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In Defense of Hegel’s Madness

Author(s): Slavoj Žižek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The article is a confrontation with Robert Brandom’s reading of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, his attempt to systematically “renormalize” Hegel, i.e., to reduce his extravagant formulations to the criteria of common sense. The article analyses a number of Brandom’s “domestications” of Hegel’s speculative concepts: self-relating, determinate negation, mediation, In-itself, action, knowledge, Spirit, reconciliation, history. On the basis of the examples from Marx, Freud, structuralism, Lévi-Strauss, Althusser, Lacan, Adorno, the text defends Hegel’s “madness”, the irreducible speculative, non-interpretable core of his philosophy. Hegel’s statements have to shock us, and this excess cannot be explained away through interpretation since the truth they deliver hinges on that.

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Catherine Malabou’s Hegel: One or Several Plasticities?

Author(s): Gregor Moder / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Through an original and extraordinarily fruitful reading of the Hegelian conception of negativity, Catherine Malabou developed the concept of plasticity which she keeps working on as one of her cardinal concepts even to this day. Engaging in the problematic of unity in Hegel, the paper takes on the task of trying to answer the question whether plasticity is one or are there several plasticities. The author argues that one must be careful not to reduce the inherent multiple of plasticity to a single plasticity which becomes plasticity par excellence: the plasticity of plastic explosion, of an abrupt and absolute break, to be distinguished from a creative or productive plasticity of habit. Malabou claimed that Hegel was – contrary to what Deleuz read in him – a philosopher of conceptual multitude as a multitude which cannot be reduced to only one image, the image of unity. If this is true, then the concept of plasticity itself with which she grasped the essence of Hegel’s dialectics, should be understood at least as a “unity in conflict”, if not as an inorganic, inhomogeneous, composed unity – and perhaps even as a unity of the pack.

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True Sacrifice

Author(s): Zdravko Kobe / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The paper provides a modest reading of Hegel’s treatment of selfconsciousness in his Phenomenology of Spirit and tries to present it as an integral part of the overall project of the experience of consciousness leading from understanding to reason. Its immediate objective is, it is argued, to think the independence and dependence, that is the pure and empirical I within the same unity of self-consciousness. This implies a double movement of finding a proper existence for the pure I and at the same time a breaking down of the empirical I’s attachment to particularity. It is argued that the Hegelian struggle for recognition intends to show how the access to reason demands the subject’s renunciation of its attachment to particularity, that is to sacrifice not only its bare life but every thing indeed, including its particular identity, and yet, to go on living.

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Hegel’s Logic as the Exposition of God from the End of the World

Author(s): Jure Simoniti / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The article attempts to reconstruct the logical space within which, at the beginning of Hegel’s Logic, “being” and “nothing” are entitled to emerge and receive their names. In German Idealism, the concept of “being” is linked to the form of a proposition; Fichte grounds a new truth-value on the absolute thesis of the “thetical judgement”. And the article’s first thesis claims that Hegel couldn’t have placed “being” at the beginning of this great system, if the ground of its logical space had not been laid out by precisely those shifts of German Idealism that posited the ontological function of the judgement. At the same time, the abstract negation, the absence of a relation and sufficient reason between “being” and “nothing”, reveals a structure of an irreducibly dual beginning. The logical background of this original duality could be constituted by the invention of the “transcendental inter-subjectivity” in German Idealism, manifested, for instance, in Hegel’s life-and-death struggle of two self-consciousnesses. The second thesis therefore suggests that “being” and “nothing” are elements of the logical space, established in concreto in a social situation of (at least) two subjects one of whom poses an affirmative statement and the other negates it abstractly. From here, one could draw out the coordinates of a sphere by the name of “public” whose structure is defined by the invalidation of two basic laws of thought, the law of non-contradiction and the principle of sufficient reason. The article shows how only the statements capable of absorbing negation, of sustaining a co-existence of affirmation and its symmetrical, abstract negation, can climb the ladder of public perceptibility and social impact.

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The Owl of Minerva from Dusk till Dawn, or, Two Shades of Gray

Author(s): Mladen Dolar / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The paper takes as its starting point the figure of the owl as the emblem of philosophy, it looks at its history and takes up its most significant philosophical use, the notorious passage where Hegel uses the owl as the indic ation of philosophy’s necessary belatedness. This is the passage which is usually taken as the point of indictment of Hegel’s position and the role he ascribed to philosophy. Hegel’s adage ‘What is rational is actual, and what is actual is rational’ is scrutinized in its various aspects, particularly in view of its other version, ‘what is rational must happen’. The tension between the ‘is’ and the ‘ought’ is perhaps the clue to understanding this adage, where Hegel doesn’t opt for the one or the other, but aims at the paradoxical intersection of the two. Hegel’s adage is put in contrast with Marx’s Thesis Eleven. The paper considers the concepts of the rational, the actual, the belatedness/retroaction, the grayness and finally the owl (and the part that bestiary plays in philosophy), thus trying to circumscribe the task that should be assigned to philosophy.

