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An Analysis of the Proofs for the Principality of the Creation of Existence in the Transcendent Philosophy of Mulla Sadra

Author(s): Husain Agha Shiraz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The Transcendent Philosophy of Mulla Sadra was a complete philosophical system that sought to harmonize various intellectual trends that existed in the Islamic world prior to its genesis. It not only brought new philosophical discussions to the forefront but it also helped solve many of the philosophical problems that had until then not been properly resolved. One of the topics that this school of thought discussed in detail was the subject of creation. This discussion revolves around the question as to what is it that a cause essentially brings into reality? What does a cause do? In this regards there are three views. The first is the view that a cause essentially brings quiddity into reality. The next is that a cause gives existence to quiddity. Mulla Sadra was of the opinion that a cause essentially creates existence and through it, it brings quiddity into reality. In order to substantiate this idea, Mulla Sadra tried to refute the other two possible alternative options. This article seeks to analyze the proofs that he put forward to affirm the principality of the creation of existence. The majority of the proofs have been taken from Mulla Sadra's independent work on this subject, Regarding the Principality of the Creation of Existence. Many of these proofs are problematic and are not compatible with other philosophical principles. Others are sound and can be relied on to substantiate this claim. All in all, it can be said that the principality of the creation of existence is one of the necessary corollaries of the principality of existence itself.

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SEXUAL MINORITIES IN INDONESIA: THE CLASH BETWEEN MUSLIM FUNDAMENTALISTS AND LIBERALS

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SEXUAL MINORITIES IN INDONESIA: THE CLASH BETWEEN MUSLIM FUNDAMENTALISTS AND LIBERALS

Author(s): Hisanori Kato / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The social acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) is recently widely debated. Although some Western countries have taken a more favourable course towards these minority groups, we still see a certain level of resistance to same sex marriage and discrimination against LGBT even in normally regarded liberal societies. Islam, which is often believed to clash with so-called Western values, regards LGBT as abhorrent and even apostate. However, we see a new endeavour of LGBT people in the most Muslim populous country in the world, Indonesia. This paper explores the treat-ment of these minorities in Islam, including the possibility of co-existence of all humans in a future. For this purpose, we consider the activities of this Islamic school in Indone-sia and the life history of the students. We also examine both the pro and con of the religious standpoint of the ulamas. We especially pay attention to some of the ulama’s attempts to create a new fiqh (a legal standard for religious rituals and obligations) to accept LGBT.

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Indų Tradicinés Estetikos Teorinés Ir Praktinés Prielaidos

Author(s): Antanas Andrijauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 55/2008

The article discusses the theoretical and practical preconditions of Hindu traditional aesthetics. In the first part, focusing attention on the interaction between the aesthetics and mythology, religion and metaphysics, it exposes the positive influence of mythology, religion and metaphysics upon the development of aesthetics. In the next part, it considers the relations of Hindu aesthetics with art. The analysis of the definite aesthetical phenomena shows the essential interdependence of the both. Finally, the peculiarities of the concepts of pulchritude and art in Hindu aesthetics are concisely discussed.

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A racionalitás Indiában

Author(s): Ferenc Ruzsa / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

In his paper ‘Why is there philosophy in India?’ (1999), Bronkhorst suggested that rational philosophy appeared in India due to Greek influence as it can be found first in the innovations of the Sarvāsti-vāda Abhidharma rather than the Thera-vāda Abhidharma; Sarvāsti-vāda arose in Gandhāra, a Hellenistic kingdom. The present paper challenges this position in the following ways: (a) The theoretical framework is inadequate. Philosophy, rational inquiry, systematic philosophy and philosophical system are four distinct concepts, they cannot be used as synonyms. (b) Clear examples show that rational inquiry was present in Indian philosophy earlier. The Kathā-Vatthu of the Thera-vāda uses rational arguments, as did the Buddha himself. Sāṁkhya philosophy and several important passages of the earliest Upaniṣads, both earlier than the Buddha, defi nitely represent rational philosophy.

