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Dwa żywioły bezkresu. Woda i powietrze w filozofii Gastona Bachelarda

Author(s): Joanna Kotowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2013

The article proposes to look at the idea of the infinity from the perspective of a French philosopher, Gaston Bachelard. His theory concerning the four elements is one of the twentieth century’s most interesting elementary concepts. The aim of this work is to show a manifest link between the notion of the infinity and its realizations (materialization) on the physical plane, that is to say Bachelard’s water and air. Both of these elements represent their own, specific kind of infinity, which is nonetheless very close to a man, because not only conceivable but also present in everyday life. Every single contact with the element is a touch of infinity.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: An Intellectual Portrait

Author(s): Przemysław Gut / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The aim of this paper is to set out the following: firstly, the most important facts from Leibniz’s biography; secondly, the position of Leibniz’s philosophy within the philosophical thought of the 17th century; thirdly, the diverse ways to explicate Leibniz’s philosophical thought that are still in use in literature today; fourthly, basic features which define the general spirit as well as the methods of Leibniz’s philosophizing.

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Sueitis Su Ikikritine I. Kanto Filosofija Ap-Švietos Lietuvoje - Versijos Ir Kontroversijos

Author(s): Stepas Tunaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 60/2009

The object of this article is to revise the creative heritage of Kazimieras Narbutas (Kazimierz Narbutt) - one of the most prominent thinkers of the initial period of the Enlightenment in Lithuania. The article attempts to check the opinion, which has penetrated our investigatory writings, that Nabutas dealt with the pre-critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant. As it becomes clear from the revision of works of Narbutas, he had been dealing, not with the works of Kant, but with the works of German philosopher and theologian, Israel Gottlieb Canz. It was Canz, whom Narbutas questioned in dealing with basic ontological questions on the essence of the substance. Narbutas does not oppose philosophy and positive theology; he just attempts to define strictly the limits of their exposition. Philosophy is declined the rights to intervene in theology, into the area of faith, while theology is restrained from philosophical matters. Thus Narbutas has distanced himself from Canz, as well as from the other followers of theologian, Christen Wolff.

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Bergsono “Pozityviosios” Metafizikos Santykiai Su Vakarų Mąstymo Tradicija

Author(s): Antanas Andrijauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 56/2008

The article considers how the concept of “positive” metaphysics of Henri Bergson is related to the tradition of classical as well as non-classical philosophy. It also analyzes the leading ideas and doctrints of intuitivistic philosophy. The influence of the main leading philosophers on Bergson’s thinking and teaching is concisely discussed, focussing attention on such non-classical thinkers as Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. Relaying on the analysis of Bergson's philosophical texts, the peculiarities of his “positive” metaphysics is shown.

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The Pending Revolution: Kant as a Moral Revolutionary

Author(s): Ana Marta González / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Kant controversially opposed political revolutions; yet, in morality, he clearly encouraged a revolutionary attitude. Drawing especially on the relevant texts in the Metaphysics of Morals, the Religion, the Education and the Anthropology, I explore the conceptual underpinnings of Kant’s position, arguing that Kant’s contrast between moral revolution and reform is at the basis of his twofold notion of noumenal and phenomenal virtue, which in turn explains the contrast he draws between principled versus imitative behaviour in the Education. On this basis, I defend the complementary role of political reform and moral revolution in his approach to cultural progress.

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Contemporary Society in the Context of Kant’s Practical Philosophy

Author(s): Ľubomír Belás,Ľudmila Belásová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The submitted paper offers a philosophical analysis of contemporary society based on the ideas of Immanuel Kant’s practical philosophy. Kant focused on the issue of society in terms of the a priori principles of freedom, equality, and independence and his ideas on social issues are analysed in the first part of the paper. The analysis then serves as a prerequisite for philosophical-critical assessment of contemporary society, especially in the region of Central Europe, presented by philosophers and authors of various fields of study. In the second part of the paper the authors aim to analyse basic social problems of contemporary society and its situation from the point of view of philosophical criticism and referring to the topicality of Kant’s ideas in today’s philosophical thought.

