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AGENCY, STRUCTURE AND VALUES: A CRITICAL HUMANIST INTERVENTION

Author(s): Tibor Rutar / Language(s): English Issue: 86/2018

The main aim of the article is to suggest what and how a contemporary, revised version of humanism, inflected with critical realism and Marxism, can contribute to sociology. I focus primarily on two areas in which sociology is often found lacking today: theorizing the relationship between structure and agency, and deciding what to do with moral evaluations in sociological analyses. I argue that the solution to both lies in attempting to finally transcend the traditionally hostile and mutually exclusive paradigms of “humanist”or “cultural” Marxism on the one side and “anti-humanist” or “scientific” Marxism on the other. This enables us to carefully reinstate the agency of human subjects and the moral dimension, both of which were and still are dismissed by anti- or post-humanist social science,without neglecting the objective and causally relevant existence of social structures at the same time.

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NEOREALIZEM IN MARKSISTIČNA KRITIKA

Author(s): Jaša Veselinovič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 86/2018

Marxism in the International Relations discipline is in constant conflict with the prevailing theory – neorealism. At the same time, it seems Marxism has no real answer to it and even regularly succumbs to some of the very shortcomings it sees in neorealism. In the article,we will present the main theoretical standpoints of neorealism and show how they have been addressed by different Marxist approaches. We will discuss the relevant writings of Marx and Engels, the classical theories of imperialism, World-Systems Theory, Neo-Gramscian Theory, and the Theory of Uneven and Combined Development. At the end, through a critique of the Theory of Uneven and Combined Development we will present what is, in our opinion, the most useful approach, one based on epistemological emphasison human praxis and consistent historicising

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Demokracja i kapitalizm: teoria polityczna Ellen Meiksins Wood

Author(s): Eliasz Robakiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2017

Ellen Meiksins Wood is the theorist who, together with Robert Brenner, created a strand of Marxism called "political Marxism," which I intend, in this article, to present to the Polish-speaking public. In the first part, I present a brief description of "political Marxism” focusing on the subject of “relations of reproduction” and on the “transition debate” (transition from feudalism to capitalism) as key problems. In the second part, I discuss how Meiksins Wood understands the concept of "class," together with her research on democracy in general and on ancient Greece in particular.

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Principles of the Common: Towards a Political Philosophy of Polish Cooperativism

Author(s): Mikołaj Ratajczak,Bartłomiej Błesznowski / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2018

The aim of the article is twofold. First, it is to interpret the main philosophical ideas of the Polish cooperative movement from the first part of the twentieth century and how they were applied in practice, by using the conceptual vocabulary of post-structuralist and post-Operaist political philosophy; and, second, to further develop the notion of “institutions of the common” that Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri introduced — during debates about alternatives to both capitalism and the state-form — with their formulation of “principles of the common”, which is to say, general principles for creating democratic and popular institutions around the ideas of inclusion and solidarity, an ethos of mutual help and democratic governance over production and exchange of material wealth.

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Do algorithms dream of social strike? Review of Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt’s Assembly

Author(s): Jan Jerzy Sowa / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2018

The essay is a review of Michael Hardt’s and Antonio Negri’s Assembly and it aims at a critical evaluation of its empirical relevance and political usefulness. It focuses on two issues. The first one is general and as such relates to the global context of struggles against capital: the notion of social factory and its implications for political action. The essay argues that the concept of social factory grasped an important development within twentieth century capitalism. It is, however, becoming more and more irrelevant as living labour is being systematically replaced by automation. Unlike the social media or other similar forms of “digital capitalism” analysed in Assembly, a very large part of automation does not depend on any kind of continuous, multitudinous human input. It rather aims at uploading the general intellect into the system of autonomous machines, making them independent from the human element. The second issue this essay examines is the recent populist-conservative turn and the situation of peripheral countries that had no part in the recent progressive cycle of struggles (Arab Spring, Occupy, Indignados). The essay points to a bias in the post-Operaist project – its focus on particular geographical and socio-cultural areas – that ignores the different social and political situations of some peripheral countries, especially those of Central-Eastern Europe.

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Društvo i religiozna vjerovanja

Author(s): Leszek Kołakowski / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01+02/1988

The author analyses Bergson’s philosophy of history founded on the idea of discontinued progress through the categories of »closed« and »open« society. Further, he explains the relation between tribal and universal morality and mysticism emphasizing the plausible assumption of the existence of the significant difference between these two types of moralities which also applies to the relation between tribal and universal religions. The »crucial importance« of the mystical experience in the history of religion and its philosophic meaning are specially emphasized. The chapter critics and followers mainly deals with rationalistic criticism, especially with Julien Benda as the bitterest adversary of Bergson among French rationalists. Catholic critics (practically all prominent tomistic philosophers in France) of whom the most prominent is Mariten, took as their task to fight against Bergson’s doctrine. The statement on Bergson’s attempt to modernize clerical interpretation and its rule system is in the spirit of the leading trends of the epoch. As for the followers, the author believes that French existential philosophy followed Bergson but without giving him credit for it.