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Rozwój i podstawowe założenia starożytnej myśli chińskiej

Author(s): Jakub Kwiatkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2019

The article was written in order to familiarize the reader with the genesis, development and basic assumptions of ancient Chinese philosophy. The first part presents the external and internal conditions that influenced the intense development of ideas in the Middle Kingdom in the period preceding the creation of the authoritarian Qin Empire in 221 BC. The second and third parts discusse the general assumptions of the most important philosophical schools, focusing in the third part on a detailed discussion of the main topic of Chinese philosophy, which is the retention of the social order, in the four main schools of thought: Confucianism, Legism, Mohism and Daoism. The main research method was the analysis of Chinese classical texts, carried out on the basis of the author’s own translations, which enabled deeper penetration into the raised issues. As a result, it was established that the philosophy of ancient China is above all a political philosophy, which results from the declared pragmatism of Chinese thinkers. The author compares selected aspects of Chinese thought with the West European thought, which allows partial reconciliation of both perspectives and makes it easier for the Western reader to approach the understanding of the far-eastern view of reality.

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Xiao Jing 孝經 – wczesne znaczenie pojęcia xiao 孝 i tłumaczenie tekstu

Author(s): Katarzyna Pejda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2019

The paper contains translation of Confucian classical text Xiao Jing into Polish with analysis of early meaning of xiao, usually translated into English as a “filial piety.” Loving and caring for one parents while they are alive and offer sacrifices after their death is the core meaning of xiao. A person who learnt to obey and care for parents is able to extend that feeling to others outside the family. That makes xiao the root of ren — an exemplary behaviour towards all people. Hence learning how to behave in xiao way is first stage of Confucian self-developement. Traditionally ascribed to Confucius’ student Zengzi, Xiao Jing provides short but important insight into one of Confucian core ethical concepts.

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Socrates’ Zen Buddhism

Author(s): Nebojša Vasić / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2014

Zen Buddhism is just one of many paths of enlightenment which thrusts all hindrances aside as a vigorous attempt to move directly to the goal. Similar to Socrates’ philosophy Zen Buddhism rejects verbosity and mere descriptions; it has no patience for academic subtleties and bereft of doctrinal teaching insists on dialogues instead of a rational exposition to metaphysical questions. The common standards of logic and sound reasoning in Zen Buddhism (just like Socrates’ philosophy) do not play crucial role; moreover typical ex-cathedra approach is abandoned in favor of bridging the chasm between conceptual notions and first-hand experience. Words and depictions only indicate “the unknown” which is far above theory, sermons and lecturing. Therefore Zen is often labeled as “straightforwardness”, in other words it is immediate awareness of the ever-changeable flow of life, miles distinct from the mere rationalizations which are nothing but dead symbols of a living reality. Socrates teaching and Zen cherish the idea of the immediateness of actions thus expressing the idea of “spiritual poverty” as well as the meaninglessness of rigid definitions which veil “the ultimate truth” and distract seekers from “a bee-line” to satori. The idea of possession is illusory (be it material or spiritual possession); consequently life can never be grasped or precisely defined – in other words elusive substance of life is close to the notion of non-attachment. Spiritual freedom is revealed in human innate capacity to follow the ever-changeable flow of life avoiding both extremes – one which is a blind acceptance of fate and the other barrenness of hectic pace of our modern world.

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生成する世界とメシア的な主体 ― ベルジャーエフの世界戦争論をめぐって ―

Author(s): Satoshi Kitami / Language(s): Japanese Issue: 66/2019

Настоящая статья посвящена осмыслению философских воззрений Н. А. Бердяева на войну и нацию в период Первой мировой войны. Прежде всего, мы рассматриваем этот вопрос в контексте онтологии Бердяева, т. е. его теории о творчестве, которая выступает философским фоном его идей о войне и нации; и, вовторых, – в контексте других философских концепций, существовавших в период так называемого русского религиозно-философского ренессанса.

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THE NETWORK PARADIGM IN BUDDHIST STUDIES

Author(s): Anatoliy Alekseev-Apraksin,Boris Erokhin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Expansion of Buddhism in modern societies tends to take forms the researchers often define as global transnational networks. It opens the way to studying Buddhism from the standpoint of network analytics. The novelty of the network paradigm is shifting the focus from studying objects to analyzing their connections and relationships using the ‘graph theory’ as the mode of description. The network approach successfully develops in many modern fields of science (mathematics, physics, biology, sociology, psychology) and even pretends to be a new interdisciplinary paradigm. Many parallels between the network theory and Buddhist ideas call for the investigation of the respective fields. Buddhism regards the phenomenal world in terms of coherence and interdependence.

