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Ljudska prava se temelje na pojmu urođenog dostojanstva svih ljudskih bića. Univerzalna su, neotuđiva, nedjeljiva i međuovisna. Vijeće Evrope je izgradilo efiaksan sistem zaštite ljudskih prava kroz Evropsku konveciju o zaštiti ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda i Evropski sud za ljudska prava. U Bosni i Hercegovini ljudska prava se štite na nivou države, kao i na nivou entiteta. Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine, te ustavi entiteta, na specifičan način štite ljudska prava, kroz direktnu primjenu Evropske konvencije o zaštiti ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda.
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Predsjedništvo Bosne i Hercegovine je kolektivni šef države i nosilac izvršne vlasti. Princip pariteta u njegovom sastavu i široka primjena principa konsenzusa u odlučivanju obezbjeđuju zastupljenost i ravnopravnost konstitutivnih naroda. Svakom članu Predsjedništva pripada i pravo veta ukoliko smatra da je odluka štetna po vitalni interes entiteta, iako se time u stvarnosti štite vitalni nacionalni interesi. Ovakva struktura i način odlučivanja Predsjedništva su naveli pojedine autore na zaključak da je ono konfederalni organ, a Bosna i Hercegovina konfederacija, što se može osporiti argumentom da u Predsjedništvu nisu neposredno zastupljeni entiteti već konstitutivni narodi. Predsjedništvo raspolaže značajnim nadležnostima, koje ga čine potencijalno najmoćnijom političkom institucijom, pa ono predstavlja jakog šefa države u mješovitom sistemu vlasti.
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Aneksom 2. Dejtonskog sporazuma Brčko Distrikt je definiran kao „jedinica lokalne samouprave koja je pod suverenitetom Bosne i Hercegovine“. Nedvojbeno je Brčko Distrikt još jedna u nizu posebnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, počev od njegovog nastanka pa do pitanja ustavnog statusa. Stoga će fokus ove teme biti položaj Brčko Distrikta u BiH, njegovo ustavno određenje i uopće analiza termina „teritorij sa posebnim statusom u sklopu BiH“. Poseban osvrt se može dati sada, osam godina od nastanka Distrikta, o ustrojstvu, funkcioniranju i budućnosti ovog nimalo običnog modela lokalne samouprave. Ipak je Brčko Distrikt „najbolja sredina u BiH jer nijedna nacionalna ili politička grupacija nema prevlast, već su upućene na zajednički rad i saradnju“ (Dr. Raffi Gregorian, supervizor za Brčko Distrikt).
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Rad daje strukturalni prikaz jednog entiteta u Bosni i Hercegovini – Federacije BiH. Dat je kratak historijski put nastanka ovog bosanskohercegovačkog entiteta uz teorijsko obrazlaganje i Washingtonskog i Daytonskog sporazuma. Kroz Ustav Federacije BiH prikazana je punoća i jedinstvo odnosa između zakonodavne, izvršne i sudske vlasti, te prikazani njeni glavni nositelji. Kroz ustavno rješenje koje predstavlja temeljni pravni akt kojim se uspostavlja pravni i društvenoekonomski poredak, deskriptivno je elaboriran i ustavni položaj, ustavno uređenje i organizacija vlasti. Nadležnost Federacije BiH i kantona kao federalnih jedinica je također iscrpno prikazana. Uz opisivanje postojećeg stanja, utvrđeni su i glavni problemi koji sprečavaju efikasno funkcioniranje Federacije BiH. Primjetno je da ovaj entitet ima vrlo složenu unutrašnju strukturu koja se, s obzirom na veličinu teritorije, rijetko susreće u komparativnome ustavnome pravu. Također je primjetno da je na Ustav Federacije BiH usvojeno preko stotinu amandmana od 1994. godine, što je posebno postalo aktualno nakon donošenja Odluke Ustavnoga suda Bosne i Hercegovine o konstitutivnosti naroda na cijeloj teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine iz 2000. godine. Na kraju su date osnovne informacije ustavnog i institucionalnog odnosa Federacije BiH i države Bosne i Hercegovine, te su prikazana rješenja koja bi doprinijela eventualnom poboljšavanju i unutrašnjeg i vanjskog funkcioniranja cijele Bosne i Hercegovine.
