima. U svim slučajevima koji su predstavljeni u ovom izvještaju, odgovora vlasti ili nije bilo ili je njihov odgovor bio nedovoljan, a u nekim slučajevima, počinioci_teljice tih incidenata su bili_e državni_e dužnosnici_e. Vlasti konstantno i dosljedno ne uspijevaju ili odbijaju da osude govor mržnje i netoleranciju prema LGBT osobama, odnosno da sankcionišu počinitelje_ice, što dovodi do nepovjerenja u državne institucije od strane LGBT osoba. Ovaj nedostatak povjerenja kod LGBT osoba rezultira neprijavljivanjem ozbiljnijih incidenata i slučajeva poput diskriminacije i zločina počinjenih iz mržnje. Prvi korak ka boljem prepoznavanju i zaštiti ljudskih prava LGBT osoba je harmonizacija postojeće legislative sa Zakonom o zabrani diskriminacije u BiH, koja se trebala izvršiti do 2010. godine, ali ni do danas nije. Ostale izmjene legislative koje se moraju desiti, u cilju promocije i povećanja zaštite ljudskih prava LGBT osoba, kao i individua i manjinskih grupa u BiH, su uvođenje zločina počinjenih iz mržnje i zabrana govora mržnje u Krivični zakon Federacije BiH. Vlasti bi također trebale biti svjesne da sama legislativa nije dovoljna za prevenciju kršenja ljudskih prava LGBT osoba, kao i da se svi ti zakoni i regulacije moraju sprovoditi. Vlasti bi također trebale organizovati obavezne treninge i edukacije za sve javne dužnosnike_ce i uposlenike_ce, kao što su policijski_e službenici_e i uposlenici_e javne uprave.

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Stanje LGBT ljudskih prava u BiH u 2011. godini - Rozi izvještaj

Author(s): Lejla Huremović,Masha Durkalić,Damir Banović,Emina Bošnjak / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: */2011

Sarajevski otvoreni centar vam predstavlja prvu publikaciju o stanju LGBT ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini – Stanje LGBT ljudskih prava u BiH u 2011. godini - Rozi izvještaj. Publikacija Stanje LGBT ljudskih prava u BiH u 2011. godini – Rozi izvještaj je značajna kako za samu LGBT zajednicu u Bosni i Hercegovini, njeno jačanje i povećanje vidljivosti, tako i za različite društvene institucije, organizacije i pojedince/ke zainteresovane za ovu problematiku. Publikacija promoviše pozitivan stav i podizanje svijesti o značaju zaštite LGBT ljudskih prava. Rozi izvještaj se sastoji od tri dijela: prvi dio se bavi seksualnom orijentacijom i rodnim identitetom u kontekstu ljudskih prava u BiH, drugi dio je analiza medijskog izvještavanja o seksualnim manjinama u BiH dok treći dio predstavlja analizu upitnika o ugroženosti i nezaštićenosti LGBT populacije u BiH. Rozi izvještaj je dio programa Ljudska prava, kojim se Sarajevski otvoreni centar bavi i koji na ovaj način pokušava napraviti promjene u javnim institucijama i društvu. Publikacija je dio našeg javnog angažmana, te na ovaj način podstiče društveni razvoj i jačanje kapaciteta. Rozi izvještaj nije klasični izvještaj o ljudskim pravima jer ne predstavlja same slučajeve diskriminacije, zločina iz mržnje i nasilja na osnovu seksualne orijentacije i/ili rodnog identiteta. Sarajevski otvoreni centar gradi kapacitete vezano dokumentaciju nasilja i diskriminacije na osnovu seksualne orijentacije i/ili rodnog identiteta te vjerujemo da ćemo u narednoj, 2013. godini, moći objaviti izvještaj za 2012. godinu. Rozi izvještaj su priredili/e Lejla Huremović, Masha Durkalić, Damir Banović i Emina Bošnjak i Saša Gavrić. Autori i autorice se osvrću na stanje LGBT ljudskih prava s aspekta prava i zakona, zatim analiziraju izvještavanje štampanih medija te stavove i mišljenja LGBT zajednice u BiH i na taj način čitaoca/teljku informišu i daju prijedloge i preporuke/zaključke. Posebno se želimo zahvaliti ILGA Europe, koja nam je pružila finansijsku podršku tokom nastanka ove publikacije. ILGA Europe je međunarodna krovna nevladina organizacija koja okuplja 360 organizacija iz 44 od 49 država Evrope, radeći na jednakosti i ljudskim pravima lezbejki gejeva, biseksualnih, trans i interseks (LGBTI) osoba na nivou Evrope. Ovaj Rozi izvještaj će biti besplatno distribuiran nevladinim organizacijama i državnim organizacijama koje se bave promocijom ljudskih prava, kako bi što veći broj čitatelja i čitateljki imao pristup ovoj publikaciji. Nadamo se da će Vam ova publikacija pružiti značajne informacije. Bilo bi nam drago da nam se javite sa povratnom informacijom!