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Ivan Urbančič ili filozof na kraju filozofije

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Ivan Urbančič ili filozof na kraju filozofije

Author(s): Mario Kopić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2018

U Ljubljani nas je sedmoga kolovoza 2016. godine, u 86. godini života, zavazda napustio Ivan Ivo Urbančič, nedvojbeno najznačajniji slovenski filozof druge polovice 20. stoljeća. Iako je filozofski put Ivana Urbančiča bio markiran različnim filozofskim nagnućima i interesima, posrijedi je put dosljednosti i konzistentnosti, skladnosti i neprotuslovnosti. Na njemu nije bilo zastranjivanja, posrtanja i iznevjeravanja samoga sebe. Na njemu, ni u najmanjoj mjeri, nije bilo ni onoga što bi sam autor naknadno htio zaboraviti ili čega bi se rado želio odreći. To, naravski, ne znači da na filozofskom putu Ivana Urbančiča nije bilo preobrazbi, razvijanja, pomicanja težišta ili novog rasporeda naglasaka. Jer njegova je misao živa, nesputana, ljubopitna, sva u pokretu, sva u propitkivanju. No ona je svagda samoprijegorno služenje filozofiji i njezinoj stvari, služenje s ponajvećom predanošću i posvećenošću, ustrajno i potpunomice. Očuvanje, njegovanje i unaprjeđenje dostojanstva filozofije – utoliko više i snažnije što je u našem vremenu sama filozofija zapala u jednu od svojih najtežih kriza, kada se dovode u pitanje i sama potreba za njom i sam njezin opstanak – to je ono čemu je Ivan Urbančič svojski posvetio cjelokupan svoj život i cjelokupno svoje djelo. Stoga nije ni neprimjereno ni pretjerano reći da je on – ne samo u slovenskom ambijentu – oličenje autentične filozofske egzistencije, upravo kao što je i njegovo djelo izražaj te i takve egzistencije. Malo tko je od suvremenih filozofa ozbiljio tako visok stupanj prožetosti života i djela, osobe i mišljenja, kao što je to u prilikama izrazito nepovoljnima za takav podvig pošlo za rukom filozofu Ivu Urbančiču.

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OBITUARY: In memoriam: Faleh Abdul Jabar (1946-2018)

Author(s): Michiel Leezenberg / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This obituary sketches life and work of the prominent Iraqi social scientist Faleh Abdul Jabar with a focus on his relevance for Kurdish studies. The article briefly discusses his major publications and his continuing dialogue with Marxist social theory.

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Zwischen Marx und Husserl Antinomien des Kartesianismus im Denken von Leszek Kołakowski

Author(s): Andrzej Gniazdowski / Language(s): German Issue: 61supl./2016

The subject of the article is the reconstruction of the relationship of the thought of Leszek Kołakowski to, on the one hand, the philosophy of young Marx and, on the other hand, phenomenology Edmund Husserl’s. In so far as Kołakowski wrote in his book Husserl and the Search for Certitude, that he had been himself “strongly negatively dependent on Husserl”, the aim of the article is to answer the question about the meaning of that negative dependence. The main thesis of the article’s author is the statement, that the relationship of the thought of Leszek Kołakowski to both Husserl and Marx was determined by his initial attempt as a member of communist party to the integral, both theoretical and political radicalism. The question about the limits of the search for the unshakable, the absolutely unquestionable foundation of knowledge, put by Kołakowski to Husserl as well as to Descartes, is interpreted in the article as a part of his strategy of overcoming Marxism as the ideology, that on behalf of the search for truth reduces human freedom to the mere epiphenomenon.

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Znaczenie praksis w teologii wyzwolenia i w narodnictwie. Zarys analogii

Author(s): Tomasz Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58supl./2013

Although Russian narodnism (in its broader, Berdyaevian sense) arose over 100 years before Latin American theology of liberation and in different historical context, we can still draw some interesting analogies between them. Both narodnism and liberation theology were based on moral-driven critics of the current socioeconomic conditions. Both searched for the quickest solution to the problems of poverty and massive inequality, and found it in revolution. The revolution was the most radical consequence of the concept that Russians and Latin Americans both shared: the concept of praxis, which I don’t interpret in its strict Marxian sense, but as a commitment to a cause of liberation. Marxism was widely discussed, sometimes even accepted by the narodniks or by the theologians but its importance laid in its usefulness at war with capitalism. The latter is being accused of causing poverty and inequality. The pressure for the commitment to the cause of liberation was probably incited by some sort of sense of guilt also shared by both sides. The Narodniks were mostly intellectuals who benefited from the work of peasants and labourers, while the liberation theologians might have felt that preaching while people die of hunger is an act of hypocrisy. Finally, both sides also shared certain kind of anthtropological optimism.