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Namjera autora ovog rada je da predstavi normativna rješenja i praktična iskustva lokalne samouprave u Bosni i Hercegovini. Cilj autora je predstaviti zakonske aspekte i strukturu lokalne samouprave kako na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine, tako i na entitetskim nivoima u Bosni i Hercegovini, te na nivou Brčko distrikta. Lokalna samouprava podrazumijeva pravo i osposobljenost jedinica lokalne samouprave da, u granicama zakona, reguliraju i upravljaju određenim javnim poslovima na osnovu vlastite odgovornosti i u interesu lokalnog stanovništva. Za razliku od državne uprave, za koju je karakterističan hijerarhijski odnos, podređenost nižih organa višim i centralizacija u djelovanju, primarna obilježja lokalne samouprave su autonomija i samostalnost, decentralizacija i demokratizacija. Iza djelovanja državne uprave pretežno stoji prinuda, a iza lokalne samouprave dobrovoljnost. Lokalna samouprava u Bosni i Hercegovini različito je uređena, postoje zakoni na entitetskom ali ne i na državnom nivou.
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Trend of fiscal decentralization, present in the member States of the European Union and countries in transition current in the Republic of Serbia.The first major step in this direction was done by passing a law regulating the financing of local government. The line with the commitment of the Republic of Serbia for EU membership, the question is to what extent is executed harmonization with the EU in this field.Comparing the current legal solutions, it can be concluded that in principle achieved harmonization with the principles contained in the European Charter of Local Self-Government. However, only the alignment with the principles of European law does not automatically providing the goals to be achieved by fiscal decentralization.
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Based on the adopted international standards which are part of numerous documents of universal and regional international organizations (Council of Europe, European Union) by adopting new criminal regulation in 2005 and its updating in 2009 and 2011 respectively, Republic of Serbia has prescribed family violence as a separate criminal offence. Providing criminal responsibility and punishability for the most severe forms of violence among relatives Serbia approached in this way numerous other legal and social systems. The paper analyses the international standards of the European regional organizations and their implementation in the criminal legislation of Serbia from the theoretical and practical aspects.
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În capitolul II sunt abordate probleme ce ţin de opurtunităţile şi provocările timpurilor de azi, cu referire la portaluri ştiinţifice globale, reţele sociale, problema protecţiei datelor cu caracter personal.
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The report discusses the ideas of the American professor of law and literature Stanley Fish and how they can help us to realize not only the place of humanities today but also the usefulness of literary activities for the dense picture of life. Examples include discussions on John Milton's works as well as Bulgarian literary works.
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Perpetrators of extreme crime often suffer from brain diseases which do not exclude legal sanity – schizophrenia and alcoholic disease. Traditional judicial practice regards them as mitigating circumstances which prevent the imposition of the gravest penalty prescribed. However, after the introduction of life imprisonment (1996) and life imprisonment without commutation (1998) judicial approaches deviate from that concept thus establishing conflicting solutions. The article argues that traditional concepts should be restored. The article is based on a case-law study and an in-depth analysis of a selection of cases.
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Under the Bulgarian Criminal law the court may impose probation as punishment or impose a probation measure during the testing period in the case of suspended sentence and early release. Once imposed they become part of the probation regime during test period and any failure to observe them triggers consequences unfavorable for the sentenced person. The adhesion of our country to the European Union in 2007 and the free movement of persons and services faced criminal justice science with new challenges. In 2012 Bulgaria transposed Council Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA dealing with the transfer of probation measures and the application of the principle of mutual recognition of probation decisions and alternative sanctions. The basic principles and aims of the Decision are implemented in the national legislation through the Act on the recognition, execution and forwarding of judgments and probation decisions for the purposes of supervision of the probation measures and alternative sanctions.
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The freedom of association is not unfamiliar legal construction for the Bulgarian public life. It's foundations were established before the Liberation of Ottoman rule, and it's existence was inevitable mark of Bulgarian culture identity. Although the freedom of association wasn't incorporated in the Russian project of Bulgarian constitution, the father founders managed to validate it as a fundamental freedom. Thus until 1912 the latter showed it's potential and that was one positive aspect for the political and economical development of our state.