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Thomas Hobbes w interpretacji Lesliego Stephena a brytyjski agnostycyzm przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Sylwia Wilczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Leslie Stephen, one of the main representatives of Victorian agnosticism and an important Victorian historiographer, devoted much space in his works to the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, interpreted by Stephen as a confirmed sceptic; Hobbes’ thought partially inspired Stephen’s own philosophy—especially when it comes to such problems as the role of religion and the nature of faith. An analysis of Stephen’s comparison of Hobbes to Herbert Spencer shows an analogy between two accounts of the problem of the knowledge of God: (1) that of Hobbes and Henry Longueville Mansel, a fideist, and (2) that of Herbert Spencer, an agnostic. The analysis sheds light on the modern inspirations of Victorian agnosticism and its influence on Victorian historiography.

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Wpływ tradycji gnostyckiej na filozofię rosyjską XIX-XX wieku

Author(s): Igor Jewłampijew / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2013

The encounter of the Christian platonic tradition with Gnostic-Mystical tradition has been thebackground for the development of European philosophy during nearly two thousand years. Thebirth of nonclassical philosophy in the second half of XIX century is hugely influenced by GnosticMysticaltradition. Gnostic teaching in Russian philosophy is particularly evident in philosophical achievements of F. Dostoyevsky, V. Solovyov and N. Berdyaev. In the centre of F. Dostoyevsky’sphilosophy is placed an image of Jesus Christ, transformed in the spirit of Gnostic perspective (poemabout the Great Inquisitor in the novel The Brothers Karamazov). Dostoyevsky in his understanding ofJesus Christ overcomes completely the idea of sacrifice and atonement of human. According to himJesus Christ is just a human, who first discovered his divine nature and thereby gave an example forall humankind.

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O ironii jako figurze retorycznej i postawie moralnej (z odniesieniem do Wittlina i Kierkegaarda)

Author(s): Katarzyna Szewczyk-Haake / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2015

In his work as a writer, Józef Wittlin searched for literature able to grant the reader moral support, while at the same time being artistically successful. In his novel Salt of the Earth, the way to com- bine these two, to a certain extent contradictionary aims, is found in the use of irony. An analysis of the classical types of irony appearing in the novel (naive irony, irony of the sender, verbal irony) leads to the conclusion that each of those was remarkably modified by the author. As a result, the “ironical anthropology” created by Wittlin in his novel lacks any elements of simple moralizing or giving ready-made moral solutions, but brings a striking image of a human commu- nity, unified not by a common status, but by a common fate. In the novel, irony turns out to be not only a textual figure, but first and foremost a moral stance, approximate to that of Socrates as described by Kierkegaard. Thanks to this stance, Wittlin enthuses his readers with the longing for the ideal, shaping their moral sensibility, at the same time granting them the sovereignty to which the reader of a literary work should be entitled.

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Estetyka i wieczny powrót – o niektórych możliwościach odczytania Fryderyka Nietzschego

Author(s): Mariusz Moryń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Czy koncepcja, która wyszła spod pióra Fryderyka Nietzschego, rzeczywiście była wy-razem jego stanowiska? Czy twórczość oraz biografia samego filozofa nasuwają jedno-znaczną odpowiedź? Jeśli tak, to czy był on w stanie zdobyć się na krytyczny dystans wobec swej refleksji? A może, podobnie jak jego czytelnik, został zwiedziony, skrycie oszołomiony przez estetykę swego wywodu? Ile irracjonalizmu kryje się w Nietzsche-ańskim logosie? Przedstawiony artykuł zawiera interpretacje inspirowane dekonstruk-cjonizmem Jacques’a Derridy, jednak zasadnicza jego część prezentuje autorską wykład-nię idei Nietzschego, zgodnie z którą człowiek w akcie namiętności odtwarza i obrazuje wieczny powrót oraz uchyla ludzką naturę, otwierając się na możliwości życia.

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Filozofia pragmatyczna Williama Jamesa wobec doświadczenia religijnego

Author(s): Małgorzata Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2012

In the article is presented the philosophical sketch of William James’s ideas, the American thinker who had exerted great influence on development of pragmatism. Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition centered on the importance of practice and experience in every philosophical problem – in metaphysics, epistemology as well as ethics. James was also interested in philosophy of religion. In his opinion, religious experience plays an important legitimating role in creating a worldview of an individual. It applies also to people experiencing world in an extreme way – prophets, leaders of Churches or saints. This kind of philosophical analysis is at the same time focused on pluralism and diversity of people’s experience.

