Legal Aspects of Eco-Villages

Author(s): Orsolya Bányai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I am going to analyse how much the current legal environment impedes or supports the establishment and maintenance of eco-villages in a Central European country, specifically Hungary. Although my analysis builds mostly upon Hungarian law, its main statements and consequences can be useful on an international level as well. It should be noted that according to the opinions of Hungarian social theorists (András Takács Sánta, Béla Borsos), who are deeply concerned with this topic, the Hungarian legal regulation does not relieve the situation of ecological communities at all. However, jurisprudence has not dealt – not even in a consciousness-raising way – with this problem until now. By this short paper, I would like to contribute to clearing up this debt (Fodor et al. 2016. 19–39). Below, I will firstly define the term eco-village. After that, I will make a short review of the situation regarding eco-villages in Hungary, and finally I will turn to their legal aspects.

Promising Solutions from the Environment Protection Practices of Three Municipalities

Author(s): Attila Barta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the environment protection practices of three Hungarian municipalities: Biharkeresztes, Dorog, and Debrecen. The reason why it does so is because the research this paper presents strove from the beginning to provide a more nuanced picture on local environment protection policies by gathering as much empirical (that is: local, first-hand) experience as possible, besides representative questionnaire-based surveys and written sources. To achieve this, members of our research team visited pre-selected settlements (municipalities), where they conducted focus-group interviews and collected sources available via fieldwork only.

The Principle of Sovereignty and International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda

Author(s): Milenko Kreća / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with relevant issues related to the establishment and operation of the ICTY and ICTR. The start in premise is the principle of sovereignty in international law and its external form, i.e. suprema potestas. In this sense, the principle implies Independence within the norms of international law, as a counterpoint to absolute sovereignty. As far as the establishment of the ICTY and ICTR is concerned, both were established according to the same pattern, resolutions of the UN Security Council.As the ratio of the establishment, the relevant resolutions state the punishment of the persons responsible for the committed crimes, on the one hand, and the establishment and maintenance of peace, on the other. Differences exist, however, in the jurisdiction of the tribunal ratione materie. According to Resolution 827 of 1993, the competence of the ICTY is limited to serious violations of international humanitarian law, and the competence of the ICTR includes the crime of genocide. Furthermore, the author examines the issue of the legal effect of the Law on Cooperation with the ICTY, which was adopted by the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2002 and 2003. The author finds that the effects of the Law are limited in terms of the recognition of the Tribunal in foro interno, as a legal basis for the cooperation of competent internal authorities with the Tribunal, without implying the recognition of the Tribunal in foro externo. Based on the provisions of the relevant resolutions of the Security Council, the author finds that, in the light of the provisions of general international law, the establishment of the ICTY and ICTR is, by its very nature, an unprovided form of international intervention in the context of peace-building. The author pays special attention to the question of the authority of the Security Council to establish judicial bodies within the measures provided for in Articles 41 and 42 of the UN Charter, the establishment of the Tribunal and the principle of the rule of law, and the jurisdiction of the Tribunal and the principle of competence de la competence. In the second part, this paper deals with the relationship between principle of sovereignty and the rules of international criminal law applies+d by the Tribunals.

Evropski identitet - kontroverzije i refleksije

Author(s): Mirjana Nadaždin Defterdarević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The author of the article examines the question of European identity as a newly created identity, with particular attention to the foundations which the collective European identity should build to serve its primarily task-the loyalty of EU citizens, In that sense, the creation of the European identity coincides with some critical Questions from the legal-political discourse within which it seeks affirmation and legislation.The Research starts from the assumption that in the EU, as a political entity sui generis, in the best tradition of European citizenship, by creating European identity, democracy has transformed from the political from that legitimizes the powers and sovereignty of the national state into a political form that legitimizes human rights, whereas the national identity in the context of the inclusive European identity acquires the function of double legitimacy- cultural and political. By analyzing the content and by using teleological method, the research focuses in particular on the aspect of determination and variability of the content of the concept of identity, the justification for creating a European identity, its political recognition, its connection with human rights and the integrative role that multiculturalism plays in their implementation.

