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GLOBAL LIFE WORLD

Author(s): Algis Mickunas / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2007

The essay is designed to disclose one aspect of modern Western civilization that has become the ground for what is known as “globalization.” The argument is presented that this civilization is premised on formal systems that are not derivable either from physical or from empirical grounds. Such systems are constructs and their connection with the environment is technical and productive. Thus the selection among the systems to be applied depends on social valuations with respect to their usefulness. The current global systems of internet communication have no physical presence; they are purely “signitive” in the sense that they have no specific space-time location, although can be embodied at any time and any place. Such systems provide an invisible net that can be utilized to access and communicate messages about all events around the globe. The argument that such communication although very fast, takes some time, since the logic of this communication is signitive, a net of meanings that by themselves, as a matter of course define even space and time. It can be stated without a contradiction that the invisible signitive world is a variant of traditional metaphysics, such as Plato’s understanding of mathematics, or the world of ideas.

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DIEVO REFLEKSIJA M. HEIDEGGERIO FILOSOFIJOS SĄVOKOMIS XX AMŽIAUS PROTESTANTŲ TEOLOGIJOJE

Author(s): Mindaugas Briedis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

The article explores fundamental shifts in protestant theology during the first half of the 20th century and reflects their philosophical premises deduced from philosophical hermeneutics, primarily from the philosophy of M. Heidegger. On the one hand, the methods and the content of philosophical hermeneutics respond to the issues posed by contemporary philosophy of religion. On the other hand, theology as a rational, critical discipline cannot ignore the polemic horizons explored by philosophical hermeneutics. One of such underlying polemic questions is the problem of theological language, which was “forgotten” simultaneously with the rise and development of the tradition of metaphysical theism. The thesis of the article, stating that there is no principle disagreement between philosophical hermeneutics and the objectives of contemporary theology, is based on a careful analysis of prominent protestant theologians (K. Barth, R. Bultmann, P. Tillich) of the period and supported by the interpretations of authoritative critics (J. Macquarrie, K. Lowith). While answering the question how, in the face of the new ontology (hermeneutics of finitude), theology is possible, the answer comes in the form of “the language of being” which rehabilitates traditional symbols retaining their transforming power and existential conceptuality. After stating that Dasein analytics presented by M. Heidegger provides new impulses for the theological discourse, it is also noted that we must take a closer look at the so-called “contemporary” theology and explore the critical revision of this very modern “theologization” of Heidegger, accomplished by postmodern theologians (J. L. Marion).

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DARBAS IR DIRBINYS. ARISTOTELINIS HEIDEGERINIS SVARSTYMAS

Author(s): Arūnas Sverdiolas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

As a continuation of the previous analysis of the mechanism of culture, performed employing the paradigmatic actions of establishing social existence fundamentals and their preservation, the paper deals with a substantializing action such as artifact manufacture and artifact existence preservation. The arguments are based on the cornerstones of Western theoretical tradition (Aristotelian and Heideggerian con cepts of artifact and tool) in an attempt of their critical reconsideration (re-centering) and thus opening new perspectives of their interpretation in compliance with the modern pecularities of experiencing the origination, duration, dissipation and decay of artifacts.

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Lithuanian Poetry in the Light of European Existentialism: Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas

Author(s): Eugenijus Žmuida / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article concentrates on the perspectives of two disciplines – the Lithuanian literature and philosophy of Existentialism – and their specific manifestations as literature of existentialism, and aims to represent how the main questions of existence began to arise in Lithuanian poetry and later were spread at the theoretical level at the university in Kaunas. Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas is the author whose works symbolically represent a turning point in Lithuanian literature. Finding himself in a difficult and ambiguous situation, having entered priesthood, the traditional education for peasant children, he had to break the ties with his past and gain status as an independent artist. The theme of choice, authentic life and questions of the human place in the universe found their poetic expression in the meditative poetry of Mykolaitis-Putinas. In the poetry of his last period, the theme of death becomes important and Heidegger’s concept “Being-toward-death” (“Sein zum Tode”) emerges as the last thrilling problem. Mykolaitis-Putinas had an impact on the younger generation of Lithuanian poets to whom existential problems were self-evident.