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Interaction between Traditional Chinese Philosophical and Art-Historical Aesthetics

Author(s): Antanas Andrijauskas / Language(s): English Issue: 99/2019

The focus of the article is the exposition of peculiarities and role of the two main trends of traditional Chinese aesthetic thought, philosophical and art-historical. It starts with a discussion of the main typological features of the most influential trends of philosophical aesthetics (Daoism, Confucianism, Chan). Later the attention is transferred to another art-critical aesthetic tradition (represented by Zong Bing, Xie He, Du Fu, Su Shi, Mi Fu, Guo Xi, Zhang Yanyuan, Shitao, Wang Kai etc.) that was born in the 4th century. It opposed philosophical aesthetics and was associated with development of different art forms in the country. This trend derived not from the abstract world of philosophical ideas but from the theoretical generalization of specific artistic practices. Particular attention is devoted not only to interaction between the ideas of these two most influential trends, but also to exposure of their role in the history Chinese aesthetic thought.

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Žmogaus atsakomybė Dievui konfucianizme (pabaiga)

Author(s): Romualdas Dulskis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39/2004

There is no teaching on the Creation in Confucianism. Nevertheless, the Classics of Confucianism speak clearly about faith in God, whom they call the Lord Supreme (Shangdi) or Heaven (Tian), and consider him the Source of life and Patron of people. Missionaries, philologists, exegetes and even archeologists have studied the concept of God in the works of Confucius and Confucianism in general. Confucianism is a “book” doctrine, and the Classics of Confucianism can be compared to the Bible. They testify to faith in a personal God, or in an absolute Principle of the universe. In the books of the Classics, wise ancient sovereigns are presented as interlocutors of God, receiving God’s instructions and asking for his protection. The Classics of Confucianism take the reader into the world of ethical values and full dependency on celestial Power. In Confucianism, the ethical implications of faith in God are especially emphasized. The Lord is Source and Principle of moral order: he points out what is good and what is wicked. The main task of man is to perceive the path to Heaven. According to Mengzi, Heaven lies in the heart of man, so he who knows his own heart knows the Absolute. Humaneness (ren) is the principal virtue of Confucianism. In the philosophical systems of Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming and Feng Youlan, ren acquires features of universality. Ren does not only characterize unselfish human relations, but also a deep connection between man and the universe. Ren embodies the value of a human being as a person. Having ren in man’s inside testifies to the existence in man of what surpasses man himself, i.e. Deity.

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Žmogaus atsakomybė Dievui konfucianizme

Author(s): Romualdas Dulskis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

There is no teaching on world creation in Confucianism. Nevertheless, the Classics of Confucianism speak clearly about faith in God whom they call the Lord Supreme (Shangdi) or Heaven (Tian), and consider him Source of life and Patron of people. Missionaries, philologists, exegetes and even archeologists have studied the concept of God in works of Confucius and Confucianism in general. Confucianism is a “book” doctrine, and the Classics of Confucianism can be compared to the Bible. They testify faith in personal God, or in absolute Principle of the universe. In the books of Classics wise ancient sovereigns are presented as interlocutors of God, receiving God’s instructions and asking for his protection. The Classics of Confucianism take a reader into the world of ethical values and full dependency on celestial Power. In Confucianism, ethical implications of faith in God are especially emphasized. The Lord is Source and Principle of moral order: he points out what is good and what is wicked. The main task of a man is to perceive the path of Heaven. According to Mengzi, Heaven lies in the heart of man, so he who knows his own heart knows the Absolute. Humaneness (ren) is the principal virtue of Confucianism. In philosophical systems of Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming and Feng Youlan, ren acquires features of universality. Ren does not only characterize unselfish human relations but also a deep connection between a man and the universe. Ren embodies the value of a human being as a person. Having ren in man’s inside testifies the existence in man of what surpasses the man himself - i.e. Deity.

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Tradicinės Japonų estetikos ir meno pasaulio atradimas

Author(s): Julius Vaitkevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

The review of: Antanas Andrijauskas, Tradicinė Japonų estetika ir menas; Vilnius, Vaga, 2002, 670 p.