Борба Срба за верску и просветну аутономију у Босни и Херцеговини 1896-1905. године

Author(s): Sanja Savić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The improvement of the position felt by Orthodox Serbs after the adoption of liberal Hatti Humayun in 1856, and the Statute on the Administration of Church and People's affairs of Orthodox Christians in the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 1862, did not last long. Already with the arrival of the Austro- Hungarian occupation authorities, the competencies of the Serbian church - school municipalities were narrowing. The struggle of Orthodox Serbs for religious and educational autonomy in Bosnia and Herzegovina began in 1896. The leaders of the struggle tried on several occasions to point out to the ruler the reckless violation of the rights acquired during the Ottoman rule, as well as to various abuses committed by the authorities. At the same time work was done on formulating an act which would regulate the legal position of Serbian church - school municipalities. Ended in 1905 with the enactment of the Decree of the Church - Educational Administration of the Serbian Orthodox Dioceses (Metropolitanate) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this struggle gave birth to the first representatives of Serbian civic policy subsequently organized in political parties.

Културната политика на Европейския съюз - между културното многообразие и поставянето на преден план на общото културно наследство

Author(s): Jean-Christophe Barbato / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

One of the components of the United Europe idea, according to its founders, is culture. The EU views the goal of maintaining cultural diversity as complementary to the goal of highlighting the common cultural legacy. Both of these objectives are more likely to be attained through intercultural conversation and the free movement and access to all cultures. Starting from diversity, the goal is to achieve a unity that does not, however, harm the original diversity, which is preserved. The European Union's motto, "United in Diversity," is a wonderful synthesis of this strategy.

A Computer Abusive Access Case Study Solved with Windows Registry Analysis

Author(s): Pierluigi PERRONE,Antonio SILVESTRE,Giuseppe TARASCHI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article has the aim to describe a real forensics investigation case. An employee is accused of revealing confidential company information related to a project he was working on using a company computer registered to the company domain. The accused defends himself, insinuating the doubt that it could have been anyone because his office is always open. After the seizure and acquisition of a company hard drive, the investigators want to find some evidences related the Windows system registry. In particular, the analysis will be aimed at identifying what were the energy and standby settings at the time of the seizure and if upon reactivation of the screen, the password was requested and needed to access the system.

Digitalization of Finance: Effect or Cause of Programmed Chaos?

Author(s): Ruxandra RÎMNICEANU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The actual "permacrisis" marks the five transitions that are unfolding simultaneously: a transition in the planet's climate regime, an energy transition, a geopolitical transition, a technological transition and a demographic transition. In this context, all the risks that are around show us that we are dealing with a programmed chaos that might affect the financial ecosystem, also. In this respect, such to avoid a collapse and to strengthen the banking and financial sector, the European entities appreciate that there it is necessary to strengthen the leadership of the EU in the digital domain by promoting inclusive and sustainable digital policies, serving citizens and businesses. Taking into account that the risks of increased exposure to potential cybercrime, operational resilience failures and data protection and privacy issues could have an important impact, the digital transformation must be in line with EU values - the 2030 policy program entitled "The Path to the Digital Decade" and "The Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles in the E.U.".

Косвени свидетелства за формалните облигации в римското право

Author(s): Maria Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Roman jurists defined an obligation as iuris vinculum, i.e., a legal relationship or bond between persons governed by legal norms other than those established on the basis of religious, moral, or social patterns of behavior. The Roman poet Horace (65-8 B.C.) frequently used legal terms and situations as artistic embellishments. This preference to combine or dress up the poetic image with a legal idea or concept made his style lively and original, but not only that. He also provides indirect evidence of legal practice in ancient Rome.