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Między ontologią a logiką. Rola logiki w procesie poznania prawdy

Author(s): Wojciech Wojtyła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

The purpose of the article was to try to answer the question, what truth and logic is discovered? The answer came by comparing the claims made by Descartes and the main representatives of the Lviv-Warsaw School. The author of the article contrasting the views of the French thinker with the views of Polish logicians, with Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz at the head, turns to the proposal of the latter. According to Ajdukiewicz, discovered by law logic, as well as the laws discovered by representatives of empirical sciences, there are some objective relations that take place on the side of reality. Knowing these important and universal properties and laws, man increasingly and better understands the world. The conclusion of the article is the thesis that there is close correspondence between ontology and logic, as expressed by the first principles of the law of being, which are also the first principles of the laws of thought. Responding to the question of the role of logic in the process of learning the truth, the author confesses to those authors who argue that logic is a science that works on the material provided by the ontology, looking for relationships between objects of the real world.

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„Sielos hipotezė“: kai kurie šiandieninio dualizmo aspektai

Author(s): Tomas Saulius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2017

Despite the criticism that substance dualism was an inadequate attitude towards mental activity and its relation to physical processes, it has supporters today. There is increasing discussion of the so-called “the Soul Hypothesis”, which purportedly allows the gaps in the current scientific description of the world to be filled in a meaningful way. This implies that there are certain assumptions, still not reflected properly, which serve dualists as a lifebuoy in the stormy seas of critique. The paper tries to show that dualists unjustly abuse the Cartesian idea of clara et distincta perceptio. The first conclusion of the paper is that the obvious existence of subjective consciousness does not necessarily count as the scientifically important fact. The second conclusion is as follows: “the soul hypothesis”, as a theoretical construct, which is intended to explain the existence of the subjective consciousness, does not inherit obviousness of the observational phenomena. While stressing the significance of their doctrine to the contemporary worldview, current dualists are reluctant to engage in analysis of these logical aspects.

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Gasendijev atomizam u svetlu novovekovne nauke

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 27/2017

The research presented in this paper is focused on the atomistic theory of P. Gassendi. Gassendi’s atomism is discussed in terms of formation of modern idea of science, primarily in context of the new physical understanding of matter. Through the analysis of concepts which explain the basic characteristics of atoms and their function in the explanation of natural phenomena, the author explores the question of whether Gassendi’s atomism essentialy has physical or metaphysical character. Based on the conducted research the author concludes that this theory does not have a metaphysical character.

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Естетика І. Канта в контексті мистецьких практик XVIII століття

Author(s): Oksana Parf’onova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

The purpose of the article is to determine the sphere of art practices of the XVIII century against the background and under the impact of which I. Kint’s aesthetics regarding doctrine about the beautiful and the role of a genius in art was developed. Methodology of investigation consists in combination of a method of textual analysis of I. Kant's treatises with the purpose of explication of referential and illustrative information in argumentative discourse of I. Kant's aesthetics and a biographic method which allows to correlate the conclusions received by means of the previous method increasing the level of their credibility. Scientific novelty of work consists in expansion of ideas about the influence of literature and visual arts of the XVIII century on the development of I. Kant's aesthetic views. Conclusions. It was proved that not only philosophical concepts (Baumgarten, Hume, Burke) had served as theoretical sources of Kant’s aesthetics but also the style polyphony of arts, first of all, literature of "courteous century" which had influenced Kant’s doctrine about "disinterested" character of aesthetic judgment. Fiction is supposed to be the main art determinative of I. Kant's aesthetic concept against a background of which the impact of visual art practices should be defined as minor.

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Possible Worlds in the Precipice: Why Leibniz Met Spinoza?

