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Circumstances in which malicious the act is not socially dangerous, are expressly provided for in Penal Code. They are an inevitable defense (Article 12 CC), detention of a criminal (Art. 12a CC), final necessity (Art. 13 of the Criminal Code) and justified economic risk (Art. 13a of the Tax Code).
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Conditional and Suspended sentence according to Slovenian criminal law. This work describes the criminal law practice in Slovenia concerning conditional and suspended sentence, and probation. Basic provisions- In Slovenian criminal law there are three kinds of admonitory sanctions: a suspended sentence, a suspended sentence with custodial supervision, and a judicial admonition. Conditions-If the sentence is imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or a fine, this sentence may be suspended. A partial sustention of sentences is not possible Attached general or special conditions-The period for the fulfillment of such obligations is determined by the court within the limits of the term of suspension. Supervision of compliance. The procedure after a breach of a condition and the consequences.
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When in 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) establishes the International Law Commission, one of its priorities the Commission's first task is to prepare the codification of the international one responsibility of states. This step is not at all accidental given the importance of the matter and failure of codification under the auspices of the Society of Nations (UN precursor organization) in 1930. Specific work on the codification of the responsibility of States began only in 1956, when the CIS appoints Cuban Garcia Amador as its special rapporteur.
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This article was presented on the Conference on Countering trafficking in Human Beings, who took place on 7 June at the New Bulgarian University (NBU) in Sofia. The event was organized by Ralitza Kostadinova, Director of the Law programme of the University. Among the lecturers were representatives of the National Service for Combating Organized Crime (NSCOC), Animus Association Foundation, students and teachers from the NBU and other Universities. presented by the Senior Assistant at the Law Faculty in NBU Ralica Kostadinova. The article“Trafficking in Human Beings – a crime according to the Bulgarian Penal Code “ raised of the necessity of synchronizing the Law on Countering Trafficking in Human Beings with the Penal Code in Bulgaria and maked aexperiments to analysing a criminal and legal aspects of this phenomenon.
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The subject of the following report is the legacy in the roman law. A testator could leave individual objects to a person other than his heir by legacy (legatum) or fideicommissum. Whereas a legatum had to be left in a prescribed form, and was chargeable only on a heres appointed by testamentum, a fideicommissum was a simple, informal request of the testator, addressed to any person who benefited from his inheritance, to give one or more objects to a third person (fideicommissarius). The request was commonly made in the words “fidei tuae commito” (hence the name fideicommissum). Originally not enforceable, fideicommissum from the time of Augustus became actionable in special courts, where the official, acting by cognitio extra ordinem, had a wide discretion in interpreting the testator’s will. A fideicommissum was not necessarily a gift of single objects. It might be a gift of the inheritance, in whole or in part. In this case it meant a kind of universal succession, the fideicommissarius being heredis loco. To avoid refusal by the fiduciary successor, which would make void the fideicommissum, later legislation gave him the right of keeping a quarter of the property in trust, in conformity with a Republican statute which preserved for the heir a quarter of the inheritance free from legacies and other burdens. In Justinian’s law the provisions concerning legata and fideicommissa were amalgamated, and the distinction between the two fell into abeyance.
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Many country are reception a legislation against computer crimes. Changes in Criminal Code is increse capacity the authorities.
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In September 2003, the National Assembly passed the Law on Protection Against Discrimination (APA). The legislator has taken the approach of creating a common one a law that is subject to legal protection against all forms of discrimination and ways to prevent it (see Art. 1). In Section I of Chapter II (Articles 12-28) regulates the substantive protection against labor discrimination - the legal regulation of subjective rights and the legal obligations of legal entities (employer and employee), the order for their exercise and the execution, termination or suppression of violations of subjective rights, the penalties for failure to fulfill legal obligations.
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When the testator did not leave a will to distribute his estate after his death, the Inheritance Act of 1949 (PA) imperatively determines the circle of heirs of the deceased person as well the shares they follow.
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Obligations can no doubt be secured by claims belonging tothe debtor or third parties. Only claims that can be bet can be pledgedtransferred, ie whose nature permits disposition (Art. 162 of the LPP).
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It is considered, that the conflict by itself is not a problem, a problem is the unresolved conflict. Besides the traditional legal procedures, alternative means for resolving disputes and conflicts exist. One of them is mediation. The mediation is an out-of-court method for resolving disputes (conflicts) with the assistance of a specially trained for this person – a mediator, who has as a main objective to aid the disputing sides to reach a sensible solution of their problem themselves.The main principles of mediation are: voluntarity, equality between the sides, impartiality of the mediator and confidentially on the acquired information.
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The discussion is organized on the initiative of the Association of Bulgarian Chewing Fellows, with the support of the British Embassy and British Council in Bulgaria.