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HUSSERLIO IR HEIDEGGERIO GINČAS DĖL FENOMENOLOGIJOS

Author(s): Mintautas Gutauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article aims to explain the controversy between Husserl and Heidegger about the grounds, possibilities, and aims of phenomenology. First the author notes the commitment of both philosophers to phenomenology as the new way of thinking which suspends a naivety of objectivism, gives answers about transcendental preconditions of knowledge and guides to the Ursprungswissenschaft. Then the paper discusses which evidence, intuitions and assumptions became the base for the absolutely grounded science in Husserl’s philosophy. Further, Heidegger’s criticism of the givenness is analyzed, the way he opens the strata of historicity and guides to the deeper question – what is a human being and what is the meaning of being? Lastly is noted that many issues under discussion overlap, but the ultimate goals of both thinkers – the absolutely grounded science and the question of being – lead them in different directions.

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FAMILY RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN CONTEMPORARY POST-SUBJECTIVIST PHILOSOPHY AND ANIMISTIC RELIGIONS

Author(s): Argo Moor,Leo Luks / Language(s): English Issue: 89/2016

Criticism of the Cartesian subject and attempts at establishing a post-subjectivist philosophy are prevalent in contemporary continental philosophy. People living in modern Western cultures are frequently characterized as residing in a permanent state of identity crisis. The question “who comes after the subject?” is topical both in philosophy and in the daily life of Western people. In this interdisciplinary study, we argue that that there are considerable family resemblances between the aims of post-subjectivist philosophy and animistic religions. We will first provide the requisite background for understanding the animistic treatment of subjectivity by describing three principles: the Principle of Unity, the Principle of Balance, and Complementary Polar Thinking. These principles further develop our treatment of the concept of network thinking, as outlined in our previous joint paper, “Networks and Hierarchies: Two Ways of Thinking”. We will then compare the animistic treatment of subjectivity with current critiques of the subject. Although we will not express a normative request for the resurrection of animism, we nonetheless cannot exclude the possibility that the study of animistic principles may provide local solutions to the postmodern crisis of the subject.

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JUSLUMO IR ANTJUSLUMO ASIMETRIJA ARVYDO ŠLIOGERIO PATYRIMO SAMPRATOJE

Author(s): Mantautas Ruzas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article analyses Arvydas Šliogeris’ conception of experience and contrasts it with Heidegger’s philosophy. In Šliogeris‘ conception an experienced object is treated differently than in Heidegger’s – the object is not articulated in the plane of immanence and not constituted by the intentional acts of consciousness or signification. In Šliogeris’ philosophy object is treated as a transcendent thing which can be experienced only from the radical dualistic standpoint based on irreducible dichotomy between consciousness and the thing. Šliogeris associates the plane of transcendent things with exterior pure sensuality. In Šliogeris’ understanding, sensual givens are experienced without conditions of the possible givenness and are given prior to the meta-sensual plane of language. Heidegger’s conception of experience, on the contrary, is based on the premise that the plane of language is prior to sensual givens. In Heidegger’s analysis, everyday life-experience fundamentally functions as hermeneutical practice, i.e. as experience which already understands and interprets.

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HEIDEGGERIO TECHNIKOS SAMPRATOS UŽUOMAZGOS ANKSTYVOSIOSE SENOVĖS GRAIKŲ INTERPRETACIJOSE

Author(s): Tomas Nemunas Mickevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2016

In this article an attempt is made to explicate the influence that the early Heidegger’s interpretations of Ancient Greek philosophy had on his later conception of modern technology. It is shown, first, how the conception of Being as produced, which has arisen while searching for origins of Ancient Greek philosophy, reflects itself in the later thought on the modern technological opening of Being, named machination (Machenschaft) and, later, enframing (Gestell). Secondly, it is shown how one of the essential structural elements of productive behaviour (herstellende Verhalten) – namely the conception of causality – is important for the later explication of modern technological understanding of Being. And finally, it is shown how the early Aristotelian conception of tέχνη as a mode of truth (ἀλήθεια) or mode of being in truth (ἀληθεύειν) reflects itself in the innovative Heideggerian conception of technology as a mode of understanding of Being.