Author(s): Vassil Vidinsky / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2017

The main objective of the paper is to give initial answers to three important questions. Why did Leibniz visit Spinoza? Why did his preparation for this meeting include a modification of the ontological proof of God? What is the philosophical result of the meeting and what do possible worlds have to do with it? In order to provide answers, three closely related manuscripts by Leibniz from November 1676 have been compared and the slow conceptual change of his philosophical apparatus has been analyzed. The last of these manuscripts was presented and read in front of Spinoza. Around that time Leibniz abandoned the idea of plurality of worlds (cf. Tschirnhaus) and instead proposed the idea of possible worlds, thus introducing possibility into the (onto/theo)logical structure itself in order to avoid the “precipice” of Spinoza’s necessity. What is interesting, however, is how exactly this conceptual change occurred at the end of 1676 and what its philosophical and methodological implications are.

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Dlaczego jest mnóstwo rzeczy raczej niż prawie nic? – „słabe pytanie Leibniza”

Author(s): Łukasz Lamża / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2014

The original Leibniz’s question „Why is there something rather than nothing?” is rephrased in a „weak” way: „Why is there a lot of things rather than almost nothing?”. The first part of the article argues for two propositions: 1) We may not reasonably expect a real answer to the original Leibniz’s question, mostly because the concept of „nothingness” cannot be defined in a way that makes sense and is operational. 2) The „weak” version of the question retains the philosophical „spirit” of the original. In the second part a methodology for answering the weak Leibniz’s question is presented - one of an analysis of the cosmic evolution in terms of the reasons and causes for the emergence of new types of natural objects and processes („things”). A representation the structure of the Universe is presented that is based on a list of ca. 900 names of things derived from the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) catalogue, representing all natural sciences. Further analyses concern the properties of the Universe and its evolution that cause new things to emerge all the time – although one may imagine and precisely describe a scenario where new things stopped appearing shortly after the Big Bang and now there is almost nothing in the Universe.

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Materia i przyczynowość - konkrety czy uniwersalia?

Author(s): Michał Heller / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2011

Humean doctrine on causality is well known. Since all our knowledge comes from experience, we are able to know that “B follows A” (B propter A) but not that “B is caused by A” (B propter A). All the rest comes from our mental habits. If we limit ourselves only to sensual experience, nothing more can be claimed on causality. However, such a strategy is very far away from what is done in physics. We cannot forget about mathematical structures physics employs for modeling the world. And there are mathematical structures that model what is transparent for sensual perceptions but what is essential for causal interaction. This is also true as far as the Newtonian physics was concerned but to see this more sophisticated philosophy of physics is needed than that Hume had at his disposal. In contemporary physics, causal interactions, as modeled by mathematics, can be drastically different from our everyday imaginations. For instance, causally related events can be space-like separated.

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Woluntaryzm w ujeciu Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibniza i Samuela Clarke'a

Author(s): Daniel Bubula / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2011

The article concerns the metaphysical problem of divine will as it is discussed in the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence. Its essence can be expressed in the following question: in which way the determinism developed by Leibniz goes along with his doctrine of freedom in action and deciding? Leibniz is convinced that there is no contradiction between these two theses. Clarke is strongly opposed to that view. He is the protagonist of indeterminism. The article is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the divine will in relation to the principle of the sufficient reason. The second part points to some difficulties related to Leibniz's view on determinism.

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Проблема інтуїтивного осягнення морального закону в етичному ідеалізмі І. Г. Фіхте

Author(s): Andriy Y. Morozov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2012

The problem of "Ego" as the main principle of obligation in the Fichte’s system is observed from the point of view of philosophical and ethical analysis. The parallels between Fichte’s conception of eternal idea of "Ego" and idea of divine Goodness in Platonism and Christianity are traced. It is underlined that consciousness is intuitive super-rational mechanism connecting empirical and transcendental levels of "Ego".

