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Самосъзнанието като влюбено съзнание. Влюбеност и обожание

Author(s): Iliya Todorov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The article deals with a range of concepts, striving to reveal their semantic unity. In this connection, a kind of dialectical perspective is used to review their relation of definition. The concepts in question are those of self-consciousness, morality and love. The author clarifies the nature of amorous consciousness – in the sense of identity of love, conditioned as infatuation, and adoration. As a result, a new analytical perspective on certain specific forms of love is established, including love of God, love of the ideal (homeland), maternal or parental love.

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Из патилата на модалностите в класическата немска философия

Author(s): Stiliyan Yotov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 52/2020

The square of modalities in Aristotle has four logical positions. Among them, the category of „reality” is missing, which Kant and Hegel included in their systems. This choice of theirs was probably provoked by Leibniz, for whom the content of the „possible” is not a set of positions between which there is indifference. The possible contains potentials with varying degrees of feasibility, which is in connection with the real, of transformation into it. In addition, the solutions of Kant and Hegel are options for overcoming pure formalism in logic and for creating meaningful logic. The reflections offered here are a reconstruction of their experiments, considered in a peculiar sequence.

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Джорджо Агамбен и философията на езика

Author(s): Georgi Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 52/2020

The text focuses on the philosophy of language of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben and compares it with another trend in the theory of language, where a Bulgarian case of original theory is also examined. Agamben tries to create a modal ontology, in which ethics and ontology would be different and interchangeable modes of speech. He builds on the scholastic concept of mode and develops the modes of speech as an alternative to the linguistic modalities. On the other hand, the text views the French linguist Gustave Guillaume who works extensively with modalities and infers the philosophical concepts from the linguistic ones. Guillaume starts from a primal state where subject and object are undifferentiated in language and subsequently draws an operative field from the differentiation between the two. This is the path to the linguistic creation of time, the chronogenesis, and to the modalities. The Bulgarian guillaumist Krassimir Manchev works in this field. Yet the main purpose of the text is the juxtaposition of the philosophy of Agamben with the contemporary Bulgarian followers of the French theory of modalities, namely with the attempt of Darin Tenev to propose a modal theory that is appropriate for both philosophy and socioanalysis. The slightly elitist modal ontology of Agamben or the linguistic and sociological theories of modalities – this is the question of the article.

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Die Genesis von Hölderlins Begriff der Sprache aus mediengeschichtlicher Sicht

Author(s): Niketa Stefa / Language(s): German Issue: 29/2020

This essay explores the genesis of the concept of language in Hölderlin’s work and its relation to the history of the media. The early stage of language development is the purely phonetic unity of words. This is followed by its setting in the spiritual interior. The liberation from this towards a general interpretation of word unity occurs through an enthusiastic language that makes writing communicable and at the same time exposes it to the danger of forgetting the original meaning of the words. Hölderlin reacts to this with a recognition of the status quo of modern language or with a fortification of enthusiastic language through the legality of writing or with a reduction of signifiers.

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Logički princip slobode. Hegelovo zasnivanje logike

Author(s): Mina Đikanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 34/2020

The paper analyses Hegel’s foundation of logic as an ontologic. Displaying the key stations of self-development of spirit in the science of logic, Hegel at the same time outlines the course which spirit will follow in every of his manifestations. Thus the relation between necessity and freedom in logic is constitutive for the relation between necessity and freedom – abstract and concrete, being and ought to – in whole philosophical system.

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Schelling’s Answer to the Fundamental Question of Metaphysics in the Original Version Of The Philosophy Of Revelation

Author(s): Markus Gabriel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

In seinem Aufsatz setzt sich Gabriel mit dem von Schelling analysierten Verhältnis des Menschen zur Natur auseinander. Dazu wird dargestellt, wie sich die Grundfrage der Metaphysik „Warum ist überhaupt etwas und nicht vielmehr nichts?“ bei Schelling verwandelt in die Frage: „Warum ist denn Vernunft und nicht Unvernunft?“ Dies deshalb, weil durch das Stellen der Grundfrage sich die Welt über einige ihrer Bewohner selbst thematisiert, wodurch eine Bestimmtheit hinzutritt, die nicht ignoriert werden darf. Es geht letztlich darum, die Grundfrage zugleich mit einer Reflexion auf die Frage selbst zu stellen, und dies involviert eben auch den Menschen als denjenigen, der die Frage stellt. Die Formulierung und Beantwortung der Grundfrage kann nicht von unserer eigenen Existenz abstrahieren.

