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Suwerenność i zwierzchnictwo ludowe: egzystencja prywatna i egzystencja polityczna

Author(s): Anna Krzynówek-Arndt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2016

Research objective:The article is an attempt to highlight inherent tensions and mutual contradictions that popular sovereignty perceived as a category of modern political thought is marked by.The research problem and methods:Through the analyses of crucial passages of Rousseau’s political writings I show that different interpretations of popular sovereignty should be analyzed in the context of Robert Spaemann’s reading of rousseauian thesis of the irreversible disintegration of political unity and separation of public and private.The process of argumentation:I argue that the thought of Jan Jakub Rousseau may be a basis for deriving different meanings of popular sovereignty according to different and sometimes mutually exclusive interpretations typical of neorepublicanism, civic humanism, communitarianism and political liberalism. Rousseau’s idea of popular sovereignty may be perceived as combining classical and nominalist traditions (an actual consensus of the majority as a representation of the general will).Research results:The main conclusion of the article is that the tension implicit in the idea of popular sovereignty is inherently linked with a dual condition of modern man incapable of both political and private existence.Conclusions, innovations and recommendations:The idea of well-ordered society as described in The Social Contract and Considerations on the Government of Poland shows the tensions and ambiguities in modern idea of popular sovereignty, which could be taken into consideration while analyzing it as one of the main constitutional principles.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau i James Madison. Dwa modele obywatelstwa w tradycji doktryny suwerenności ludu

Author(s): Rafał Lis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2016

Research objective:The aim of the article is to analyse the thought of J.J. Rousseau and J. Madison (counted among the most prominent theorists of popular or republican government in the Eighteenth century), with a special emphasis on the issue of citizenry.The research problem and methods: The author focuses on the relationship between the accounts of the people and the associated concepts of citizenship. He wonders whether they can provide us with any coherent vision of the citizens’ role in government or – rather – reveal serious discrepancies within a broader doctrinal tradition. To that purpose the author refers to main works of these authors, supporting his conclusions by critical references to secondary sources, dealing especially with their views on popular sovereignty.The process of argumentation: The article begins with the analysis of Rousseau’s thought, turning then to that of Madison. It finishes with a sort of summary, which gives an opportunity to emphasise the main similarities and – above all – differences between their arguments.Research results: The analysis of the both authors’ thought indicates that there were at least two different views on citizenship within the Eighteenth century tradition of popular sovereignty. It points out that Rousseau viewed the common citizenry in a very active role of a sovereign, insisting on frequent assemblies of the people as a necessary means of identifying the general will. In that respect, Madison kept warning against a more direct or locally-oriented citizens’ activity, looking for such electoral and constitutional devices of majority rule that would more appropriately serve the public interest, securing the rights of minorities as well.Conclusions, innovations, recommendations:The far-reaching conclusion is that the two depicted models of citizenship reveal in fact considerably broad possibilities of defining popular sovereignty and – more specifically – the constitutional function of civic activity. The latter will be ultimately determined by assumptions of the public sphere and evaluations of the moral and political capacities of the very citizens.

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W sprawie idiogenicznej teorii sądu

Author(s): Adam Olech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

The subject of this article is an analysis of three sentences from Franz Brentano’s The Psychology from the Empirical Point of View. These sentences speak about the essence of the idiogenic theory of judgement. This essence is that the judging subject affirms the objects that were already presented by him as true or rejects them as false.

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Božansko u Petrićevoj Poetici

Author(s): Mladen Živković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/2005

The works of Frane Petrić have been studied intensively in Croatia and abroad in the last decades. Petrić does not stop to amaze us with his great erudition. Ali the themes he wrote about - beginning with his juvenile works and taking its mature shape in Nova de Universis Philosophia - were studied systematically and in opposition to authorities and contemporanities. This also applies to his Poetics. That huge work is not fully presented in this article, but, instead, it’s one aspect have been investigated. This work is considered to be a specific defense of poetry, which has been taken by Petrić’s unbreakable connection and joining together poetic and divine, which has the miracle as their common. In reading this work, we could not help but to be amazed over the quantity of issues it elaborates. Even more amazing is the clarity of Petrić’s language in most complicated themes, as vvell as the impression that in front of us we have a book which can say a lot to contemporary scholars of poetics and aesthetics.

