Из „Лекции за метода на академичното изучаване“ в превод на Генчо Дончев

Author(s): Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

Around the year 1802, when he was reading his famous Lectures on the Method of Academic Study, Schelling, merely 27 years old at the time, had already parted definitely with Fichte’s philosophy and elaborated his own identity philosophy. These lectures contain no didactic guidance for teachers but address students, showing them how, in studying the sciences, not to remain at the level of empirical knowledge but to rise to the height of true philosophical thinking, such as he saw displayed in his own philosophy. That is why he proceeds (in his first lecture) from the absolute concept of science but immediately passes (in the second) to the scientific and moral significance of the higher academic institutions as centers for the education of society. Throughout the discussion on the separate sciences, the prevailing idea advanced was of their identity and of the freedom of science; this idea became a basis of the university reform undertaken in Germany by Wilhelm von Humboldt.

Европейската одисея на д-р Петър Берон

Author(s): Neli Bаchvarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

AUTARHIE ȘI SERVITUTE. UN COMENTARIU LA CAPITOLUL AL PATRULEA AL FENOMENOLOGIEI SPIRITULUI

Author(s): Dragoș Popescu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 5/2020

The article comments the fourth chapter of Hegelʼs Phenomenology of Spirit, which is dedicated to the last preceding stage of Reason: the Self-consciousness. It is a stage of fight, death and recognition. Self-consciousness considers itself, as oneʼs own truth. It acts accordingly to this conviction and all its situations are acts. The development of Self-consciousness in the conditions of its determination as oneʼs own truth culminates with the affirmation of the concept of Reason, for which Truth is transcendent in relation to Consciousness.

CONCEPTELE OPUSULUI POSTUM

Author(s): Rodica Croitoru / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 5/2020

We retraced the framework of Kant’s Opus postumum from the view of its concepts, as well as of their critical antecedents. In this way we have pointed out a less highlighted aspect, which completes and enforces the idea of building up of a whole, Kant asked for his philosophical system. In front of it he puts the full man, who cultivating his rationality can attain the state of wisdom, which resembles him to God. On this way, which intertwines with the investigation of nature from metaphysics to physics, he is determined to use sometimes weak concepts subsumable to heuristic concepts, which lend support to the ostensive ones, putting better in the light his strong, rational concepts and their need for completion; and mainly pointing out his conceptus cosmicus, assimilable to the concept of his whole system, as well as to the ideal of a philosopher-wise man, destined to attain it.

KANT ȘI LEIBNIZ (CRITICA PRINCIPIULUI LEIBNIZIAN AL INDISCERNABILULUI)

Author(s): Iosif Cernea / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 5/2020

Kant and Leibniz (Critique of Leibnizʼs Principle of Indiscernability)

Nevidljiva povijest

Author(s): Ljiljana Filipović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2020

Kad je nešto nastalo? Kako je krenulo? Kako i otkud ideja? Dok ste prolazili ulicom netko je nešto ponižavajuće nekome dobacio, to vas je naljutilo i napisali ste tekst koji je okupio istomišljenike. Skupa s vama pokrenuli su akciju osvješćivanja. Pretvorilo se to u pravi pokret. Zaboravili ste na osobu čije vas je očajanje pokrenulo. Tko je to uopće bio? Ili se možda radilo tek o usputnoj primjedbi? Što je uopće bilo izrečeno?

Imago Dei. A Schellingian Reflection on Violence and Evil

Author(s): Saitya Brata Das / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

That the senselessness of violence – violence no longer a mere political means to a justified end outside it – is omnipresent in today’s world: the realization of this truth appears to have made obsolete today the conventional understanding of violence as mere political means. That the Greeks thought “bia,” which means violence, in its close proximity with “bio,” which means “life,” speaks not surprisingly a truth whose manifestation we perceive today more clearly than ever before, albeit the mode or manner of this manifestation today was perhaps not known to the Greeks. TakingF.W.J. von Schelling’s reflection on evil and violence as the point of departure, this paper seeks to understand the relation between life and violence anew and attempts to show that at the heart of the phenomenon of evil lies the enigmatic and fascinating question of the image.