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«Послание мертвеца» Ф. Мэрриет как спиритический роман в жанре фэнтези

Author(s): Elnara Akhmedova Teymurovna / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

In the last decades of the 19th century, spiritualism in Britain reached its climax and developed both as science and religion. At the same time the genre of fantasy was evolving in the British literature. In this article we analyse the influence of spiritualism upon the genre of fantasy through the example of “The Dead Man’s Message” (1894) by Florence Marryat. We explore the chronotope of the secondary world, the plot type and characters.

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Lenin jako czytelnik Hegla. Hipotezy z lektury Leninowskich Zeszytów filozoficznych poświęconych Nauce Logiki

Author(s): Stathis Kouvelakis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2016

Niniejszy artykuł ukazał się oryginalnie w zbiorze esejów Lenin Reloaded: Towarda Politics of Truth. Tekst ten wpisuje się w szerszą debatę, której przedmiotem jest kwestiaciągłości lub jej braku pomiędzy dwoma filozoficznymi tekstami Włodzimierza Lenina,Materializmem a empiriokrytycyzmem a Zeszytami filozoficznymi. Autor podejmuje w nim zatemkwestię ewolucji poglądów politycznych i teoretycznych Lenina między 1908 a 1914 rokiem,wskazując na kluczową rolę, jaką odegrała w niej lektura Nauki logiki i studia nad Heglowskądialektyką, które doprowadziły go do przejścia od niedialektycznej teorii odbiciasformułowanej w pierwszym okresie jego twórczości do dialektycznej refleksji.

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AUTONOMIA FILOZOFII PRAWA WZGLĘDEM METAFIZYKI W UJĘCIU W. SOŁOWJOWA — ZARYS PROBLEMATYKI

Author(s): Marek Jakubiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2015

In the present paper two issues are enunciated. The first part consists brief analysis of Soloviov’ s metaphysics. In the second one, main aspects of Russian philosopher’s legal theory and the relation between his metaphysical and legal conceptions are presented. The aim is to indicate originality of Soloviov’ s thought, especially in the context of the paradigm which ruled in Russia in 19th century.

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TRAGIZM VS. IRONIA – SPÓR O SENSOWNOŚĆ „TEGO, CO LUDZKIE”

Author(s): Anna Kopeć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The article compares two approaches of subjectivity: ‘tragic subjectivity’ and ‘ironic’ one. Both of them include different anthropology. Tragic subjectivity is most fully expressed in commitment to values. Tragic protagonist is the one who by acting according to his commitment to values becomes self–conscious. However, subjectivity which emerges from tragic vision cannot exist in postmodern times, because of some reductions which postmodern philosophy has brought. Ironic subjectivity took the place of the tragic one. This subjectivity manifests in negation. Ironic protagonist understands freedom as being uncommitted, as an abstraction from the externality. This escape from reality brings to the subject the feeling of self–doubt. In the end of the article the author shows that ironic project is not a remedy for the problems which appear from postmodernity and suggests that new form of tragic vision (which again brings to the notion of ‘humanity’ special content) is possible.

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FOUCAULT'S PERSPECTIVE ON “THE CARE OF THE SELF” IN CHRISTIANITY AND THE LACK OF SOME CENTRAL ELEMENTS - THE FACE AND THE SACRAMENT

Author(s): Georgiana Moise / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The basic idea of this study is to invalidate the conclusion reached by Foucault when trying to analyze in Christianity the obligations of truth which concern the self (assimilated to the soul), and namely that by exomologesis and exagoreusis, as Christian techniques, are founded one of the main forms of our obedience - towards others, or towards the system - the binding confession being for him a way of enslaving the individual. By not understanding the essence of Christianity - i.e. lacking the metaphysical dimension, face and sacrament of the data upon which the research is done - it is natural for Foucault to reach to a wrong conclusion, reason for which he is proposing new techniques of care of the self (after the model of the practices of the self in the Romanian Stoicism, specifying that these practices of the self are relational and transversal, not of the community nor individual) as a shield against the domineering systems, with a Humanist mask.

