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Energetyka jądrowa wobec globalnych problemów bezpieczeństwa energetycznego i zmian klimatu w XXI wieku

Author(s): Tomasz Młynarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Climate change is now the biggest threat and challenge for humanity and nuclear energy as non-emission source of energy (without greenhouse gases emissions including carbon dioxide) fits perfectly in efforts taken by the international community to tackle the global warming. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of energy production can lead to major changes in ecosystems in the world. Therefore, the energy sector and particularly the electricity production sector, needs to undergo major changes. Among technologies that could contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions nuclear power can play a key role in the transformation of energy sources and the popularization of low carbon energy sources in the twenty-first century. The article attempts to explain why and to what extent nuclear power can reduce global GHG emissions and impact on the negative climate change processes.

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Dynamika zmian energetyki Królestwa Norwegii

Author(s): Ryszard M. Czarny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The article presents the Kingdom of Norway as a contemporary energy empire, whichuses most electricity per capita, but on the other hand is it self a major producer of oil and natural gas. The energy industry, however, has undergone significant changes becauseof the substantial decrease of oil out put and the significant increase of gas production. What is equally interesting are the issues of existing energy reserves in this country and the possibilities of new discoveries of the resources, especially in the context of the new governmental policy and the ambitious plans of making the economy less dependent on hydrocarbon extraction.

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Rozwój lądowych linii transportowych Azja–Europa jako determinanta niemieckiej i polskiej polityki transportowej w zlewisku Morza Bałtyckiego

Author(s): Piotr Mickiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

In the article, regional consequences of Chinese One Belt One Initiative project were elaborated. Author pointed out the possibility of cooperation between Poland and Germany in order to achievethe role of the most important countries in transit, overload and conditioning that may allow achieving this target. Article also presents some limitation – mainly results of Russian interests and potentialconfl ict areas.

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20 Years of WTO – Effects of Its Activity and Perspectives of Its Functioning in the Context of Proliferation of Regional Agreements in the World Trade

Author(s): Elżbieta Majchrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

The 20th anniversary of the World Trade Organization (WTO) activity celebrated in 2015 has provoked to the analysis and summary of effects of its activity within this period, especially as far as the consequences of the world economic crisis 2008+ are concerned. It is also important in the context of the WTO’s role as the main negotiation forum in the world trade. We may come across opinions that the WTO does not live up to the expectations of the international community, and that the effectively carried out process of trade liberalization has not been a match to the current situation in the world market. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, the last decade has not been the most successful period for the WTO and its position is currently much weaker than at the end of the last century. Still, it seems that a gradual creation of an open system of the global trade, based on common rules, having over 160 countries as its members, is a great achievement.

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JUGOSLAWIEN — Stabilisacija gewürzt mit Nietzsche

Author(s): Herrmann Dworczak / Language(s): German Issue: 10/1982

Exorbitant indebtedness, the slow lowering of an "iron curtain", alarming news from our southern neighbor made one sit up and take notice. But the fear that Yugoslavia could instantly become a second Poland is unfounded: both the economic and the political system contain too many elements of pluralism to permit such a development.

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Wyzwania i kontrowersje polityczne wokół kryzysu strefy euro na przykładzie Niemiec

Author(s): Erhard Cziomer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2011

The purpose of the article is to provide a synthetic presentation of the challenges and controversies concerning the crisis in the Euro zone, with a special focus on Germany. The article contains three parts discussing the origin and nature of the Euro zone crisis, the role played by Germany during the successive stages of the crisis, main political controversies concerning the Euro zone and their consequences for Germany. In the author’s opinion the reasons for the crisis which hit the sixteen members of the Euro zone should be traced back to the consequences of the financial and economic crisis of 2007–2009 and the symptoms of excessive indebtedness of some southern countries of the Euro zone, especially Greece, revealed already in 2009. Being politically and economically the strongest state in the European Union, Germany played an important role in the process of supporting and helping Greece in the years of 2009–2010, and together with France in the process of hammering out new mechanisms for stabilizing the situation in the Euro zone in 2010. In the concluding part of the article the author presents very sharp controversies within the German government, political elites, experts and German general public concerning the issue of saving the Euro, pointing at the pluses and minuses of the strategy for rescuing and stabilizing the Euro zone as well as the whole of the European Union, worked out by the groups gathered round Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Sarkozy. The success or failure of the strategies will have an impact on the development of the situation in Germany, in the Euro zone as well as on the role and international position of the EU, including Poland. The analysis has been based on the extensive source materials, publications on the issue and author’s own research.