Sartre’s Hegelianism. A Culturally Appropriate Form of Radical Rebellion

Author(s): David Edward Rose / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

There are two aims to the present paper. The first is to support the assertion that traditional justifications of revolution, rebellion and civil disobedience, though not wrong, are culturally inappropriate. The second is to outline, in the most basic of forms, what a “culturally appropriate” form of political resistance would require. The latter aim will be attempted by offering a counter-enlightenment model of resistance, derived in a large part from a Hegelian reading of Sartre's later work on groups, appropriate to the cultural conditions of late modernity.

Je li moguća revolucija bez religijske reformacije?

Author(s): Sead Alić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/155/2019

The focus of this examination is on Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of History, particularly the final chapters in which, among other things, Hegel posits that no change in legal freedoms can be expected without the liberation of conscience and that it is illusory to expect the revolution to succeed if it is not preceded by religious reformation. It is an attempt to critically rethink Hegel’s views on reformation, revolution and history in the light of modern religious, theological, philosophical, political, scientific and cultural theses and research. The philosophy of history is observed as something of a key to understanding Hegel’s (often hermetic) philosophical ideas. At the same time, his brilliant insights are reimagined in the context of the contemporary revival of the phenomena of religion/faith.

Objava u filozofiji? Uvid u Schellingov pojam objave

Author(s): Stjepan Kušar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/157/2020

Im Artikel werden die tragenden Konturen des Offenbarungsbegriffs im Denken Schellings hervorgehoben. Der Begriff hat den christlichen Hintergrund, wird aber von Schelling nicht auf konfessionelle Ebene festgelegt oder reduziert. Schelling nimmt ihn als Realität in der geschichtlichen Erfahrung der Menschheit; als solcher ist er interessant für die Philosophie. Das Thema der Offenbarung markiert bereits die erste Periode des Schellingschen Denkens: mit ihm wird die erkenntnismässige Entdeckung der Unbedingtheit und Autonomie der menschlichen Freiheit verbunden und zwar im Zusammenhang mit dem deutsch-aufklärerischen Verständnis der christlichen Religion als Erzieherin des Menschengeschlechts in moralibus. In der zweiten Periode, die man mit Schellings Freiheitsschrift beginnen und mit den Weltaltern fortsetzen lässt, wird der Offenbarungsbegriff im Zusammenhang mit der Problematik des Bösen, der Freiheit und der Schöpfung behandelt. Er signalisiert die Freiheit des Absoluten und seiner schöpferischen Wirkung und Präsenz in Natur und (Religions)Geschichte der Menschheit – allerdings wird das Böse als notwendiges Moment der Offenbarung verstanden. In der letzten Periode seines Denkens (Philosophie der Mythologie und der Offenbarung) behandelt Schelling die Offenbarung (vor allem Offenbarung in Christo) als freie geschichtliche Manifestation des Absoluten, die zugleich als Angebot und Apel an seine freie Annahme von Seiten des Menschen verstanden und dargestellt wird. Die positive Philosophie Schellings ist keineswegs eine verkappte christliche Theologie; mit einem gewissen Recht könnte man sie vielleicht als Philosophie der christlichen Religion nennen. Ihr geht es darum, die Inhalte der christlichen Religion durchzudenken, ohne damit den Interessen der Kirchen Dienst in ihren Anliegen erweisen zu wollen, aber auch ohne mit den Interessen der Religionskritik gehemmt zu sein. Die Philosophie der Offenbarung versucht Leben und Wirken Gottes zu beschreiben, der seiner Schöpfung zuvorkommt und sie zur Vollendung zu führen beabsichtigt – auf dass Gott alles in allem wird.