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VERTYBIŲ IR VERTINIMO PROBLEMA HEIDEGGERIO FILOSOFIJOJE

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

The article analyses the concept of value and valuing in Heidegger’s philosophy. The article aims to show that Heidegger’s criticism of value does not deny the possibility of axiology in his philosophy. Heidegger criticizes the Neo-Kantian concept of value, because he aims to distance himself from the objectivist and subjectivist philosophy of value. Heidegger understood value not as a transcendence of the world, but as the meaning of the life-world. Heidegger drew from Husserl’s and Emile Lask’s ideas about the intentional relationship between the shape of the object and its perception. This is the correlation between the meaning of the object and the action oriented to it, which Heidegger interprets as the affordance of the tool. The article reveals that value is a correlative structure of the pragmatic world and the subject acting within it. Firstly, the article provides an overview of Heidegger’s polemic with Neo-Kantian theory of value, secondly, it examines the concept of affordances in Being and Time and Heidegger’s lectures Introduction to Philosophy.

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Kultūrinės tapatybės refleksija vėlyvuosiuose Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno dienoraščio fragmentuose (2009–2012) ir Juliano Barneso esė knygoje „Gyvenimo lygmenys“

Author(s): Aurelija Mykolaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36(41)/2019

The article compares the following two texts: the latest dairy fragments of Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas (2014) and the essay book “Levels of Life” by Julian Barnes. Both writers aim to reveal personal experiences through cultural texts: the relationship with the Other enables us to identify ourselves and helps to describe our inner world. The article focuses on how the memory is created and what is the most important in culture for both writers. Several meaningful aspects are emphasized by both writers: they both raise existential questions, search for possible answers in culture, as well as search for links with a particular place and focus on art. The study has revealed that that culture, especially classic European culture, is an essential support that allows us to reflect our being. Special attention is paid to French culture, which could be perceived as a benchmark for the European mentality. Although the books refer to different cultural sources, they both focus on a great respect of the art of the word as capable of preserving memory.

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Taking Back Europe in Valdas Papievis’s Novels

Author(s): Aušra Jurgutienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The Novels of Contemporary Lithuanian Writer Valdas Papievis Eiti (To Go) and Odilė, arba oro uostų vienatvė (Odile, or the Solitude of Airports) – are two of the most successful variants of Lithuanian literature elicited by globalisation and the end of the Cold War. Not only because after the fall of the Iron Curtain that divided the West and the East and the declaration of Lithuania’s independence the author now lives and writes in Paris, but also due to the fact that his novels written in Lithuanian and describing contemporary Paris and Provence create topical and artistically mature narratives about the newest transformations of the European identity into an intermediate state. The article discusses the author’s uniquely romanticized tradition of existen tialism and emphasises the moments of Lithuanian and French communication that establish the three main motifs of an individual’s migration: home / to go / solitude, refining their existential and aesthetic meanings. The novels remind the reader that the forgotten natural and cosmic dimension of a human life is of no less importance than the social, historical and national environment determining it. The novels erase the ancient boundaries between the Eastern and Western European stereotypes; therefore, their French and Lithuanian origins are not noticeably in conflict, rather they merge into a common European memory, marked by sadness and disquietude.

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Ëndrra si toponim gjeografik “Makondo” e G.G Marquez-it dhe “Rrafshi” i Ismail Kadare-së