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Ülke Kredi Notlarının Makine Öğrenme Algoritmaları ile Tahmini

Author(s): Hakan Pabuçcu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2019

Purpose – The main objective of this study is to investigate the success of artificial neural networks, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system and support vector machines in sovereign credit rating estimation. Design/methodology/approach – The research problem addresses the estimation of countries' credit scores as a classification problem. Selected variables were used as input for mentioned algorithms and classification success of these algorithms was investigated. The data set used is the current three-year data covering the 2016-2018 period of the countries. Numerous attempts were made to select the parameters of the algorithms used and the appropriate parameter sets were tried to be determined. Findings – According to the research results, although the predictive success of all three models is high, support vector machines was determined as the best classifier algorithm which produces the best results. Discussion – It is possible to say that the performance of the prediction of all models is acceptable and they are the models that can be used for sovereign credit rating prediction. For example, in the study of Leshno and Spector, (1996) the predicted performance of ANN model was 72%, in Mohapatra, De, and Ratha, (2010) was 75% and in Blanco et al. (2013) was 92.4%. It is seen that the results of the analysis are successful compared to the studies in the literature.

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Niemcy wobec wyzwań współpracy Unii Europejskiej z Chinami w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku

Author(s): Beata Molo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The paper presents Germany’s position on the main challenges in cooperation between the European Union and the People’s Republic of China in the second decade of the 21st century. The general conditions and objectives of EU cooperation with China, including the interests and objectives of Germany, are presented. This allowed to show the fundamental convergence of interests and aims of the EU and Germany in the policy towards China; they are focused on achieving mutual benefits in political and economic relations. In addition, the article discusses the perspectives of cooperation between the European Union/Germany and China, indicating the importance of advanced technologies as well as foreign affairs and security in its framework.

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National business cultures of Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine as a factor of the synthesis of Western and Eastern management styles

Author(s): Beata Glinkowska-Krauze,Viacheslav Chebotarov,Iegor Chebotarov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

In this study, based on the identification of similarity factors of the national business cultures ofPoland, Lithuania and Ukraine, the hypothesis was formulated and verified concerning the formationof premises for a new management style – Eastern European management as a synthesis of West-ern and Eastern management. Using the measurement tools of modern economic comparativeanalysis, an analysis of the business cultures of these countries was conducted. The feature systemwas built by comparing western and eastern conceptual management approaches and practices.It has been proven that the great proximity (similarity) of the national business cultures of Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine creates conditions for optimal combination of the advantages of Western andEastern management.

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Pricing the common stocks in emerging markets: The role of economic policy uncertainty

Author(s): Orbay Arkol,Asil Azimli / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

We examine the role of news-based policy uncertainty measures in capturing the cross- section of average stock returns in emerging markets. After controlling for the five established risk factors of Fama and French (FF), we find that policy uncertainty factors are redundant in capturing the average returns of portfolios constructed by considering well-known firm characteristics (size, book-to-market ratio, profitability, and investment). The pricing performance of the five factors model, both statistically and economically, does not improve with the addition of policy uncertainty factors. We argue that the news-based factors' information content is contained in FF risk factors. Our results are robust to additional test statistics and various policy uncertainty factors.

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Modelling the impact of manufacturability and import dependenceon the efficiency of the processing industry of Ukraine

Author(s): Svitlana Ishchuk,Luybomyr Sozanskyy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article aims to model the processing industry of Ukraine in the direction of increasing its economic efficiency according to the criteria of manufacturability and self- sufficiency (i.e. reducing import dependence). The regularities of the impact of technology and import dependence on the functional efficiency of the economy’s industrial sector are revealed. The authors’ hypothesis that higher economic efficiency in processing is explained by its greater focus on high- tech processes and production with a greater degree of the processing of raw materials, as well as a lower level of dependence on imported components, has been empirically proven. With the help of correlation- regression analysis, dependence between change in structural parameters (the share of high- and medium- high- tech industries in terms of output and the share of imports for intermediate consumption) and efficiency (the share of GVA in output) is substantiated. Deterministic eco-nomic- mathematical models (solved by linear programming) for optimising output and GVA in the processing industry and intermediate consumption were built according to the criteria of increasing manufacturability and reducing import dependence, both towards increasing efficiency. Such intermediate consumption (in terms of imported and domestic components of costs) was modelled, under which the indicator of the share of GVA of Ukraine would correspond to the level in Poland. The optimised data obtained form the basis for strategic planning, as they show what the output (by manufacturability) and intermediate consumption should be to en-sure the desired level of economic efficiency of the Ukrainian processing industry.