Uz pojam »začinjanja-rađanja« u prvoj verziji Razdoblja svijeta

Author(s): Petar Šegedin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/157/2020

In diesem Aufsatz wird Schellings Begriff der Zeugung in der ersten Fassung seines Werkes Die Weltalter thematisiert. Mehrere Fassungen dieser unvollendeten Schrift lassen die Grundlage von den Schellings Überlegungen im Versuch erkennen, den Zeitbegriff von der mechanistischen Konzeption der verketteten Aufeinanderfolge zu befreien und die Zeit im Punkt des Unterschieds – der „Zeugung“ – zwischen der Vergangenheit, der Gegenwart und der Zukunft zu erfassen. In diesem Sinne wird der Ursprung der Zeit im breiteren Kontext der Entwicklung eines „Urwesens“, d.h. seiner Selbstoffenbarung in der lebendigen Wirklichkeit interpretiert. Diese Selbstoffenbarung wird von Schelling als eine Differenzierung der ursprünglich potentiellen und unwirklichen Indifferenz von Subjekt und Objekt aufgefasst. Der entscheidende Punkt dieser Differenzierung liegt aber darin, dass die Indifferenz sich selbst von sich selbst scheidet und als der objektive Grund der eigenen lebendigen Subjektivität überwunden und hinter sich selbst zurückgelassen wird. Dieser Grund ist die Natur im Ganzen, die für das Subjektive sein immer schon vergangenes Sein darstellt.

Povijesno-filozofijski horizont i oblikovanje pojma prirode u Schellingovu Spisu o slobodi

Author(s): Goran Baksa / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/157/2020

The Essay on Freedom represents a milestone in the philosophy of F. W. J. Schelling. Although Schelling already deviated from a strictly idealistic framework with his philosophy of nature, notably from that of Kant and Fichte, because he was seeking a moment of self-positing activity of the absolute subject in the object itself, it was only with The Essay on Freedom that he stepped out of that framework. The central point considered is an introduction of the second principle that was complementary, but irreducible to the standard idealist principle of self-consciousness. It was about the ground or nature in God. Only through that duality of principles, it was possible to grasp the positive notion of freedom as the possibility for good and evil. In such manner comprehended, the fact of human freedom in its entirety became relation with the whole of beings. The purpose of such explanation was an attempt to solve the problem that was spanning through Schellingʼs entire philosophy – the problem of the relation between finite and infinite.

Filozofija kao duhovna znanost u Schellingovu srednjem razdoblju

Author(s): Ivan Smiljanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/157/2020

In dieser Arbeit wird vorgestellt die Entwicklung einer notwendigen Idee des Systems, die die wahre Form der Philosophie als Wissenschaft darstellt, wie es in Schellings späterem Denken, besonders während seiner Erlangen Vorlesungen von 1821 ausgeführt wurde. Schelling zeigt, dass das absolute Subjekt, das sich von einer Wissensform zur anderen bewegt, das über alle bestimmten Systeme erhobene Totalsystem bildet, und dadurch die Selbsterkenntnis erlangt, welche der wahre Inhalt der Philosophie als Wissenschaft ist. Das wahre philosophische Wissen ist das, was sich der Bewegung des absoluten Subjekts widersetzt, wodurch das menschliche Bewusstsein als das Bewusstsein des absoluten Subjekts ausgebildet wird. Nur die Philosophie als Wissenschaft kann den Menschen zur höchsten Wissen über das Bewusstsein des absoluten Subjekts als sein eigenes Bewusstsein führen und bringen.

Recenzija: Damir Barbarić (ur.), Sloboda i zlo, Schellingov »Spis o slobodi«

Author(s): Kristijan Gradečak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/157/2020

Review of: Damir Barbarić (ur.), Sloboda i zlo, Schellingov »Spis o slobodi«, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 2017.

Recenzija: Petar Šegedin, Ozren Žunec (ur.), Postojeći pojam, Hegelov »Predgovor«, Fenomenologiji duha

Author(s): Denis Novko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/157/2020

Review of: Petar Šegedin, Ozren Žunec (ur.), Postojeći pojam Hegelov »Predgovor«, Fenomenologiji duha Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 2018

Recenzija: Ksenija Grubišić, Imoralizam Friedricha Nietzschea, Društvena uvjetovanost i oslobađajući smisao morala

Author(s): Berislav Čović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/156/2019

Review of: Ksenija Grubišić, Imoralizam Friedricha Nietzschea, Društvena uvjetovanost i oslobađajući smisao morala, Naklada Breza, Zagreb 2018.