Author(s): Donjeta Gashi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

Often in literature, particularly when confronting literatures with each other, we see similarities in elements, themes or motifs between the two worlds, which in the first sight it would seem extremely distant, different and impossible. Creating a physical and geographical identity, an orientation of the topic of the author development, a daydreamer orientation, remembering his home and country, is a product of art written by both authors. Rrafshi, a fiction story (an invented world – imaginary place, a dream) aiming to explain a different viewpoint to the existing reality, it helps Kadare to reveal the harshness of life, love and death but also universalize the homeland. The same thing, even though miles away, we see in Marquez with the same aim to create an identity between life, death, love, fate and sacrifice, hence creating an afterlife, imaginary and daydreaming. “Makondo” and “Rrafshi” became synonyms of a reality full of pain, love and death, as a sacrifice for life! This study shall be based on these elements of the author. A confrontation of societies in a parallel word, with issues regarding the identity and origin, which reflect the myth of existence of human in space and time, a product of social and habit paradoxes of characters full of intrigues. For the readers, authors’ writings are a reflection of likeliness (the unrealistic) to a historical and geographical reality of a paradox which reveals boldness towards fear; reveals love towards hate as well as life towards death. What exactly represent these two literature themes, fictional stories that orient the reader towards an environment, with special features, which in fact do not exist? What are the similarities and differences between them? Why did Makondo and Rrafshi universalize? This work aims to confront these two authors/writings as well as demographic and topographic orientations in literature, a comparative confrontation and clash of values as well.

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Pour une théorie périphérique et/ou amoureuse: lectures d’Agamben, Derrida, Rancière

Author(s): Francesca Manzari / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The introduction of Giorgio Agamben’s book entitled Stanzas, Word and Phantasm in Western Culture is about the relationship of philosophy and poetry to knowledge in Western culture. The stanza is “the essential nucleus” of Tuscan poetry in the thirteenth century. It is actually an invention of Tuscan poets who call stanzas the parts that compose every canzone. Stanza is a word for chamber in Tuscan dialect as well as in Italian. Agamben points out that what makes possible its poetical existence is the fact that a stanza is a topos outopos, a topos which contains its own negation: it is the reality of unreality. Agamben’s thesis is that Western culture has forgotten the unitary status the Western word had until the thirteenth century. The thirteenth century could still conceive poetic activity as a philosophical one and then Western culture has known a separation between two poles that define knowledge and word. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between knowledge and words in Derrida, Rancière and Agamben.

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Broniaus Krivicko kūrybos žmogus ribinėje situacijoje: literatūrinė Dievo patirtis

Author(s): Dalia Čiočytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

Bronius Krivickas (1919–1952), a Lithuanian poet and fiction writer, a fighter against the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, reflects carefully the main ideas of existentialism: Søren Kierkegaard’s concept of individual freedom, Martin Heidegger’s notion of being-toward-death, the concept of a limiting situation developed by Karl Jaspers. In the worldview of B. Krivickas’s literary works, these ideas are associated with the context of Catholic philosophy and theology. This article investigates the notion of God within the existential limiting situation (especially the situation of death) in the literary works by B. Krivickas. The main critical perspective is the theology of literature. In the context of the dramatic experience of World War II, B. Krivickas’s short stories, a symbolist play A Tale About a Princess, and poetical prose works interpret God as being perceived through human conscience and a human longing for spiritual harmony. God is being thought of as the ultimate metaphysical mystery. In the period of Lithuanian fights for freedom, B. Krivickas’s poetry reveals an intense partisan self-consciousness. The poetry interprets the fight against the Soviet aggressor as a sacrifice for the nation’s freedom and compares it indirectly with the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ. According to the logic of existentialism, B Krivickas’s poetry claims that a human being is absolutely free, even if this means to choose freedom at the cost of life. God becomes the personal you for the fighter seen in B. Krivickas’s poetry. The main theme of the fighter’s dialogue with God is an existential complaint. The fighter experiences deep theodic dilemmas. He has no doubts about the righteousness of the war against the Soviet occupation, but he has deep doubts about the divine permission for evil to exist in the world. The faith of the poetic fighter is just his will to believe, his desire to believe. Thus the poetic figure of the fighter acquires both patriotic and religious heroism.