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La Narrativa Española de Posguerra

Author(s): Adriana Lazarescu / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2024

With the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), a new era began in Spanish literature. Newpromotions undertook the hard and difficult task of rebuilding the cultural life of thecountry even if they had to face different kinds of obstacles. The new poetic or novelproductions were, without a doubt, the work of another generation. However, theliterature of the first post-war years cannot be reduced to the production of thosewho joined it after 1939, given the invaluable contribution of highly distinguishedpersonalities belonging to previous generations. If during the first post-war years,poetry had reached a certain development, the novel, already little cultivated in thepreceding stage, remained stagnant in Spain until approximately 1945, at whichtime, for a series of reasons, among which we could mention the establishment ofseveral literary awards, it began to replace translations of foreign authors. Thepolitical, economic, social and ideological consequences, in addition to the difficultiesimposed by censorship, will influence the literary work of the moment and will,undoubtedly, constrain the creation of the novel.

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İhracatta Uzmanlaşma (ES) Endeksi Kapsamında Türkiye ile Ürdün Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması Ülkelerin Karşılıklı Dış Ticaretini Nasıl Etkiledi?

Author(s): Shatha Almasri,Halil Şimdi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2024

The primary purpose of trade agreements can be expressed as providing various facilities in foreign trade for countries. As a result of these facilities, an increase in trade volume between countries is expected. Free trade agreements are also among the economic integration models that provide these facilities. Although the liberalization process implemented by countries has positive effects on trade volume, there are also parties who argue that these agreements are not beneficial in some cases. as matter of fact, the reason for the annulment of the free trade agreement signed between Jordan and Türkiye was based on this argument. The agreement, which came into effect in 2011, was unilaterally annulled in 2018 on the grounds that it harmed the Jordanian economy. In this context, the study addresses the impact of the free trade agreement signed between Jordan and Türkiye on the exports of both countries. To determine the impact of the free trade agreement in these countries, the export specialization indices for the periods from Q1 2002 to Q4 2023 were calculated quarterly and examined in three sections: the period before the free trade agreement, the period of the free trade agreement, and the period after the free trade agreement. The study found that the agreement signed between Türkiye and Jordan positively benefited Jordan by increasing its export specialization index, while it decreased the export specialization index for Türkiye. In conclusion, according to the export specialization index scores, it can be stated that the claim made by Jordan that the agreement harmed its economy is not accurate.

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„PISMA BEHAWIORALNE” A KWESTIA PODSTAW PRAWNYCH DZIAŁANIA KRAJOWEJ ADMINISTRACJI SKARBOWEJ

Author(s): Bogumił Brzeziński,Ireneusz Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 131/2024

Background: The article is devoted to broadly understood aspects related to behavioural letters, also called behavioural letters/information, sent by tax authorities to taxpayers. In particular, the considerations undertaken analyse the 11 December 2023 letter (with appendices) of the Head of the National Revenue Administration entitled “Recommendations on behavioural letters” addressed to directors of tax administration chambers.Research purpose: The research objective aims to determine whether tax administration authorities act on the basis and within the limits of the law, in accordance with the rule of law when sending so-called behavioural letters to taxpayers.Methods: The publication uses a dogmatic-legal method, a historical-legal method, and an empirical-analytical method.Conclusions: The publication shows that the sending of behavioural letters should be classified as an abuse of tax law by the tax administration.

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CZYNNIKI KSZTAŁTUJĄCE SALDO BUDŻETOWE SEKTORA FINANSÓW PUBLICZNYCH W PAŃSTWACH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W LATACH 2004–2020

Author(s): Małgorzata TWAROWSKA-RATAJCZAK,Katarzyna TWAROWSKA-MÓL / Language(s): Polish Issue: 131/2024

Background: Many countries worldwide have faced high budget deficits over the past few decades, along with severe challenges in macroeconomic instability. An important economic policy challenge is to improve public finances. A key objective is to reduce the budget deficit. Persistent budget deficits lead to a build-up of public debt and negatively affect the economic situation. Ensuring long-term macroeconomic stability requires identifying the factors that influence the budget deficit.Research purpose: This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing the budgetary balance in European Union countries. The following research hypotheses were verified: 1) the higher the economic growth, the higher the fiscal balance in the EU Member States, 2) as the inflation rate increases, the fiscal balance deteriorates, 3) population ageing and population decline affect the fiscal balance.Methods: The analyses were carried out using a critical literature analysis and statistical and econometric methods of data analysis, in particular cluster analysis and regression analyses of panel data. The research concerns the EU countries and covers the period 2004–2020. Conclusions: Economic growth was an essential factor influencing the budgetary outcome in EU countries. Public expenditure on social protection and public revenues from taxes and social contributions also significantly impacted the budget outcome. For some groups of EU countries, price increases also led to a rise in the budget deficit. The study’s results did not confirm that demographic factors such as an ageing population and a declining population significantly affect the deterioration of the budgetary outcome.