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Violent Crime and Immigrant Removals: Reasons and Determinants of Immigrant Deportations, 1908-1986

Author(s): Ryan D. King,Denise N. Obinna / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This research describes and explains changes in non-citizen deportations from the United States between 1908 and 1986. Using data from historical immigration yearbooks, we first document and quantify the primary reasons given for removing immigrants from U.S. soil. A key finding is that perceived dispositional defects and threatening behavior (e.g., criminal behavior, mental or physical defects) accounted for a large proportion of deportations in the early 20th century, but these gave way to administrative rationales (e.g., improper documentation) as immigration law and the enforcement bureaucracy expanded. Results of time-series analyses further suggest that the homicide rate is correlated with deportations for administrative reasons and with deportations based on perceived dispositional defects and threatening behavior. Implications and relevance for understanding current immigration debates are discussed.

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Mérlegen a Nyelvi charta

Author(s): Gábor Kardos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

This paper analyses certain inherent problems of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, such as its effort to separate from politics the protection of minority languages as a part of the European cultural heritage, its relationship with official languages and the issue of dialects. This paper also deals with the delays of submitting governmental reports, the political debates over draft recommendations in the Council of Ministers, the reduction of efforts to implement recommendations and the inadequacies of the monitoring process between governmental reports.

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A Kisebbségvédelmi keretegyezmény húsz év után – tapasztalatok a negyedik monitoring ciklus végén

Author(s): Erzsébet Szalayné Sándor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

Twenty years have passed since the introduction of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Framework Convention), and there are increasingly more indications that the Framework Convention has become an international human rights instrument able to set standards for the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities. This process requires periodically the solution of procedural and substantive questions. Moreover, the number and the gravity of the challenges affecting the effective application of the Framework Convention has not diminished in recent years – still, or indeed for this very reason, the implementation of the convention by the states needs to be continuously monitored. This paper aims, at the advent of the fifth monitoring cycle, to highlight the features that were developed during the first two decades of the mechanism.

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A Kisebbségvédelmi keretegyezmény és a Nyelvi charta végrehajtása – egységes standard vagy szétfejlődés?

Author(s): János Fiala-Butora / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

This paper analyses the effectiveness of the European minority protection system through the opinions of Council of Europe’s monitoring bodies. It shows that the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (AC FCNM) and the Committee of Experts of the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages (CoE ECRML) have evaluated Slovakia’s performance under these two treaties very differently in the last monitoring cycles. These divergences cannot be explained by differences in the two treaties or by inadequate sources of information, since both bodies received almost identical shadow reports from civil society. This paper concludes that in the examined cases, the CoE ECRML is taking a stricter position on violations of minority rights, while the AC FCNM is much more deferential towards the government’s opinions and formalistic, superficial and dismissive with regard to concerns of the minority communities.

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Fából vaskarika, avagy reflexiók a Kisebbségvédelmi keretegyezmény tanácsadó bizottságának ún. 4. tematikus kommentárjára vonatkozóan

Author(s): Norbert Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

The Advisory Committee on the 1995 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Framework Convention) adopted a thematic commentary on the scope of the Framework Convention on May 27, 2016. This was the fourth thematic commentary in a row, and as such, the committee relied on its experiences and observations made during the previous monitoring cycles. This text aims at analysing the thematic commentary in question by using strictly the methods for interpreting international treaties. By doing so and as a conclusion, this paper studies the gap between the text of the Framework Convention and the interpretation provided within the thematic commentary.