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Утопичните острови на тропиците – възможни и реални

Author(s): Maya Gorcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

In the European cultural tradition, the image of the islands brings together the geographical strangeness with a social utopia. The paper traces its historical alterations, as attested in documentary and literary travel stories, in comparison with Leibniz's thesis of the “best world”.

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Ex Occidente Lux. От феноменология на мита към геополитика и онтология et vice versa в късното творчество на д-р Янко Янев

Author(s): Kosta Benchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

Janko Janeff’s book Southeast Europe and the German Spirit (1938) is analyzed through the lens of a fundamental Thracian-Dionysian- Orphic myth, i.e. the birth of being or of light from non-being/nothing/ darkness. It is shown how its geopolitical and ontological/theologicalconsequences are to be drawn accordingly to that purely phenomenological premise concerning the supposed Indo-European Renaissance on the OldContinent as per the views expressed by the author.

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Platonism and Cosmology in Early American Puritan Philosophy

Author(s): Yaroslav Sobolievskyi,Liubov Sobolievska / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2022

In the history of early American philosophy, in its earliest period of Puritanism, there were unique thinkers whose philosophical mindset formed original views on the nature of man and the cosmos. Since antiquity, the history of philosophy has been determined by the degree of relevance of Plato’s teachings. In medieval universities, and later in the universities of the Renaissance, Neoplatonism, in various modifications, had a great influence. The first settlers in the North American colonies were educated people, some having graduated from English colleges; they knew ancient literature and philosophy very well, had read the texts available at that time, and talked about their God-chosen mission through the prism of Biblical history. The purpose of this article is to determine the influence of Platonism with its cosmological doctrine of the creation of the world and of the eternal and unchanging ideas as the prototypes of things in the Puritan philosophy of New England in the 17th century. The syncretic unity of Aristotelianism and Platonism, thanks to the teachings of Peter Ramus, became popular in New England. As a result of the study of primary sources and texts of Puritan thinkers, a search was made for references to Plato or his teachings. In the books of some Puritan philosophers, such as Williams, Ward, Hooker, and others, there are ideas similar to those of Plato. It can be assumed that they were familiar with Plato’s dialogues or with the texts of his commentators. One of the earliest references to Plato in the texts of Puritan thinkers is found in Bradford’s journal ‘Of Plymouth Plantation’ (1651). Also worth mentioning are Stone, Cotton, Mather, Wise and others. All of them were, to varying degrees, familiar with the political, metaphysical, and cosmological teachings of ancient authors. Of the cosmological treatises of Plato, the Timaeus was especially popular, where the process of the creation of the world by the demiurge was described. Space exploration, contrary to popular belief, was present in New England, albeit on a small scale. In addition to philosophy, in colonial America, astronomical observations were made of celestial bodies, stars, the Moon, and comets. During the era of Puritanism in the history of early American philosophy, Platonism was an important philosophical current, and it was to become even more prominent in the following eras.

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Ралф Кадуърт и неговата роля в историята на моралната философия през ранната модерна епоха

Author(s): Hristo Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Sarah Hutton, renowned scholar of Ralph Cudworth’s philosophy in the present day, notes that Cudworth himself has constructed a conception of the human mind that lies at the root of most fully developed philosophical psychology that a representative of Seventeenth-Century Cambridge Platonists has ever endowed in the terms of his own intellectual heritage. Cudworth had turned his attention to the philosophical tradition of Platonism, especially to the Plotinus’ Enneads, to have developed the same philosophical psychology distinguished by its notion of the soul like self-determining entity having many faculties: intellectual, vital, and moral. On account of this state of affairs Hutton presumes that it is rightfully to think Cudworth undoubtedly to have carried out real theory of mind that has yielded explanations about discernible experience in relation to the human mental states. Hutton rightly thinks on account of that statement that the definitions of the essence of the soul Plotinus has presented in his Enneads, IV, are substantial part of Cudworth’s philosophical psychology that places emphasis on the notion of the soul like self-determining and ruling entity in the realm of mental processes in human vital experience. That soul according to Cudworth can in the same time sympathize with the phenomena of this experience. Here I propose discussion on these issues. I posit that Cudworth had relied on his notion of the soul when he had developed his own epistemology in relation to the conception of morality and freewill that he had been working out. Accordingly I maintain that the moral philosophy of Cudworth within this frame of reference has had its influence on the further development of the moral philosophy in Britain.