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„Krytyczny realizm” w naukach społecznych

Author(s): Maciej Soin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58supl./2013

The article discusses the main assumptions of “critical realism”, which is a relatively little known strand in contemporary philosophy of social sciences. The most characteristic assumption of “critical realism”, which to some extent justifies its name, relates to the autonomy of the object of those sciences from their epistemic practices which clearly opposes recently popular trend in social sciences, namely social constructivism. The second element of its name stems from both the critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant and from the practice of social criticism, which is linked with by far the most controversial claim of critical realism that is with typical for that strand of thought negation of so called factvalue dichotomy, maintained by Marxism.

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NIHIL NOVI SUB SOLE: LAW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL ACCELERATIONISM

Author(s): Michał Dudek / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2018

This article focuses on political accelerationism—an idea that proposes to use capitalism against itself either by making it as a whole go even faster, pushing it to its limits and beyond until it collapses, or by appropriating some of its elements or tendencies for alternative, emancipatory purposes. It analyses two significant versions of this idea—that of Benjamin Noys and that of Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams—from the perspective of the following question: Is political accelerationism similar to certain previous developments in left critical thought in that it offers a new approach to law or, if it does not contain any explicitly expressed original take on law, enables a novel and fresh conceptualisation of law to be drawn from it? The article concludes that so far political accelerationism does not offer an original approach to law and that any perspectives on law that can be drawn from this idea are reminiscent of basic Marxist approaches to law.

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„CZŁOWIEK TOTALNY” VERSUS „CZŁOWIEK INTEGRALNY”. PRZYCZYNEK DO KAROLA MARKSA I IWANA KIRIEJEWSKIEGO ROZWAŻAŃ O CZŁOWIEKU

Author(s): Justyna Kroczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2018

The aim of this paper is to compare views on human nature as held by Karl Marx and Ivan Kireevsky. Despite the fact that Marx and Kireevsky expounded two totally different philosophical world views (such as slavophilia and dialectical materialism), both can be described as socialists: one scientific, the other utopian or religious one. In this regard, it turns out that some elements of their concepts of a human being are rather common. Both of them thought that man achieves his “completeness” or “integrality” in community, not by exclusively private efforts. Kireevsky envisioned his community as an Orthodox commune, while Marx his as a classless society. Analysis shows that both anthropological concepts were more reflecting of their utopian visions than any working social model.

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OD MARKSIZMU DO IDEALIZMU. TRANSFORMACJA RECEPCJI MARKSA W TWÓRCZOŚCI SIEMIONA FRANKA

Author(s): Teresa Obolevitch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2018

This article is dedicated to the problem of philosophical development of famous Russian philosopher Semen Frank (1877-1950) at his early stage of creativity. To begin with, Frank shared the conception of so-called legal Marxism which was very popular in Russia in the end of the 20th century. Gradually, he gave up this view and started publishing at first on Neo-Kantian topics and, later on, as religious thinker. Nevertheless, Frank continued interest in Marxism, even if he criticized it.

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SOCJALIZM JAKO HIPERTROFIA INDYWIDUALIZMU. LWA KARSAWINA RECEPCJA POGLĄDÓW KAROLA MARKSA NA PRZYKŁADZIE ROZWAŻAŃ NA TEMAT POSTĘPU

Author(s): Andrzej Ostrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2018

Lev Karsavin (1882-1952) on the views of Karl Marx (1818-1882) spoke indirectly, through analysis of socialism as a scientific theory, and then as the ideological doctrine, which determines, inter alia, the form of the State and the life of the individual human being. Special attention deserves both the form of expression on the theme of socialism and the way of its understanding. The goal of the article is to discuss Karsavin's reception of Marx's ideas and also to draw attention to theoretical consequences of this reception.

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FILOZOFICZNE KORZENIE KONFLIKTU MIĘDZY MARKSEM A BAKUNINEM

Author(s): Ann Robertson / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2018

This essay explores the underlying philosophical differences separating Marxism and anarchism by examining the specific philosophies of Marx and Bakunin. The conflicting philosophical foundations of these two philosophers reveal why there were irreconcilable political and strategic differences between them, even though both were members of the First International and both were equally dedicated to the abolition of capitalism. Bakunin, for example, posited humans as basically natural creatures with permanently fixed natures while for Marx humans have been evolving throughout history, becoming more rational in the process, and thus exhibiting different human natures in different historical periods. Accordingly, both authors adopted starkly different conceptions of freedom, where Bakunin sought to identify freedom with acting according to natural impulses while Marx defined it in terms of conscious, rational collective action. With these contrasting philosophical foundations Marx and Bakunin proceeded to outline incompatible theories of the State and diverging strategies in abolishing it; they disagreed on who would be most likely to lead a revolutionary upheaval; and they differed on what organizational forms would be needed to accomplish their revolutionary aims.