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Európai polgári kezdeményezések a nemzeti kisebbségek védelmében

Author(s): Péter Varga,Balázs Tárnok / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

The European Citizens’ Initiative, which has been in operation since April 2012, is a new instrument of the European participatory democracy, inspired by the constitutional development of member states and incorporated into EU Law by the Lisbon Treaty. Citizens’ committees established by members of national minority organisations have attempted to make use of the opportunities provided by this new instrument. This paper analyses the two initiatives that national minorities launched so far and their legal fates, with special emphasis on the impact they had on the evolution of the ECJ’s case law.

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Szerbia akcióterve a nemzeti kisebbségek jogainak megvalósítására

Author(s): Mihály Nyilas,Zsuzsanna Mackó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

This paper provides a presentation and analysis of the Action Plan for the Realisation of the Rights of National Minorities adopted by the government of Serbia on May 3, 2016. The analysed topics include: reasons that led Serbia to elaborate and adopt an action plan for the protection of minority rights; the drafting process; topics, objectives and activities with special relevance for the Hungarian community; an evaluation of the plan’s content and the process of its implementation; other considerations and activities envisaged under the plan.

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City Diplomacy

Author(s): Beata Surmacz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Diplomacy is one of the oldest mechanisms of managing the international environment. It is traditionally associated with operation of the state. However, in contemporary times the parameters of the international environment have changed considerably. States are no longer the only entities participating in international relations. Along with states, sub-state actors (regions and cities) have emerged, as well as supra-state (the EU) and non-state entities. Sub-state actors go through the process of repositioning in the contemporary international order: from being an object of management to building their own subject status in this respect. In order to achieve this goal, they increasingly use mechanisms and instruments which were the sole domain of the state until recently. Despite substantial attention paid to regional diplomacy, academic discussion has focused less on the increasing role of cities in diplomacy. The paper aims to introduce the concept of city diplomacy. It will be argued that cities have become important actors on the world stage, that they have developed diplomatic apparatus, and that city diplomacy is becoming more and more professional diplomatic activity.

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ЗНАЧЕНИЕТО НА РИМСКОТО ПРАВО ЗА ЮРИДИЧЕСКОТО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ВСТЪПИТЕЛНА ЛЕКЦИЯ

Author(s): Trayanov Trayan / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to the place of the university in modern education and the role of Roman law in law education. The author emphasizes the absence of a textbook that presents the subject thoroughly and thoroughly. Among the main issues that the article highlights are the materialistic spirit of time and the lack of awareness on the part of lawyers about the importance of historical disciplines, among which the most important is Roman law.

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A kisebbségek védelme az olasz–horvát és az olasz–szlovén kétoldalú kapcsolatokban

Author(s): Balázs Vizi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

Following the collapse of Yugoslavia, the situation of Italian minorities living in successor states raised great concerns in Italy. This article offers an overview of the evolution of bilateral minority protection instruments between Italy and Croatia, Slovenia respectively. New treaties and initiatives emerged in the 1990s in this regard strongly build on the post- WWII international legal arrangements concerning the situation of minorities. The analysis of the relevant treaty provisions in a broader political and historical context leads to the conclusion that from the 1990s bilateral minority protection agreements rather reflect a political commitment than a set of strict normative obligations.

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A szlovákiai magyar politikai mozgástér változásai

Author(s): Géza Tokár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the latitude of ethnic political representation of the Hungarian community in Slovakia from 1989 up to recent political developments. The latitude is measured by three factors: the amount of political power held by representatives of the Hungarian communities, the coalition potential of the parties focusing on ethnic policies, and the political compatibility of the parties representing the Hungarian minority. The Hungarian ethnic parties were involved in Slovak politics from the times of the Velvet Revolution; however, their ability to affect politics and policies was limited by party-specific ethnic agendas and incompatibility with numerous Slovak ethnic parties. In light of recent political events, however, the ideological differences have been reduced and the pragmatic nature of fragmented Slovak party politics opens up new channels for cooperation. Despite the changing political environment, the latitude has been weakening due to the fragmentation of the Hungarian ethnic political elite.