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The Paradoxes of Tolerance: A Deconstructive View

Author(s): Giorgi Tskhadaia / Language(s): English Issue: 53/2021

The neo-Kantian, deontological liberal theory seeks to overcome the paradoxes of tolerance. It claims to accomplish this task by grounding tolerance in purportedly universal higher-order moral reasoning. I argue that in reality, such an approach cannot separate tolerance from particular ethical norms or empirical realities. For this reason, it cannot resolve the paradoxes of tolerance. However, I contend there is another path to account for the value of tolerating “others”. Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction provides us the way to retain the necessarily particularistic character of tolerance, without forfeiting its context-transcending, “universalistic” potential. In this article, I show that the paradoxes of tolerance need to be maintained as quasi-transcendental structures, instead of being discarded in the name of higher-order moral reasoning.

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Hegel sa Deleuzeom (i obratno): Pojam razlike i razlika u pojmu

Author(s): Ivan Milenković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 01+02/2021

The author analyzes the difference between Hegel’s and Deleuze’s notions of ‘the difference’. Hegel’s heterogenous and non-identical difference dissipates in a speculative movement of thought and becomes a moment in a whole that is identical with itself. Deleuze, on contrary, tries to pull the difference out from a dialectical embrace of the notion and to affirm it as a transcendental quantity, or as a condition of possibility of empirical differentiations. There¬fore, he forwards transcendental empiricism in opposition to the Hegelian identity of difference. There is a sharp contrast between these two conceptions of the difference, but they both, in their specific manner, possess strong practical/political charge and both can be used as explanatory models for understanding today’s condition in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region, as well as in the much wider context.

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Why Is New Materialism Not the Answer? Approaching Hyper-Matter, Reinventing the Sense of Critique Beyond ‘Theory’

Author(s): Michał Krzykawski / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2019

The article offers a new model of materialist philosophical critique (general technocritique or digital critique) as a critical response to new materialism(s). Drawing on the reinterpretation of the legacy of European philosophies and works by Bernard Stiegler, the article strives to elaborate authentically new theoretical account of matter, notably in relation to the techno-logical mode of its organisation. The critique of new materialism(s) is positioned within the unprecedented crisis of the theoretical model of knowledge. What it is possible to discover by the end of the second decade of the 21st century is that humanities scholars have not managed to confront the central issue for their viable future: the whole theoretical and methodological model, which has so far provided fuel for the contemporary humanities and shaped our social class, postcolonial, gender, queer and other sensibilities, is plunging into a deep epistemological crisis, for having lost its efficient and final cause. In a nutshell, the model of “doing theory,” is no longer valid, inasmuch as “theory” strangely misrecognized the revolutionary developments in cybernetics, which occurred in the 1950s and radically changed the very nature of knowledge. Therefore, a new epistēmē has to be formed in this new digital condition. However, the formation of this new epistēmē requires for us to radically transform what is referred to as “theory” or “critical theory” and to take into account the developments in the sciences and technology (not necessarily in the methodological framework offered by what is defined as STS) in order to lay the foundations under a new critique of political economy in the hyper-material era.

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Užmirštieji Lietuvos romantizmo teoretikai: kun. Ignotas Dembinskis

Author(s): Dalius Viliūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2021

The sluggish development of romantic philosophy research suggests looking back at new sources that have been ignored so far. Priest Ignacy Dembinsky (1800–1869) is a forgotten romantic theorist. He is not only Wilhelm Schlegel’s translator, but also his promoter, commentator, who formulated authentic insights of romantic philosophy. The article focuses on the circumstances of Schlegel’s two-dimensional publication of “Philosophy of Life” (1840), which remained on the subscriber list, raises the hypothesis that the subscription of the work was a large-scale quasi-political patriotic campaign. The direction represented by Dembinsky is attributable to legal catholic romanticism. The latter sought to establish a positive alternative to Enlightenment’s scientism, naturalism, sensualism, one-sided rationalism, based on ideas of compatibility between science and philosophy, philosophy and Revelation. A person should realize freedom in a moral life and strive for the fullness of life – these ideas had refreshing sociopolitical implications in a depressing tsarist reality. Dembinsky polemicized with his local competitor, Florian Bochvic, a representative of a similar direction. The latter episode raises the question of the compatibility of his catholic theological doctrine and his maxims of a romantic philosopher: it is left open. It is hypothesized that the works translated, commented and creatively supplemented by Dembinsky could function as a bridge between the old Polish-speaking philosophy of Lithuania and the beginnings of the current Lithuanian theorization.

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From Habermas to Derrida: A Weak Form of Secular Universalism

Author(s): Giorgi Tskhadaia / Language(s): English Issue: 100/2021

In this article, I argue that a universalistic thrust of secularism should not be located in a Habermasian deontological liberal principle of the priority of universal morality over particularistic ethical doctrines. I show that Habermas cannot plausibly demonstrate that this principle can be invariably applied across different cases. However, in order not to succumb to parochialism, the failure of the deontological model should not prompt us to give up on the search for a universalistic drive behind secularism. To this end, I advocate a Derridean critique of religion and secularism as an alternative solution. By deconstructing the Kantian dichotomy of faith vs. knowledge, Jacques Derrida shows that secularism is, paradoxically, both a concrete socio-political regime and a possibility for a radical change.