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The article discusses Walery Pisarek’s activities and contribution to the shaping of the Polish media law system. Beginning with the studies of the press law of the European socialist states in 1973–1974, which is still an extremely valuable source of knowledge about socialist media systems, it describes other aspects of Professor’s activity, including his participation in legislative works concerning the mass media law, as well as the Polish Language Act, and his contribution to the creation of the Council for the Polish Language at the Presidium of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Professor Walery Pisarek was a chairman of the Council and participated in its works until the end of his life.
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Review of: Rudolf Czemin, Das Ende der Tabus. Aufbruch in der Zeitgeschichte, Graz, Stuttgart (Leopold Socker Verlag) 2001, str. 287 Review by: Zoran Janjetović
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The article examines the principle of social dialogue in the Bulgarian law. It motivates the need of rethinking and strengthening the role of social partners in the sphere of educational policies, directed to adequacy of the skills of workers for competitiveness on the labour market. Based on the examination of the national legislative frame and recommendations of the EESC, the authors make conclusions and mark tendencies for the activity of the tripartite cooperation bodies concerning their influence on the educational policies.
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Relations between the Romanian government and the Orthodox Church after WorldWar II changed several times with the change of the party’s policy and role of thechurch in socialist Romania. After the persecution and arrests of clergy in the 1960s,the church became a useful tool in promoting Romanianism in Transylvania andBanat, a loyal ally of the communist authorities. After the Romanian revolution(1989), its role in shaping national belonging and national identity in the official onegovernment policy has increased. The aim of the research and analysis carried out isan attempt to indicate the dynamics of changes in clergy vocations and administrativestructures in the Romanian Orthodox Church and to assess the role played by thegovernment-Church relationship in shaping the official identity policy of the state,as well as national identity in the post-revolution period. The work uses statisticaldata presenting changes in the Romanian Church and the report “Religious beliefsand nationality in Central and Eastern Europe” developed by the Pew ResearchCenter based on surveys carried out in 2015–2016.
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The objective of the paper is an attempt to develop a typology of border cities. The typology will focus upon geopolitical determinants and their outcomes viewed in static and dynamic terms, all in the theoretical aspect. The synthesis of both approaches enabled 18 possible types of border cities to be isolated. Three of these were discussed in the form of case studies (Cieszyn, Chełm, Przemyśl).
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The authors of the article made an attempt to verify the hypothesis that in 2006–2016 in Poland there was convergence of the standard of living of residents of voivodships (NUTS 2 regions). The values of the measure of the standard of living calculated by the authors by dynamic development pattern method were used to assess the standard of living in the analyzed period. Beta-convergence was verified by cross-section absolute and conditional spatial models of convergence of SAR and SARAR types. Sigma-convergence was verified by measures of dispersion and concentration of the standard of living in 2006–2016. The calculations made point to occurrence of beta- and sigma-convergence of the standard of living in Polish voivodships. However, the estimated values of index of convergence and yearly average rate of convergence of the standard of living seem to be quite high; in fact, much higher than expected. It may be a consequence of clustering phenomenon, which we probably observed.
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The aim of the article is to present the synthetic instruments of managing the external protection of the European Union’s borders and to analyze the level of this protection on the example of identified threats. The current status of this problem is determined by successive immigration crises, modifications of actions taken by organized crime in the field of cross-border illegal/irregular movement of people and goods. The management of the external border protection is particularly important in Polish conditions in which the eastern border is the most important part of the land border of the European Union and the Schengen area. The conducted research allows to verify the research thesis that in relation to the eastern border of the Republic of Poland the actions taken by the European Union institutions, national authorities and uniformed formations contributed to the increase of the level of its protection, which at the same time increases the safety of cross-border movement of people and goods.
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The paper contains the proposition of solving the problem of operationalization of the SECI model of knowledge creation in a new scope — i.e., in relation to knowledge about managing an SME enterprise in conditions of uncertainty. This knowledge includes the assessment of the enterprise in the potential — risk space of operational activity. This problem was solved theoretically by developing the original A–E–AE enterprise ontology and practically by constructing the SOK-P1 system, which was used in the advisory practice for SME sector enterprises in the Lubelskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships.
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The authors propose to assess the level of economic security of regions by means of calculating the integral index of security. The proposed approach includes six consecutive steps: definition of the system of indicators affecting the level of economic security of a region; formation of a statistical array of estimated indicators; standardization of estimated indicators; calculation of weighting coefficients for each of the indicator using the expert method; determination of the intermediate and integral index of the level of economic security of a region; interpretation of the results of assessment and rating of regions by level of economic security. The proposed method was developed on the data of Ukrainian regions.
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