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Conrad-Martius: Sein, Wesen Existenz. In Auseinandersetzung mit der Ontologie und Metaphysik Aristoteles', Thomas von Aquins und Husserls

Author(s): Irene Breuer / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

The article deals with Conrad-Martius’ conception of being and existence and explores it by contrasting it with the conceptions of Aristotle, Aquinas and Husserl within the framework of their respective ontologies and metaphysics. The article delves into the problems of both the hypostatization and the origin of being in particular. I claim that the hypostatization of being does not concern the Sachverhalt,as Jean Wahl claims, but the noema itself insofar as intentionality transcends what is constituted by consciousness and grasps the essence of the substance itself, whose existence is not absolutely but hypothetically posited. I will further show that even though Conrad-Martius rejects the transcendental reduction, she accepts the eidetic reduction and the positing of a sphere of original and given facts, which are not only absolutely given to consciousness, but also self-grounded and self-sustained.Conrad-Martius’ research traces the origin of these back to a transphysical realm, thus revealing the grounds for the Husserlian sphere of primal facts, which itself remains beyond the reach of phenomenologicalreflection. Hence Conrad-Martius’ and Husserl’s investigations encounter and complementeach other at the point where the real bursts into reality and becomes available to consciousness. Thesereflections are organized as follows: The first part presents Conrad-Martius’ conception of a real-ontologicalphenomenology in order to examine her criticism of Husserl’s transcendental reduction. The second part deals with her real-ontological conception of the essence of reality or the “real-reality”and its hypothetically posed existence. The third part concerns the conceptions of being, analogia essendi and categorial being with recourse to Aristotle, Aquinas and Husserl and sets these in relation to Conrad-Martius’ own conception. The fourth part deals with her own understanding of the analogia essendi and of real being in order to shed light on the claim concerning the hypostatization of being.The fifth part explores Husserl’s positing of a sphere of primal facticity, Conrad-Martius’ conception of a real entity and its origin in a transphysical realm. The article finally summarizes the main results of these reflections.

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İnanmak mı, Bilmek mi? Yedinci Mühür Filminde Birey-Tanrı İlişki Biçimleri

Author(s): Murat Küçükhemek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss./2021

The passion to search for truth is a basic human instinct. The existentialist point of view, leaves room for ideas and certain questions about the individual’s understanding of its own existence. This, in turn, may trigger a pursuit for the individual who wants to understand the existence. The areas preferred for this pursuit are usually religion, philosophy, art and science. The possibilities of religious belief or disbelief accompanying this pursuit are, in theory, infinite. Twentieth century’s existentialist art and philosophy reveals the anxiety of inanity and the courage to express suspicions about the sacred, a religious phenomenon. Ingmar Bergman is a director who transforms his own personal destiny into humanity’s own shared destiny by using archetypical image. He expresses his thoughts through his camera which he uses like a powerful pen. Bergman exposes the thematic motives which form the underlying idea of his films, mostly by asking existential question. One of those motives is the relationships between individual and God which is reflected often in Bergman’s film. Det Sjunde Inseglet/The Seventh Seal (Yedinci Mühür, Ingmar Bergman, 1957), one of the masterpieces of cinema, focuses on the concept of God which is usually left in a secondary position when belief devoid of consciousness is the point in question. In The Seventh Seal, the main plot is built upon the confrontation of a Knight who has just returned from the Crusades with his faith all torn apart, both with the terrifying figure of Death all covered in blacks and also with religion. Within this context the main two themes of The Seventh Seal are confrontation with death and relationship between individual and God. This study aims to reveal Bergman’s ideas on relationships between individual and God which he deals with in The Seventh Seal movie. As a result of the study, it is seen that the Church which represents religious authority is ironically far from individual’s existentialist problems and contributing to individual’s need to know God.