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The Concept of “Thrownness” in Algis Budrys’s Short Story “Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night”

Author(s): Svetozar Poštić / Language(s): English Issue: 40 (45)/2021

This paper analyses the concept of thrownness and the related notions of immediacy and actuality in a 1961 short science fiction story “Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night” by Algis Budrys. It first defines the concept of thrownness (Geworfenheit), created and coined by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger in his classic book Being and Time, and it explains how this notion can be employed in literary analysis in general and applied to this work in particular. The article then analyses how certain stylistic devices in the short story, namely similes, change of pace and the presentation of an inner conflict in the main character, contribute to the feeling of authenticity. In other words, it attempts to exhibit the means used in a prose work to make it seem more realistic and immediate. Finally, the work also argues that science fiction is in many ways more real than other fictional works. Although it belongs to the genre that has traditionally been denied serious literary merit, the novel view and interpretation of this story aims to disclose new horizons of artistic expression that illuminate human mental and physical frailty and stimulate a valuable inquiry into the meaning of life.

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Universal Principles in Political Philosophy of Dante Alighieri and Immanuel Kant (Part I)

Author(s): Emiliano Mettini / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2021

Ideals of universal power able to manage and solve social and ethical (religious) questions as many ways to reach the highest wisdom, and consequently, fullest well-being of humankind to reach a perpetual peace are present throughout human history so that we can find these ideals in Plato’s Republic, in Aristotle’s Politeia and other works concerning the establishment of more or less utopic “states” and commonwealth since our days. In the present essay we shall scrutinize the universalistic vision of Italian thinker Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and the cosmopolitan idea of German philosopher I. Kant (1724–1804). We decided to analyze the political philosophy of those thinkers on the following grounds: on one hand, D. Alighieri took as the basis of his rumination Roman Empire that having as solid basis of its universalistic ideology Right of every Roman citizen (lying on the observance of religious and civil obligations), and the so-called pax romana , a theoretical ground on which D. Alighieri would create a communitas a secular led by Reason commonwealth, which might have replaced the so-called humanitas (in Augustinian understanding of such idea); and, on the other hand, I. Kant tried to explain how human self-improvement under the right use of Reason (that we understand like ethical ruling principle of humankind) can be achieved to lead human beings from the state of nature (a semi-brutal one) to the state of reason, which would have as final end a perpetual peace in a universal republic. On those bases we shall try to detect common theoretical and ideal features between D. Alighieri and I. Kant’s vision, so to prove that universalistic power is not a despotic power, but a unifying power under ethical and spiritual principles of the whole humankind.

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Izlaganje Kantove kritike racionalne teologije kao priloga tezi o nesuvislosti religijskih sukoba

Author(s): Safer Grbić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 35/2021

What is the significance of Kant's critique of metaphysics and in particular of his critique of rational theology in the context of the question of the incoherence of religious conflicts? Precisely concerning this relationship, this paper will consider a brief history of thinking of a phenomenon called rational theology, then in this context, we will consider Kant's precritical work and later presentation of a critique of rational theology, all in the context of questioning the relationship enumerated with religious conflicts. The hypothesis of this paper is reflected in proving the relationship between Kant's critique of rational theology and the idea of the inconsistency of religious conflicts in such a way that the inconsistency of religious conflicts is based on the results of Kant's critique: the impossibility of certainty and knowledge. So, finally, and according to the results of Kant's main work Kritik der reinen Vernunft: why make religious conflicts serious at all when we cannot objectively prove the existence of the religious idea of God – who is the reason religious conflicts themselves, by their definition, are serious!?

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Refleksija i spekulacija. Rani Hegelov koncept logike kao samokritike refleksije

Author(s): Nevena Jevtić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 36/2021

The author of this paper will present Hegel’s concepts of reflection and speculation, in the way they were developed in his Differenzschrift. Reflection and speculation, being connected and conditioned intellectual procedures, are in fact able to fulfil twofold task of philosophy, i. e. the critical task of introduction and systematic task of developing of philosophy. As a radical grasping into the antinomy of reflection, as a way of exposing the antinomies in the absolute identity itself, self-critical reflection is the method of reason or speculation. In manuscript of Hegel’s lecture from 1804/5, Logic – Metaphysics – Philosophy of Nature, taking logical development of the forms of judgment as an example, the self-criticism of reflexive categories is obvious. This early concept of logic, which Hegel calls logic of reflection or logic of understanding, plays a role of the introduction to metaphysics.