NU ESTE DELOC „CĂLCÂIUL LUI AHILE” INTRAREA ÎN VIGOARE A LEGII NR. 367/2022 PRIVIND DIALOGUL SOCIAL ÎN DETERMINAREA COMPETENȚEI MATERIALE ÎN SOLUȚIONAREA CONFLICTELOR INDIVIDUALE DE MUNCĂ. ARGUMENT PENTRU O PRACTICĂ JUDICIARĂ UNITARĂ

Author(s): Verginel Lozneanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The present study aims to argue solutions in determining the material competence of the courts in the resolution of individual labor conflicts after the entry into force of Law no. 367/2022 on social dialogue. From our point of view, too rigid opinions have been expressed in the legal literature and the judicial practice is already non-unitary.

ЗЕЛЕНАТА СДЕЛКА И ПРОБЛЕМИТЕ В ТРАНСПОРТНОТО ОБСЛУЖВАНЕ

Author(s): Nikolina Belcheva Dragneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

European legislation enables and encourages member states to implement projects, referring to Art.7 of Directive (EU) 2019/944 of the European Parliament - The Green Deal. In transport, the aim is to reduce emissions in the sector by 90%, to which all modes of transport must contribute. The green transformation of transport is directly related to the production and introduction of sustainable alternative fuels and intelligent traffic systems. The digitalisation in the transport sector and the opportunities provided by dynamically evolving technologies lead to an increase in the quality of transport services as well as to the overall improvement of environmental and economic indicators.

АКРЕДИТАЦИЯ И СТАНДАРТИ ПРИ РАБОТА В ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ КРИМИНАЛИСТИЧНИ ЛАБОРАТОРИИ

Author(s): Stoyan Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories established in GOST R ISO / IEC 17025 apply to all laboratories conducting tests and calibration . At application GOST R ISO / IEC 17025 in specific areas arises need more detailed explanation and clarification of the established requirements.This International Standard has been developed to provide forensic laboratories guiding instructions on application GOST R ISO/IEC 17025 .The requirements established in this standard may also be applied by accreditation bodies for forensic laboratories as additional to the requirements of GOST R ISO / IEC 17025 .It is necessary that the laboratories comply with all the requirements (legal norms) for the production of forensic examinations established by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation.This International Standard has been developed from ILAC-G19:2002 „Guidelines for Forensic Science Laboratories“.

Korištenje zakona za borbu protiv rodno zasnovanog nasilja u univerzitetskim zajednicama

Author(s): Louise Whitfield / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Iako zakoni postoje da bi štitili žene od nasilja nad ženama i djevojčicama u kampusu, preživjele ih rijetko koriste, a institucije rutinski ignoriraju. U ovom području je bilo vrlo malo slučajeva, što je otežalo pravnu analizu, ali u ovom poglavlju se razmatra postojeće zakonodavstvo i procjenjuje se kako bi se moglo više koristiti da bi se postigla nužno potrebna promjena u odgovornosti univerziteta i poštovanju ženskih prava. Vrlo mali broj dosadašnjih slučajeva odraz je kulturnog i zakonskog okruženja, kao i teškoća na koje žene nailaze pri pokretanju takvih slučajeva. Međutim, važeći zakoni omogućavaju pozivanje univerziteta na odgovornost, a ovom poglavlju koje je napisala advokatkinja koja ih je koristila u novijim predmetima (uključujući R (Ramey) protiv Upravnog odbora Univerziteta Oxford), detaljno se razmatra evropsko, međunarodno i zakonodavstvo UK koje je dostupno preživjelima rodno zasnovanog nasilja, njihovim advokati(ca)ma i aktivistkinjama.