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Interpretacje Kanta rozumienia „rodziny” jako wspólnoty domowej

Author(s): Zdzisław Kieliszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 59/2022

Kant understood “family” primarily as a domestic society and presented the basic foundations for regulating its life in The Metaphysics of Morals. Kant’s view of “family” was criticized shortly after its publication. Among the existing interpretations of Kant’s understanding of “family” three main directions can be distinguished. First, there are interpretations that argue with Kant (Friedrich L. Bouterwek, Christian G. Schütz, Georg W.F. Hegel, Carl A. Emge, Gerhard Buchda, Ernst Swoboda, Reinhard Brandt, Hariolf Oberer, Frank Kuhne). Secondly, there are interpretations showing that Kant’s view of “family” is congruent with other elements of his philosophy (Karl Vorländer, Adam Horn, Julius Ebbinghaus, Klaus Steigleder, Pärttyli Rinne). Thirdly, some researchers discover that Kant’s understanding of “family” was not only innovative for its time, but still contains inspiring research potential (Wolfgang Kersting, Bernd Ludwig, Barbara Herman, Sharon Byrd, Peter König, Francesca Di Donato). However, after analysing the existing interpretations of the concept of “family” contained in Kant’s philosophy, one can reach the following conclusions. Firstly, there is a noticeable lack of studies directly and extensively analysing Kant’s understanding of “family”. Secondly, the existing interpretations clearly focus on the question of the consistency of Kant’s thoughts on family life with other elements of his philosophy. Third, even critics of Kant’s thoughts point out that his view of family life was innovative for those times. Fourthly, Kant’s concept of “family” is considered an interesting research area, as it can be used to find interesting inspirations for the ongoing discussions, such as the protection and equality of women, children’s rights, the conditions of moral fairness and the legitimacy of social contracts, moral evaluation and the possibility of legally sanctioning homosexual relationships or understanding human sexuality.

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Teorija društvenog ugovora Tomasa Hobsa i Žan-Žaka Rusoa - ujedinjeni ili suprotstavljeni?

Author(s): Sava D. Vojnović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 24/2022

Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are among the most important modern political philosophers, who base their theories on the idea of social contract. Both authors start from the natural equality of all people and the uncertainty of the natural state, but at first glance they end up with completely different perspectives on sovereignty and relations within a political society. Rousseau insists on the common sovereignty of all citizens, who have a guaranteed economic minimum and the inalienable authority to enact laws and care for the general will, by which they all together simultaneously constitute those who are governed. Hobbes, on the other hand, dictates that the people elect a sovereign who is always in their natural state and must have great power in order to fulfil their role as protector. Yet, the paper argues that their positions are not really that different, bearing in mind Rousseau’s executive power and wise legislators, and Hobbes’ strong rights of subjects. The thesis of the paper is that in both of them the people authorize and supervise, and someone else rules.

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PASSIVE TOLERANCE VERSUS POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT. ANTISTIUS CONSTANS, KOERBAGH, VAN DEN ENDEN, AND SPINOZA

Author(s): SONJA LAVAERT / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This article investigates the contribution of Spinoza and authors of his circle (Antistius Constans, Van den Enden and Koerbagh) on the modern conception of tolerance. In his Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), Spinoza launches the libertas philosophandi-question integrating two kinds of freedom between which there is a tension: freedom of thought and speech and freedom of religious conscience. As freedom means living and acting in society in light of one’s own interests, tolerance becomes a political issue that depends from political perspectives and priorities. This insight leads Spinoza to bringing together the control of political authority on religious affairs and a political regime of religious plurality and toleration. These ideas seem to be reminiscent of texts published in his immediate circle: the anonymus De jure ecclesiasticorum (1665); the political pamphlets Kort verhael (1662) and Vrye Politijke Stellingen (1665) of his teacher Van den Enden; the subversive dictionary Een Bloemhof (1668) and the systematic philosophical Een Ligt (1668) of Koerbagh. In these texts the question of religion and religious authority shifts to the question of the nature and origin of political authority. The authors all criticize the abuse of power in light of the idea that there is no freedom without equality and no equality without freedom. Together with Spinoza’s Tractatus politicus (1677), they thereby form an anomaly within the anomaly of the Calvinist Low Countries that regards specifically this radical democratic view. They are not so much talking about tolerance but about everyone’s active participation in political life which is necessary for the rescue of the republic.