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Good Will and Spontaneity in Communication

Author(s): Nerijus Stasiulis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article is based on the interpretation of Kant’s notion of good will with regard to its meaning for successful communication. It seeks to delineate its necessary relation to spontaneity as opposed to a strictly closed definition – the spontaneity in language as crucial for communication. Agambenian and Wittgensteinian musings on language and paradigm are employed for that purpose. The art of comedy is seen to illustrate the communication based on spontaneity and paradigm and the art of tragedy is seen to depict the condition of radical incommunicability. Alongside this linguistic and epistemological approach, the discussion of the issue also includes the ontological aspect, i.e. the Agambenian-Aristotelian notion of potentiality is described as akin to the Kantian good will (Ding an sich) and is seen as the necessary (and perhaps also sufficient) condition for (successful) communication.

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Immanuelio Kanto iššūkis politikos mokslui

Author(s): Alvydas Jokūbaitis,Linas Jokubaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4(104)/2021

The aim of the paper is to prove the incompatibility of Kantian philosophy with empirical political science. The nonexistence of such a science in Kant’s structure of reason is not a coincidence that was determined by historical contingencies, it is a necessary position of his teaching. The domination of morality in Kant’s conception of practical reason does not leave any room for empirical science of politics. Firstly, introduction of methods borrowed from the natural sciences would lead to the demoralization of politics. Secondly, empirical science of politics deforms our understanding of politics. Thirdly, when politics is divorced from morality it loses its ontological foundation. Empirical science of politics that only attempts to investigate facts is incapable of understanding the role of ideas and for this reason does not distinguish between empirical and conceptual factors. Such a science does not recognize the human person as a free subject of morality and sees him as a consequence of external factors. Finally, political science that is divorced from morals deforms understanding of practical reason.

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The Modern State and “Death of god”: Absurdity and Chaos in Ibuse’s Black Rain

Author(s): Andrew Nyongesa,Maurice Simbili / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The birth of modern state with her technological advancements was hailed as a new dawn for humankind. The merits of enlightenment had finally been realized and the ensuing scientific inventions would finally perpetuate the entry of humanity towards a universal culture. The problems such as disease, ignorance and poverty that had perennially affected humanity would be forgotten given that science and industrialization had heightened human reason and production. In spite of this grand narrative, emerging voices have singled out the failures of modernism and the narrative project. They have decried modernist tendencies to mechanize humanity and eradicate the individual’s creativity and morality. Through coercion and conformity, the modern state replaces individual revaluation of culture and perpetuates violence and intellectual passivity hence the demise of progress. This article is a postmodernist critique of modernism and her grand narrative with reference to Ibuse (1970), Black Rain. It shows how the ideals of modernism can only lead humanity to inhumanity, violence and chaos. The ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger will form a theoretical basis of interpretation. This is an analytical study that proceeds through close textual reading of primary and secondary texts.

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Problems and Prospects for the Formation of a General Methodology of Knowledge. Philosophical Reflections

Author(s): Zoya Stezhko,Nataliia Shalimova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The article analyses the problems and possibilities of forming a general methodological paradigm for the study, explanation and forecasting of social processes – in the context of the philosophical concepts of G. Hegel and F. Nietzsche. In particular, a fundamental possibility for forming a general methodological paradigm based on a dynamic balance of not optimal, but possible is analysed. The paper outlines the positive and negative aspects of the methodological paradigms of rationalism and irrationalism (postmodernism); points out the possibility of terminological discourse in determining the content of concepts and categories; emphasises the efficiency of the methodological paradigm of rationalism on the example of the analysis and implementation of the philosophical category ‘measure’; substantiates the need for improvement of the spiritual priorities of various groups of the population – with a special emphasis on the layer of politicians.

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Wardovo hegelijansko shvaćanje države. Država kao uvjet ostvarenja slobode i društvenoga napretka

Author(s): Marko Dokić,Vladimir Bakrač / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/166/2022

This paper examines the social theory of Lester Frank Ward, one of the most significant representatives of early American social theory, with particular attention to his conception of the state, which can be described as Hegelian. The first part of the paper gives a brief overview of early American social theory: its basic features, the issues that were the focus of attention during this period in the development of sociology in the US, and its most significant representatives. The basic features of Ward’s social theory are then presented and examined in more detail. It is pointed out that it is: conceptual and essentially based on the natural sciences; based on the distinction between pure and applied sociology; systematic; supportive of progressive and pro-social reforms. It was directed against the individualist tradition. His theory was based on the belief that the human mind can direct social progress and that the order based on social inequalities, which is a product of the laissez-faire doctrine, cannot guarantee freedom and prosperity. The fundamental institution capable of doing so is the state. Therefore, the central part of this paper is devoted to his conception of the state and makes a comparison with Hegel’s theory of the ethical state contained in Hegel’s philosophy of objective spirit – philosophy of law and philosophy of history. It concludes by pointing out that Ward’s theory indicated the general direction of development of social circumstances towards the era of collectivism, and was also atypical of American social theory in some of its features.

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