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Godność człowieka – właściwość autonomiczna czy heteronomiczna

Author(s): Zbigniew Pulka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

The subject of the work is an attempt to analyze the notion of dignity in legal sciences, especially in legal theory and philosophy of law. The author distinguishes autonomous and heteronomous version of the notion in question. The first way of conceiving human dignity, assumes that dignity, i.e. the worth of human life, is fully independent of social conditions in which people live their lives. This way of conceiving dignity epitomizes Kant’s philosophy of moral autonomy as immanent trait of every human being. The second way of conceiving human dignity assumes that the worth of human life is fully dependent of social conditions in which people live their lives. Consequently, it is taken for granted that there are social conditions in which people can lose dignity as contingent trait of human being. In this case, in order to get back lost dignity, people ought to change social conditions by way of social revolution. This way of conceiving dignity epitomizes Marxist philosophy of alienation. The author tends to point out, that different way of conceiving dignity is followed by serious legal consequences.

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MEDNARODNA HISTORIČNA SOCIOLOGIJA KAPITALISTIČNE MODERNOSTI: METODOLOŠKI INTERNALIZEM IN EVROPOCENTRIZEM V »POLITIČNEM MARKSIZMU«

Author(s): Tibor Rutar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 82/2016

The project of International Historical Sociology – a synthesis of Historical Sociology and International Relations – which has been in accelerated development for the past two decades, emerged out of a double analytical impasse: that of sociological reductionism (“methodological internalism”) and international reductionism (“methodological externalism”), and that of Eurocentrism. The article evaluates the broader benefits and pitfalls of this project by critically examining some of the key theoretical and empirical theses in the recent literature; special attention is given to the praised and exemplifying work How the West Came to Rule. We show that the paradigm of “Political Marxism” avoids methodological internalism and Eurocentrism in theorising the emergence and spread of capitalist modernity, while the acclaimed alternative paradigm of “Uneven and Combined Development” does not introduce new explanatory insights to this theorisation and is, in some respects, even less satisfactory.

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Marxov filozofski portrait

Author(s): Željko Škuljević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2018

The Difference between Demokritus and Epicures Philosophy of Nature Ergo, being more involved in hellenistic philosophy than in the systems of Plato and Aristotle, (although, Marx was, for a certain period of time, strongly influenced by Hegel), he accepts epicurean, stoical and skeptical „systems“ as the „key“ of understanding the history of Greek philosophy (which meaning is not in the philosophical content but in its relationship towards reality). Consequently, Marx considers Epicurean philosophy as the final chapter in Greek philosophy: he claims that analyzing Epicurean philosophy reversely leads to grasping the entire Greek philosophy having in mind that abstractness and totality of Aristocle and Hegelabsolutism hinders the philosophical development in its traditional sense oft he word. At such historical turns it is necessary to guit the absolutism and trigger the proces of philosophical research from the very beginning which encapsulates more pragmatic relation towards reality than merely theoretical approach.

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Marxova kritika Hegelove filozofije prava

Author(s): Spahija Kozlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2018

In order to find the essence of Hegel’s interpretation of right, i.e. Critique of his philosophy of rights in Marx’s work Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, it would have to be the sentence form the Critique: “In modern states, just as in Hegel›s philosophy of right, the real essence of general things is only formal, or only what is formal is essentially general thing. Hegel does not deserve contempt for describing the true essence of modern state, but for showing that, what it is, is actually the essence of the state (italic S. K.). What is real in mind is in contradiction to reality out of the mind. Reality which in every step represents opposition to what it expresses and what it is.” Marx’s attitudes towards Hegel’s perspective of right and state are important for several reasons. First, this is the first serious and detailed analysis of Hegel’s document Basic outline of philosophy of right after its publication in philosophical public. Second, with this criticism Marx takes the stand towards his entire philosophy and philosophy in general, and German classical idealism in particular. Third, Marx’s approach to the right is completely opposite to almost all philosophical and legal analyses until then, if we have in mind that he considered right and state as instruments for legalization of alienation and not the form for making freedom serious. Due to the stated reasons Karl Marx is an exceptionally important thinker for the philosophy of right and one of the most current theoreticians of today. This currentness is visible in ever stronger summons to Marx’s philosophy in order to provide relevant reply to the issue of the cause of global inequality and injustice in the world. Therefore, Marx’s “methodology” is used to repeatedly analyses foundations and main mechanisms of neoliberal movements in the world with particular emphasis on disproportion between technical and technological progress and the misery and deprivation of majority of human population.

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