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The present article examines the role and importance of ‘soft law’ sources for the regulation of international commercial and civil relations in the contemporary world. Object of study are different types of optional instruments, such like Model Laws, Principles, Uniform Rules etc. prepared by UNCITRAL, UNODROIT, ICC and other international organizations. They provide a pattern that law-makers in national governments can adopt as part of their domestic legislation on private law. These rules are not enacted as legislation and therefore not binding in nature, but they could be selected by parties as part of their contract. Under analysis are also the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), Principles of European Tort Law (PETL), Principles of European Family Law (PEFL), Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL), as well as the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) and their importance for the future European Civil code.
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Perpetrators of extreme crime usually suffer from mental health damages which do not qualify as legal insanity. The most common among them is the mental/personality disorder. Judicial approaches towards it differ from concept that it is a sufficient condition to deny the imposition of the gravest penalty to a belief that it is a sufficient ground for imposing it as it is directly related to the perpetrator’s dangerousness. The article argues that personality disorder is a mitigating circumstance which prevents courts from choosing the gravest penalty. The article is based on a case-law study and analyses in depth a selection of cases.
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The principle of the rule of law is a fundamental element of the legal order of contemporary democracy. Even though it has been created on the basis of international treaties, the European Union is affirming as new type of organization of public authority, in whose legal system a series of manifestations of the rule of law find their expression. Through the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and through series of amendments of the Founding treaties, the principle of the rule of law turns into a state of constitutional character for the legal order of the EU, determining both the legality of the acts of the European institutions and the belonging of the member-states to the Union.
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Some of the elements of a sustainable restorative justice politics will be presented – at the intersection of jurisdiction, law, education, social work, local governance, etc. An analysis of these will be suggested with the aim of a realistic planning of the change and of preserving its core values.
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Tužilac Međunarodnog krivičnog suda za bivšu Jugoslaviju, u skladu sa svojim ovlašćenjima iz člana 18 Statuta Međunarodnog krivičnog suda za bivšu Jugoslaviju (u daljem tekstu: Statut Međunarodnog suda), optužuje: Vojislava Šešelja za zločine protiv čovečnosti i kršenja zakona i običaja ratovanja, kako sledi: …
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W dyskusji na temat przemian w okresie dziesięciu lat po największym rozszerzeniu Unii Europejskiej oraz członkostwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w strukturach unijnych nie można pominąć zasadniczej kwestii, jaką jest kształtowanie krajowego porządku prawnego pod wpływem prawa unijnego. Jest to tym bardziej uzasadnione, że efektywność stosowania prawa unijnego jest oceniana przez pryzmat krajowych porządków prawnych, które powinny spełniać określone wymagania wynikające z norm prawa unijnego i orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Trzeba przy tym zaznaczyć, że obecnie nie należy podkreślać odrębności tych porządków prawnych. Implementacja prawa unijnego do krajowego porządku prawnego i jego stosowanie, intensywność zachodzących pomiędzy nimi powiązań o charakterze strukturalnym, funkcjonalnym, a także merytorycznym powoduje, że porządki prawne: unijny i krajowy, nie są traktowane odrębnie, lecz jako zintegrowany porządek prawny.
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Przed rozpoczęciem perspektywy finansowej na lata 2007–2013 miały miejsce zmiany w prawie pomocy publicznej. W 2012 r. Komisja Europejska przystąpiła do reformy zasad udzielania pomocy publicznej z wizją ich dostosowania do problemów, jakie pojawiły się w związku z kryzysem gospodarczym, do oczekiwań sformułowanych w strategii Europa 2020, a także założeń wieloletnich ram finansowych na lata 2014–2020. Głównym celem niniejszego opracowania jest ocena zbieżności celów obu reform z interesem i praktyką udzielania pomocy publicznej w Polsce. Ponadto zostanie zbadana struktura pomocy publicznej w Polsce po akcesji do UE w porównaniu do sytuacji w innych państwach członkowskich oraz zostaną wskazane najbardziej wrażliwe kwestie związane z dysponowaniem środkami publicznymi w trakcie nowej perspektywy finansowej na lata 2014–2020.
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