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ARGUING FOR FREEDOM OF RELIGION

Author(s): Paul Guyer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

My title is “Arguing for Freedom of Religion,” not for “Toleration,” because I follow the eighteenth-century writer Christoph Martin Wieland in taking “toleration" to connote a gift or indulgence from a majority to a minority, whereas true freedom of religion would put everybody on the same plane to believe and practice religion as they see fit, or not at all. I consider three historically distinct ways of arguing for freedom of religion: from a premise held by one religion that requires freedom from others (the strategy of Locke, Madison, and Mendelssohn); from a premise about the uncertainty of all religious beliefs which calls for equal freedom (Bayle and Wieland); or from a fundamental requirement of equal freedom for all, with no premise about religion although it entails freedom in religious matters as in other things (Hutcheson, Meier, Kant). The latter approach may be most appealing from a purely philosophical point of view, but the former styles of argument have obviously had much to recommend them in historical contexts, and may still be useful.

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Z badań nad dziejami i spuścizną polskich filozofujących przyrodnikóww Kijowie w latach 1900–1919. Część 1: Czesław Białobrzeski

Author(s): Łukasz Mścisławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The aim of this paper is to present less known facts of Czesław Białobrzeski’s life from the period before he left Kiev in 1919 and his familiar works from that period. Particular emphasis is placed on biographical details, some aspects of the creation of his most famous work, and his popularization activities and philosophical interests, especially regarding science and the influence of French conventionalism.It turns out that in works such as “Reality in terms of natural science” or “The Principle of Relativity and some of its applications”, Białobrzeski appears to be a naturalist very well versed in philosophical topics related to sciences. The story behind Białobrzeski’s most famous work, “Sur l’équilibre thermodynamique d’une sphère gazeuse libre” which emerges from his correspondence with Władysław Natanson, is also interesting.

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КАНТОВА ЕСТЕТИКА КАО КРИТИКА ЛЕПОГ

Author(s): Saša Ž. Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 79/2022

The paper discusses Kant’s understanding of aesthetics. The analysis relies on the place of the Critique of Judgment in his system of critical thinking. In such a system of critical thinking, there is no science of beauty, but only criticism of beauty. This critique of beauty in Kant’s aesthetics is realized as an analysis of beauty. The analysis of beauty is carried out as an analysis of the judgments of taste, guided by moments analogous to the logical functions of the judgments of understanding from the Critique of Pure Reason. In the end, it is concluded that Kant’s notion of criticism is appropriate for the notion of fine art.

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İSKOÇ AYDINLANMA FİLOZOFU ADAM FERGUSON’A GÖRE İLERLEME DÜŞÜNCESİ

Author(s): Osman ELMALI,Ahmet Bingöl / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 60/2023

The development process of human beings from the day they emerged until today has been a subject of curiosity for science and philosophy. With the Reformation, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the modernization process, the adventure of humanity has gained more importance and has become a problem that scientists and philosophers have been pondering on. At this point, the idea of progress has been an important thesis put forward by modern Western thought. The concept of progress has become one of the fundamental concepts in the history of philosophy and especially in the philosophy of history. Progress has been conceived and put forward as a continuous development, change and improvement of civilizations, societies and people towards the future. During the Enlightenment, which represents an important period in the history of philosophy, the subject of progress was also given importance. The Scottish Enlightenment, one of the Enlightenment processes, and Adam Ferguson, an important representative of it, also dealt with the process of progress and tried to understand and make sense of this concept with the dynamics of the society in which he lived. This study aims to analyze Adam Ferguson's idea of progress from a philosophical perspective in the context of its relationship with morality and politics.

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За някои идеи и закономерности в развитието на българската философия в един ръкопис от архива на В. Свинтила. Методологически и евристични аспекти

Author(s): Kosta Benchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article discusses general issues of methodological interest related to the investigations on the history of Bulgarian philosophy. It is based on the analysis of a yet unpublished manuscript written by the Bulgarian writer Vladimir Svintila during the 1970s. The influence of the Enlightenment and of some supposedly Cartesian themes at the time of the Bulgarian National Revival is traced through concepts like polarity and duality. Some problems and approaches are identified that have a relatively invariant (or nationally- conditioned) character in the work of Bulgarian philosophers.