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Європейська рецепція японської філософії (на прикладі кіно матеріалів др. пол. ХХ ст. – поч. ХХІ ст.)

Author(s): Alina Tymofeyenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2019

The aim of the paper is to identify the features of the European reception of Japanese philosophy in feature films, to identify characteristic plot complexes and principles of representation. The methodological basis of the research is a cultural approach that made it possible to use the phenomenological, hermeneutic, semiotic methods, which allow to reveal the basic principles of the Japan‘s image explication through philosophical practices, which is reflected in European cinema. The scientific novelty of the study is to increase the heuristic potential of the image of Japan in European popular culture. Findings. European perception of Japanese philosophy, which is depicted in feature films, is interpreted through two main themes: samurai and monastic service. The general principles of extrapolating the images of a samurai and a monk are the idealization and romanticisation of the characters, the disclosure of the basic principles of the worldview, the relation of European stereotypes and the realities of the Japanese tradition.

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Kaizen as a Method of Management Improvement in Small Production Companies

Author(s): Barbara Kamińska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

,,Quality is not everything but everything is nothing without quality”. The famous quotation from K. Ishikawa brings to our attention the fact that nowadays quality is one of strategic concepts from the point of view of functioning of companies, especially production-oriented ones. The lack of quality often eliminates a product from the basket of potential further choices. That means that quality is a prerequisite in the contemporary, highly competitive and saturated market. In order to ensure quality, enterprises introduce various concepts and methods to support quality management. They include, among others, the kaizen philosophy, which allows to minimize unnecessary actions (losses). It is especially recommended to small firms as an inexpensive method assuring high quality of products because they are constantly improved, which, in turn, guarantees maintaining a high position among competitors. This article aims to introduce the concept of kaizen by describing how it works and considering whether it can be successful in Polish companies.

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Constructing a Moral Person in the Analects 論語 and Mengzi 孟子

Author(s): Katarzyna Pejda / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

In early Chinese philosophy, the concept of a unique individual separated from the outside world has no ontological basis. Every person is an open, interdependent construction, whose uniqueness can only be achieved and cannot be given. A person is an undetermined range and locus of experiences expressed through specific roles and relationships. In this article, the Author analyses such an understanding of the person in Confucian and Mencian thought. In Confucius’ philosophy, the junzi 君子 lives up to his status as long as he maintains ren 仁 relationships and displays proper emotions connected to ren. The author argues that, in the Analects, ren is a concept connected to the terms shu 恕, zhong 忠, yi 義 and li 禮. Ren may be interpreted as an ideal interaction that starts with an emphatic reaction towards another human being. Emphatic reactions, along with zhong—a sense of duty— is the basis for applying the situational moral norm yi and carrying it out according to li—the social norm. Ren behaviour is different for every person in every situation. It has to be learned and practised during the process of self-cultivation, xiushen 修身.Mencius’ moral theory is more complex, and concentrates on human nature and its features. According to this, human nature is shan 善, commonly translated as ‘good,’ because every person has four dispositions—emotions for developing ren, yi, li and zhi 智. Ren may be considered a virtue—it is not inborn, but has to be achieved and learned. Another skill required to be a sage was the understanding that every situation is unique, and that there is a right time to apply different norms—shizhong 詩中. Mencius’ thought is not simply an ethics of virtue, but it is also influenced by situational factors. Mencian moral behaviour is complex; not only does it require a deep understanding of oneself and the other, but also the use of all senses, sensitivity and creativity to deal with every situation in a different way. A sage, or a person who wants to become one, has to watch, listen, feel and understand every person and every situation. Moral cultivation in Mengzi’s thought is also a cultivation of the body’s qi 氣 (vigour or energy). Properly cultivated qi becomes haoran zhi qi 浩然之氣 (overflowing qi) and enables one’s body to have the zhi 志 (will) to follow its ren (heart/mind).