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Kant’s Studies in Ukrainian Philosophy of Soviet Period

Author(s): Vadym Tytarenko,Sergii Rudenko / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2018

This writing is devoted to the brief review of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy studies and receptions of his philosophical concepts within the Ukrainian philosophy of Soviet period. Such attempt is actually pertinent because nowadays we definitely need to reconsider the soviet philosophical heritage for better understanding the real value of any philosophical conclusions and worldview-concerning statements which were made in the times of soviet ideology hegemony. Additionally, mentioned reconsidering is presently urgent because Ukrainian intellectual culture is now looking for its identity and is trying to identify the still remaining ideological totalitarian elements which spoil the originality and objectiveness of its products.The present review attempts to identify which totalitarian intentions and prejudices were used to interpret and evaluate the Immanuel Kant’s heritage in the texts written by several selected Ukrainian philosophers of the Soviet period. Nevertheless, it’s obvious that absolutely impossible to avoid talking about Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s philosophical position interpretation by the same authors. Kant’sand Hegel’s soviet-Ukrainian interpretations were often connected, because there was a general trend of soviet Marxist history of philosophy to interpret Kant as the “worse” version of Hegel.To fulfill the general image of Kant’s philosophy interpretation in Ukrainian philosophy and its future perspectives, this paper also delivers some common information about the whole historical path of Kant’s interpretations and receptions

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Politička psihologija Rousseauova »plemenitog divljaka«

Author(s): Zdravko Perić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/145/2017

En tant que successeur du courant philosophique contractualiste, Rousseau aborde une conception de l’homme de manière bien différente de celle de ses prédécesseurs. A travers sa thèse du « bon sauvage », il élabore un état naturel originel et ainsi prépare la voie à une construction autre du contrat social. Dans cette suite théorique, il fait une différence entre la définition naturaliste de la liberté et la liberté civile, qui elle, implique la liberté morale. Par ses termes particuliers d’« amour de soi » et d’« amour-propre », il annonce la transformation anthropologique de l’homme au sein de sa dimension sociologique. La théorie de la souveraineté en tant que volonté générale de tous les acteurs du contrat social aura une importance particulière. Bien qu’il soit considéré comme l’un des successeurs des philosophies du contrat social, Rousseau trouve son inspiration dans la pensée philosophique grecque et romaine. Ce travail tente de développer certaines présuppositions de la pensée rousseauiste, et de ce fait, de participer à sa réflexion telle qu’elle nous a été léguée.

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Гілозоїзм як теорія живої природи в духовній культурі людства

Author(s): Galyna Berehova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2012

The article considers the genesis hilozoyizmu that occurs as a materialist theory of spirituality matter in Greek philosophy and finds a natural sequel to the Renaissance and modern times as the doctrine of the soul and psychic reality. Affirms the idea of emotional and relationship of respect for nature and spiritual culture of mankind.

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Lepe umetnosti i podražavanje: Bateovo određenje modernog pojma umetnosti

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 28/2017

This paper is dedicated to Batteux’ characterization of a new concept of fine arts. The author examines the way in which Batteux in his theory of fine arts forges the new modern understanding of what art is, as well as the conditions under which such formation of a new concept of art has happened. The analysis given in this paper compares the traditional definitions of art and the one construed by Batteux, and it is focused on new meanings given to traditional concepts. Finally, the analysis confirmed that Batteux’ determination of fine arts presents a radically new and essentially modern understanding of the essence of art, developed in the horizon of a development of modern idea of science.

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Концепція природного права мислителів Нового часу (Т. Гоббс, Б. Спіноза)

Author(s): Khrystyna Khvoynytska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2011

The problem of natural law is analysed in creation of thinkers of New time of Thomas Hobbes and Benedictus Spinoza. Grounded prominent role of idea of absolute law in forming of their philosophical doctrines. The phenomenon of "nature of man" and his intercommunication is considered with a right and law. The role of absolute law is investigational in forming of the legal state.

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