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O pojęciu kultury w Rysie Dzieiow Kultury i Oswiecenia Narodu Polskiego (1816) Ignacego Lubicz Czerwińskiego (1749-1834)

Author(s): Małgorzata Rygielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The author explores the meaning of the term culture in Ignacy Lubicz Czerwiński’s Rys Dzieiow Kultury i Oswiecenia Narodu Polskiego [Outline of the History of Culture and Enlightenment of the Polish Nation]. This was one of the first proposals for an orderly reflection on culture in Polish writing at a time when it was still dominated by the use of the word ‘civilisation’. Czerwiński’s understanding of culture and the Enlightenment, as well as his explanation of these concepts, is based on Enlightenment theories of progress and physiocratic ideas, as well as the theory of three or four stages, which was then widely discussed. In doing so, he draws on the Statutes of Casimir the Great, noting the existence of cultural practices associated with customary law. Czerwiński, however, announces a shift from an attributive understanding of culture to discussing it from a distributive point of view: as Polish culture, the culture of the Polish nation. This is a concept worthy of attention and a further, broader and more detailed discussion.

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Czarna legenda” Niccolò Machiavellego w polskiej poezji XVII wieku (na wybranych przykładach)

Author(s): Anna Maciejewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2023

The subject matter of my research is the black legend of Niccolò Machiavelli in Polish baroque poetry. This legend spread in the 17th-century Commonwealth on such a large scale that the name of this secretary of the Florentine republicbegan to be used to describe even kings or pretenders to the throne who were political opponents. For this reason, I described in this scientific article the literary works of poets such as Wacław Potocki, Wespazjan Kochowski and Stanisław Orzelski. The second of these authors acted in a similar way in The Stone of Testimony of the Innocence of the Great Senator in the Polish Crown, comparing the actions of the royal court to an infernal council, in which such characters as Machiavelli, Richelieu and Mazarini take part. In my scientific article, I will emphasize that this Polish Baroque poet also showed the secretary of the Florentine republic in his other literary works as a perverse and demonic person. I will also note that Wacław Potocki in his work negatively refers to those people who defame John III Sobieski in lampoons and accuse him of using “Machiavellian arts”. I will not ignore Stanisław Orzelski’s Macaronica carmina Marfordii Mądzikovii poetae approbatihere.

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Social Aspects in the Work of Prague Rabbi Löw (Maharal, 1512—1609)

Author(s): Vladimir Sadek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1983

The paper analyses some ideas to be found in the works of Rabbi Löw (Maharal), above all his ethical views and conception of Man. The way in which Rabbi Low’s ideas have been viewed since the Enlightenment period are studied first. Then his religious and philosophical works are characterized, the conception of Man is explained and finally some ethical principles, mainly those contained in the book “Netivot colam“, are discussed. Special attention is paid to Maharal’s conception of human society and its development.

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IMMANUEL KANT’S VISION OF THE RIGHT OF NATIONS

Author(s): Nenad Miličić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The purpose of this article is to present Kant’s theory of the Right of Nations, which is the essential part of present-day international law debate. In his philosophical work, „Towards Perpetual Peace”, Immanuel Kant is inquiring conditions for co-existence between the states. According to Kant, three elementary conditions lead us toward perpetual peace: 1) Republican government 2) Federation of Free States 3) Cosmopolitan right of a person to a world citizenship Federation of Free States has an important place in Kant’s vision of the rights of nations and perpetual peace as a final goal of this doctrine. It is crucial for better understanding of Kant’s position on the rights of nations. It is also the most objected part of Immanuel Kant’s political philosophy by various contemporary critics and therefore demands further exploration and analysis. At first, a brief overview of the history of the law of nations, considering the arguments that preceded Kant’s theory will be given. Further analysis of Kant’s work should clear his position and offer an argument in support of his general ideas, reply to the objections and critics of his arguments and evaluate pro and contra opinions. Finally, the consequences of such argumentation and their influence on contemporary political thinking will be discussed. The possibility of appropriate consensus solution will be considered.

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