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The Esoteric Nature of Death Preparations in Taoism and Their Possible Sources

Author(s): Ewa Paśnik-Tułowiecka / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

Stephen Eskildsen has analysed a corpus of texts belonging to the Taoist tradition of internal alchemy, paying special attention to near-death meditations. Taking Eskildsen’s conclusions as the starting point, the main purpose of this paper is to show the similarities between death preparation techniques in Taoism (“entering the womb”, “changing the dwelling place” and “repelling killer demons”) and the esoteric practices of Tibetan Buddhism (The Six Yogas of Nāropa). The subject was chosen, firstly, because some of them were omitted by Eskildsen, and secondly because those similarities seem to be interesting in the context of establishing the possible sources of Taoist meditations. An attempt at analysing the origins of both sets of practices, and the relationships between them, led to the conclusion that the influence of Indian esoteric ideas on Chinese Taoism is highly probable. The author also noted that the breathing exercises that constitute the basis of all of the techniques in question are prior Buddhist influences, and thus the independent development of these practices is also possible. Such independent development may be considered interesting, as both Chinese and Tibetan techniques are based on a similar notion of mystical physiology, which subsequently could suggest some kind of universality.

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Вплив китайської філософії на музичну культуру країни

Author(s): Marina Olegovna Antoshko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2020

The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the influence of philosophical views and traditions on the musical culture of China. The methodology of the study is to use historical and biographical methods in the study of this topic. The scientific novelty of the article is to study the feasibility of the problem of philosophical views of China, based on the country's musical traditions. The historical names of the philosophers who influenced the development of the musical arts and education system, which affected the cultural traditions of China, were singled out. Conclusions. Based on the study of the problem of philosophical views of China's worldview system, the country's development processes and distinctive culture were identified. The problem of studying the philosophical system of ancient China as the basis for the emergence of the musical tradition has interested many scholars, among whom are: L.S. Vasilyeva [1], Yu.M. Gradova [2], Hou Jiang [8], D.T. Suzuki [7] and others. Because it influenced the cultural life of the countries of the East. This question highlighted the philosophical trends that underpin China's traditions. Namely, philosophical traditions influenced the country's musical art. Thus, China's cultural traditions were based on ancient Chinese philosophies: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Special attention has been paid to the issues of education and music in China. A person must be ethically educated, endowed with spirituality, and truth. Music education played an important role in the culture of China because it was a carrier of the culture of the ancient Chinese. Numerical concepts played their magic role. According to the philosophy of Taoism, music should promote the emotional state of man and the harmonious connection with nature. Confucius emphasizes the comprehensive development of humans while emphasizing the morality of the individual. This is clearly reflected in his works: Shijing (Song Book), Shu Jing (History Book), Lun Yui (Conversations and Speeches). In the third and sixth centuries, China's musical culture was influenced by philosophical tendencies based on the Lao-Buddhist vision. Music played the role of expressing the essence of being. So, in the sixth century, a piece of music appeared for the musical instrument "Price" by composer Qiu Min "Yulanpu" or "Lone Orchid". The worldview system of ancient China became the basis for the emergence of musical traditions in the countries of the East. This problem is of interest to scientists and necessitates further development in the study of this issue.

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W poszukiwaniu smaku - Wyprawa orientalna

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W poszukiwaniu smaku - Wyprawa orientalna

Author(s): Jakub Wygnański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 682/2020

Wdzięczność to nie stan, który rezerwujemy na czas, gdy dobrniemy do wyimaginowanego „punktu szczęścia” i powiemy: teraz odczuwam wdzięczność za to, co mam i co mnie spotkało. Jest odwrotnie. Kluczem do szczęścia jest właśnie gotowość/zdolność docenienia tego, co mamy i spotykamy niejako po drodze.

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Sloboda i problem djelovanja iz azijskih perspektiva – Buddha i Konfucije

Author(s): Goran Kardaš,Ivana Buljan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/161/2021

The paper discusses certain aspects of Buddha’s and Confucius’ philosophy that could be relevant for the general philosophical discussion on the problem of freedom, free action and related philosophical themes. Although their philosophical thinking was shaped in a rather different linguistic, cultural and philosophical milieu and background, both thinkers are in agreement at least twofold. Firstly, the possibility of freedom and free action is not opposed to the natural order of things, quite contrary, it is enabled by this order. Secondly, this possibility is being realised through never-ending self-cultivation and attunement to the world as it is. In the context of contemporary discussions on the problem of the relationship between free will and determinism, it could hence be said that both thinkers are on the position of “compatibilism”, nay, on the position that free action is possible only in the context of (soft) determinism that sees nature (or the world) as ever-changing and conditioning circumstances and “patterns”, and not bound to strict (mechanical) and linear deterministic causality.

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