Приветствие. Национална конференция „Тридесет години България в Съвета на Европа – Върховенство на правото, демокрация, права на човека“ 30 април 2022г. 10.00 часа, НБУ

Author(s): Diana Kovacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Проектът на Закон за БНР и БНТ – гаранция за спазване на изискванията на Съвета на Европа за независимост; прозрачност; отчетност и устойчивост на обществените медии в България

Author(s): Raina Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article presents the implementation of the requirements of the Council of Europe for compliance with the principles of independence; transparency; accountability and sustainability of public media; enshrined in the draft Law on Bulgarian National Radio and Bulgarian National Television; drafted by Prof. Habil. Raina Nikolova

Държавното регулиране в областта на защитата на конкуренцията

Author(s): Rositsa Toneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Competition is the main mechanism of the market economy, which affects supply (producers, traders) and demand (intermediate customers, final consumers). It is a tool of guaranteeing consumers a good ratio between the quality and the price of the goods and services. Competition forces the market players to strive to be competitive and economically efficient. But in order for the competition to be effective and its goals to be achieved, it needs to be regulated by the state. It is only the state who has the power to ensure the establishment and regulation of the economic relations, the course of economic processes in line with benefiting the public and to maintain law and order in the fulfillment of competition tasks.

Електронна товарителница – цифрова революция при договора за превоз

Author(s): Desimira Yurukova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The road freight transport takes a leading place in the constantly digitalizing world. The contract of carriage is regulated by the Convention on the Contract of Carriage in Road Freight Transport (CMR Convention). The Convention settles the CMR like a basic transport document. In 2008; an Additional Protocol was adopted; which allows the use of an electronic consignment note. The aim of this paper is to analyze the terms - CMR and e-CMR; to make a comparison between them and to analyse the use in practice in the transport law. It will be explored what are the advantages and disadvantages by using of the e-CMR; and in which Member States of the European Union it is already applicable.

Правосубектността на физическите лица през погледа на дигиталните технологии

Author(s): Daniel Delchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The legal personality of the individuals is one of the basic legal concepts that provides the basis for each of the branches of law; both in the past and in the present. With the technological rise and both the development of digital technologies and the daily dynamics of legal relations; the concept of „legal personality“ has not only not lost its significance; but on the contrary; gained a meaning in a completely new and expanded context. The legal personality of individuals has managed to enrich its meaning; refracted through the prism of the modern and the new; expanding its interpretation to include the modern definition of „personal data“ as a mean for the legal individualization of the individuals. This publication aims to examine the concept of the legal personality of the individuals and its main characteristics; while presenting the contemporary view on the context of the same; including personal data as a mean of legal individualization; the protection of these data and the role of the digital technologies in all these processes.

Предизвикателства пред индустриалните отношения в условията на дигитализация

Author(s): Valeri Apostolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

From its inception to the present day, Industrial relations are constantly undergoing changes caused both by changes and the development of technology and the organization of work. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the uptake and use of digitization opportunities even faster, covering almost all spheres of work. Digitization, on the one hand, creates opportunities related to the creation of new technologies and organizational processes, but on the other hand, in terms of employment, it creates uncertainty and a threat to rental capital, specifically in relation to the production, distribution and consumption of labor. The accelerated implementation of digitization is a challenge for industrial relations because it puts pressure on labor and places a number of priorities for resolution in the field of labor law, insurance and health and safety at work.

Финансови измами и престъпления, извършвани с доходите на персонала от предприятията

Author(s): Maia Natchkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report highlights the financial frauds and crimes committed as a result of misappropriation of income of the staff. The objective of the report is to describe, characterise and analyze the main types of financial frauds and crimes related to material irregularities, deviations and non-conformities in income of the staff performed by the enterprises by presenting the specific approaches of the independent financial audit to the timely identification and prevention of such financial frauds and crimes. The object of this study refers to the main types of income of the staff -related financial frauds and crimes and the disclosure of such transactions in the enterprises’ financial statements. The subject of the study covers the analysis of the abilities of the certified public accountants – registered auditors who carry out independent financial audit to identify and prevent income of the staff -related financial frauds and crimes committed by the enterprises.