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Tragedija bez patnje? O tajni suvremene egzistencije

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 33-34/2021

Povijesni likovi ljudske egzistencije odgovaraju ideji čovjeka kroz pet načina očitovanja "duhovnoga bitka": (1) mita, (2) religije, (3) umjetnosti, (4) filozofije i (5) znanosti. Likovi pritom poprimaju različite obrise i figuralno određenje. Sjetimo se tek načina kako je tijekom povijesti lik filozofa mijenjao značenje počevši od Heraklita, Sokrata do Spinoze, Marxa, Kierkegaarda i Nietzschea. Ovdje, dakako, nije posrijedi slikovno ozbiljenje ideje. Umjesto toga mislimo na simboličko značenje lika kao duhovne moći ozbiljenja onoga što čini bit ideje u pojavnome svijetu. Epohe se mogu čak odrediti vladavinom referencijalnih okvira njihove moći kojom upravljaju ne samo ljudskim svijetom, već i prirodom, odnosom kozmičkih sila, konstelacijama društva, politike i kulture. Nije nimalo neobično da se ono prvotno ili začetno (arché) odvija u neposrednosti odnosa božanskoga, prirodnoga i ljudskoga. Mitski čovjek odnosi se spram bitka tako da ga opjevava kao tajnu postojanja živeći smjerno u strahu od bogova. Tome usuprot, znanstveni čovjek s nastankom novoga vijeka bitak već ništi time što ga preobražava u predmet i predstavljanje kao znanstveno određeni objekt.

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Bolest kao privid: Jokerova iluzija i pitanje jednakosti

Author(s): Tonči Kursar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2021

This paper explores media interpretations of Todd Phillips’s film The Joker. The main character of the film, Arthur Fleck was portrayed by critics as a traumatised and mentally ill individual (actually a murderer), whose ambition to be a comedian has no foundation. The fact that the character lives in a sort of ‘illusion’ or ‘false consciousness’ is interpreted through various concepts of ideology, from Marx and Althusser to one of its postmodern variants (Debord). Although Žižek criticised Joker because his reliance on “subjectivity” cannot initiate “a constructive overcoming” of the existing, the film should be seen as a contribution to understanding of the political in the sense of “verification of equality” (Rancière). As Arthur/Joker starts to believe that his life is a comedy and it is, as it usually said, ‘subjective’, he puts into jeopardy what Rancière calls a given “distribution of the sense”. Moreover, Joker does not follow the Marxist idea that proletarians can redefine their space and time only if they previously achieve a ’proper’ awareness. In fact, he does something completely different, namely, he indulges in his ‘illusion’ redefining a given distribution of time and space, which is shown in this paper through various Rancière’s works. Thus, by achieving his ‘true self’, Joker is very political even though he rejected to achieve the ‘objective’ political goals that are usually attributed to him.

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Egoul ca monstru lăuntric în poemele lui Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī și Mahmūd Shabestarī

Author(s): Andrei Victor Cojocaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

In Eastern philosophy, the ego is understood as a false identity and as a “knot” in the flow of existence, being the major obstacle for the liberation from the cyclical suffering of the world. In fact, the ego is a subjective way of interacting with the surrounding universe, being the cause of the microcosmic chaos. The ego implies a manifestation of multiplicity understood as separation (on the one hand: I-you, I-others; on the other hand: a certain self in contradiction with another self). Moreover, the contradictions and the suffering are rooted in the tendency to view the individual existence as being separate from the universal existence. In some traditional Persian poems, we are dealing with an association of one’s ego with an inner monster. Understood as a distorted image of a certain reality, the inner monster appears as a misshapen representation of the true self. In this article, I will limit myself to the analysis of the previous issue in the verses of the poets Jalāl adDīn Muhammad Rūmī and Mahmūd Shabestarī.

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Totalitaryzmy, ponowoczesność i wychowanie człowieka w świetle rozważań filozoficznych Chantal Delsol

Author(s): Adam Janas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The aim of this essay is to highlight the logical connections between education, postmodernity and totalitarianism. It begins from the existence of an ontically diverse reality, an integral part of which is human life between different orders of existence, immanent (biopsychosocial) and transcendent (existential, metaphysical and religious), which enables man to become what he may and should be. Following Chantal Delsol’s account, it can be argued that in the darkness of transcendence – both in totalitarianism and today – man is reduced to his biopsychosocial conditions as a result of the absolutization of the inherent criteria for the legitimacy of what is immanent. Consequently, the world becomes a field for social experiments carried out by means of terror or, more subtly, of social engineering. Education appears then as man’s protection against the totalitarian potential of human collective existence, and therefore also against himself.

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