Béatrice Longuenesse, I, Me, Mine: Back to Kant and Back Again

Author(s): Ekin Erkan / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2020

Review of: EKIN ERKAN - Béatrice Longuenesse, I, Me, Mine: Back to Kant and Back Again, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xix + 257 pp.

The Influence of Schopenhauer’s and Nietzsche’s Philosophical Thoughts on the Philosophy of Education and Educational Pessimism

Author(s): Ivica Kelam,Luka Rašić / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2020

This paper gives a particular overview of reflections on education by two renowned philosophers of West European culture, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. What links their philosophy of education is the inclination towards the more complete shaping of a man. Nietzsche is a great supporter of Schopenhauer's understanding of philosophy as a philosophy of life. However, while Schopenhauer remained imprisoned in the world of pessimism, Nietzsche overcame the pessimistic view of the world with the image of a creative artist who consistently sets his life in motion, while enjoying his art of living. The thing they have in common is extreme individualism – the understanding of philosophy as the liberation of inner life. Arthur Schopenhauer perceived a man as a being of will that succumbs to laws of nature and the lower levels of humanity – will and passion. Friedrich Nietzsche saw a man as a being of will for power, emphasizing the power of the urgent and irrational one. Schopenhauer gave the pessimistic view of a man who is under the power of an unquenchable lust for life, whereas Nietzsche gave a nihilistic view of the world, in which he advocated demolishing and putting an end to the old values. In Nietzsche's opinion, a nihilist is someone who sees everything as pointless and futile. Arthur Schopenhauer had a significant influence, not only on Friedrich Nietzsche but also on some other great men of his time, who mostly did not support his philosophy in its entirety. Understanding the world in Schopenhauer's way came to life at the end of the 19th century and later, primarily because of Friedrich Nietzsche. This was an era in which social sciences finally began to develop separately, but at the same time complement each other. Due to this interaction, it was possible for Schopenhauer, and through him also for Nietzsche, to have such a significant influence on the European spiritual life.

Die Lust in Nietzsches Werk

Author(s): Joana Luisa Günther / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2020

The joy of creation plays a crucial role in Nietzsche’s philosophy. The ‘found of joy’ never stops welling up for Zarathustra and the flow is almost too painful for him. The phenomenon of joy in Nietzsche’s work is very complex. Hence, in this paper I will concentrate on the utmost kind of joy that emerges in the end of Thus spoke Zarathustra in the Drunken Song. It is the joy to create a work of art and to integrate even sorrow in this utmost kind of joy. Joy takes place at noon, in the moment when oppositions are in harmony and beauty. In this paper, the aim is to interpret especially the last quote of the Drunken Song, when all joy wants eternity. Eternity is a kind of wholeness that is not similar to absoluteness and only possible in the specific movement of creation. Therefore, joy of creation seems to be the joy of a moment when opposites unite.

Nietzsche i Kierkegaard – wspólna wizja nowożytnego podmiotu

Author(s): Michał Krot / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXI/2019

The task of this work is to make a comparison of subjectivity in the philosophy of Frederic Nietzsche and Soren Kierkegaard in the context of modern metaphysics. It turns out that despite the fact that our XIX century philosophers were trying to go beyond the definition of modern subject by using two separate methods, their thought is marked with similar assumption. It is natural that their projects did not succeed in breaking down the modern metaphysics, but instead it resulted in bringing to an end the possibilities that these metaphysics enabled. This end means a radical defining of a subject as the one who "came out of Matrix" - he is no longer obliged to follow any outside rules. He invents the rules on his own and no one can have an authority over his deeds. Following further consideration it turns out that similarity of two titular philosophers is a solidly grounded thesis and a reference of these conclusions to metaphysics enables us to take up a new look at the shape of modern times. As a result a new philosophy is possible: it is a philosophy which doesn't consider a superman or knight of faith as a culmination of it's thinking, but as a beginning of it.