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Hajdeger i Mula Sadra - pojmovna evidentnost i suštinska nedokučivost bitka

Author(s): Muamer Halilović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

Razmatrajući filozofske stavove utemeljivača islamske transcendentne filozofije Mula Sadre Širazija i jednog od najznačajnijih predstavnika savremene egzistencijalističke škole Martina Hajdegera, primećujemo određene sličnosti. Obojica su pitanje bitka smatrali ključnim pitanjem filozofskih sistema koje su utemeljili. Međutim, iako primećujemo da su oni svoje filozofsko istraživanje otpočeli sa sličnog polazišta - tj. pitanjem o bitku - ipak, u detaljima njihovih filozofskih sistema uočavamo veoma značajne razlike. Detaljno obrazlaganje njihovih filozofskih razlika, razume se, zahteva mnogo obimniju studiju. Međutim, u ovom radu, autor nastoji da ukaže na neke aspekte sadržinskih i metodoloških razmimoilaženja ova dva filozofa koja se pojavljuju već na samom početku njihovih filozofskih istraživanja, tj. prilikom obrazlaganja autentičnosti doktrine o pojmovnoj evidentnosti i suštinskoj nedokučivosti bitka. Ta tema, koja je na prvi pogled ista kod Mula Sadre i Hajdegera, detaljno se razmatra u ovom radu, te se najzad ukazuje na četiri fundamentalne razlike koje se tim povodom pojavljuju kod ovih filozofa. S druge strane, kako ova tema ima temeljnu ulogu u daljem razvoju njihovih filozofskih sistema, autor zaključuje da korene njihovih kasnijih i značajnijih razmimoilaženja, između ostalog, treba potražiti i u toj doktrini.

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Filozofia muzyki Artura Schopenhauera

Author(s): Andrzej Lorenz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVIII/2016

The aim of this article is to present the philosophical understanding of the essence and the meaning of music, which was shaped in the early nineteenth century, under the influence of instrumental music of Ludwig van Beethoven. It is an attempt at outlining the main areas of similarity that exist between E.T.A. Hoffmann and Arthur Schopenhauer in terms of theoretical thinking about the metaphysical essence and aesthetic sense of instrumental music in the spirit of nineteenth-century philosophy of music. At the beginning of the nineteenth century aesthetic reflection on music reached an epochal point marking a remarkable breakthrough in the understanding, reception and evaluation of individual musical works. The theoretical definition of the hierarchy of aesthetic experience of human spirituality assigns the pure instrumental music of Ludwig van Beethoven the highest rank, thus creating a new concept of romantic musical aesthetic.

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Istinito kao bakantski zanos: uloga i važnost pluriperspektivizma u Hegelovoj misli

Author(s): Vanja Borš / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/144/2016

In this work I direct attention to the role and importance of pluriperspectivism in the thought of G. W. F. Hegel. For that purpose, I read (interpret) the allegory about the true as a bacchantic ecstasy, which can be found in his fundamental work Phenomenology of Spirit. Also, in the text I indicate the importance of pluriperspectivism, that is, point out and elaborate its essential characteristics: on the one hand, it allows and encourages the more unexclusive and more embracing approach to the reality while, on the other hand, it allows and encourages the growth and development of perspective, that is, the increase of the truthfulness of truth.

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Fenomenologia a duchowy wymiar życia

Author(s): Agnieszka Wesołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVIII/2016

The aim of the article is to demonstrate that Husserl’s phenomenology as a science involves problems connected with essence of spiritual life. The spiritual dimension is an important context in the reading of Husserl’s work. This problem affects the specificity of Husserl’s thought and manner of philosophizing. According to Husserl, the fundamental task of philosophy concerns the sphere of spirit and its evolution. In correspondence with the question of the essence of spirit, Husserl’s phenomenology is presented in the perspective of two threads. First, the author consider the problem of spiritual life taken as a life in truth; secondly, a reflection over essence of spirit is understood as a purpose of philosophizing.

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„Twardego snu pieczęcie”. Świat dziwów w „Zaklętym mieście” Edwarda Leszczyńskiego

Author(s): Grzegorz Igliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article offers an analysis and interpretation of the poem Zaklęte miasto [Enchanted city] from the volume Ballady i pieśni [Ballads and songs] by the Young Poland poet Edward Leszczyński. The poem is first analysed based on the oneiric convention. For this purpose the author refers to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and explains the symbolism of the wheel, which indicates the sense of entrapment in the world, a situation with no way out. The dreaming-wandering from Leszczyński’s poem, the gaining and losing of faith, is then examined in the context of August Strindberg’s A Dream Play. The two works, ostensibly so different, address with a similar kind of poetic “dreaming.” In both cases, the life in question is inauthentic, asleep, affected by a curse, kept under a spell. The last stanza of the poem indicates the Dionysian tradition, and therefore makes it necessary to refer to the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche and his idea of eternal return. The examination lead to the conclusion that Leszczyński’s work refers to the dual meaning of circularity, or rather two attitudes towards life. In the first case Schopenhauerian determinism is revealed, according to which life is a monotonous, enchaining, ominous dream. In the second case we are dealing with the worship life of Nietzschean provenance – one may, therefore, conclude that a curse can be a blessing and being asleep can be being awake, if we accept the eternal return.

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