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Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Public Outcry Over Animal Rights in Turkey

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 08/21/2018

A stray dog that had its paws and tail severed has sparked a new debate over abuse.

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Културното наследство между материална даденост и знания: предизвикателствата на опазването и социализацията

Author(s): Mariano Pavanello / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The text discusses the pertinent problems connected to the debates about the intangible cultural heritage and the politics of UNESCO about its safeguarding. The author presents in particular the Italian context and the discussions within Italian anthropology taking into consideration the characteristics of the ethnographic knowledge as cultural heritage, as well as the functions of the ethnographic museum. The problem about the safeguarding of cultural heritage is debated on the basis of the dichotomies: safeguarding versus evaluation and tangible versus intangible heritage.

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Pope John Paul II’s Criticism of “Human Rightism” and Its Further Development

Author(s): Roman Míčka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper deals with the concept of human rights in Catholic social teaching, especially regarding the trends of the so-called human rightism, viz. the ideological broadening and utilitarian relativizing of the concept of human rights in recent decades. It concludes that since the constant reference point of the Catholic moral perspective on human rights is still primarily the concept of natural law, it does not accept all the developmental trends in this sphere and consists in a certain fairly narrow understanding of human rights. The criticism of the inadequate progression and errors in the sphere of the further expansive development of human rights began especially in the era of the pontificate of John Paul II and is still being developed.

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The Family in the Czech Legal Order

Author(s): Damián Němec / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This article on the status of the family in the Czech legal order is based on legal norms, but it cannot be limited to them because they have not defined the legal concept of the family for decades and they refer rather to the concept of marriage. Specification of the understanding of the family thus has become left more to sociology. Therefore, it has been necessary to extract this definition also from other official documents, such as the documents of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic, which is responsible for the development of state strategic documents in the area of family and marriage. From these documents, there follows a clearer understanding of the family, which, until 2015, was characterised by the support of marital families. This resulted in preferences of marriage in determining parenthood, in adoption and in the use of economic instruments, especially tax reductions. The proposed new concept of family support from the end of 2016 retreated from a clear value distinction, and thus leads to such a wide definition of the family that this has become a subject of contention between ministries of the Czech government, those in the professional sphere, and those in the area of non-governmental organizations. At the same time, this concept surrenders its attempt to actively influence social reality through measures in favor of marriage, all of which are still the most effective economic benefits for spouses, with reference to the principle of non-discrimination. The area of family and marriage is the subject of deep dispute and it is good that these questions have clearly entered the public social debate, even though it is not clear what results this will bring. In this situation, a clear statement has been issued by the Czech Bishops’ Conference in favor of the marital family as the only standard model of the family.

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ULTRO TRIBUTА LOCARE - CENSORS`CONTRACTS WITH SOCIETATES PUBLICANORUM DURING ROMAN REPUBLIC

Author(s): Stoyan P. Ivanov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

During the Roman Republic, Roman magistrates acted as censors, who entered into contractual activity with private entities of the societates publicanorum, which ultimately produced credits for the civitas Romana. The consequence was that the payments which supplied the cash flows of the government were determined through the activity of the censors as Roman magistrates. The strategy of the Roman fiscal policy may be synthesized by the fragment of Liv.39.44.7: "… et vectigaliasummispretiis, ultrotributainfimislocaverunt". Based on this fact, we may conclude that these ultro tributa were the subject matter of a contract, where the locator was the Roman State through its censors and the conductor were the societates publicanorum, which exercised their duties towards the SPQR. The aim of this article is to outline the significance of the societates publicanorum in the period of the Roman Republic as a remedy for the decentralization of public finances. Also, the Roman Republic practices of public building and services accomplished on contractual basis by private subjects with the money of the State are widely accepted nowadays within the modern institute of public-private partnership.

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