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Mechanizmy kontroli finansowej w Unii Europejskiej: Systemowe podejście do zarządzania budżetem

Author(s): Dariusz Dziedzic / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

This article delves into the systemic approach to financial oversight within the European Union, emphasising the intricate mechanisms established to ensure the integrity and efficiency of its budgetary management. Through a comprehensive analysis, we explore the roles and interactions between key EU institutions, including the European Commis- sion, the European Parliament, and the European Court of Auditors, in the budget execu- tion and oversight processes. Highlighting the challenges and advancements in financial control, the study assesses the impact of these mechanisms on safeguarding the EU’s financial interests against irregularities and fraud. By examining the collaboration with member states and the role of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) in investigating financial misconduct, the article provides insights into the effectiveness of the EU’s fi- nancial governance framework. The findings underscore the importance of continuous reform and the adoption of best practices to enhance transparency, accountability, and the prevention of financial abuses within the Union’s financial architecture.

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The rising cost of servicing public debt: challenges for fiscal policy in a crisis environment

Author(s): Michał Bitner,Artur Nowak-Far,Jacek Sierak / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2023

The study is devoted to the challenges for the fiscal policies of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, resulting from the strong growth of public debt and its servicing costs under the conditions of the pandemic and war shocks. The purpose of the study is to answer the questions: i) what factors caused the sharp increase in sovereign debt yields? ii) is there a correlation between the degree of implementation of sound economic governance (SEG) principles and the cost of servicing sovereign debt? ii) how strong was the response of the sovereign deficit and debt to the shocks caused by the pandemic and war in Ukraine? iii) does the rising cost of servicing debt threaten the sustainability of public finances? v) do the adopted SEG principles remain relevant during periods of shocks? The study covered the 6 largest economies in this part of Europe, i.e. Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, and Slovakia, but its results apply indirectly to many other countries. The results were confronted with a plan for reforming the EU’s economic governance system in order to identify the fundamental challenges facing the countries studied in this context. On the basis of the study, recommendations were put forward for shaping the assumptions of the state debt man- agement strategy and multi-year financial plans.

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Can Financialisation Counteract Banking Exclusion? A Study on the Example of the European Union Member States

Author(s): Tomasz Florczak,Marika Ziemba / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The purpose of the article is to assess the relationship between financialization and banking exclusion. The research hypothesis that financialization contributes to the reduction of financial exclusion was also verified. The research was based on an analysis of the variables describing financialization and banking exclusion of 27 European Union countries in the 2014–2021 period. The zero-unitarization method and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used. The results of the study indicate that a high degree of financialization is found in Croatia, Greece, Cyprus and Portugal. In contrast, the level of banking exclusion is the highest in Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Latvia. An examination of the correlation between the indicators for each year from research period is negative, but the research of correlations of the mentioned indicators for each country is not unambiguous. For some countries the relationship is negative, for other it is positive.

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Maritime Trade Routes Are Necessary for Globalization: The Case of Türkiye

Author(s): Ali Oğuz Diriöz,Tolunay Doğru / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This study analyzes Türkiye centered alternative trade routes initiatives from an interdependence and peace theoretical perspective; recognizing necessity of maritime trade. Land routes such as the Silk-Road in the past did not necessarily create an interdependent relationship. However, today, both the New Silk Road and other alternative routes encourage new dependency networks. Maritime routes are also of great importance in this trade network. It is also thought that there is a strong link between interdependence and international conflicts. This study examines trade routes and international conflicts specifically for Türkiye. First the concepts of interdependence and globalization are discussed by examining literature on interdependence and conflicts. Second part discusses Türkiye’s role in the midst of current crises. Then international trade routes and Türkiye’s initiatives are assessed. The conclusions highlights necessity for Türkiye to develop alternatives with several regions.

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Unlocking the secrets of crowdfunding success: a comprehensive analysis of key determinants

Author(s): Matus SENCI,Vytautas Snieška / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Research background: Nowadays, crowdfunding is becoming more and more popular. It is one of the alternative funding options that, when used effectively, may guarantee that firms obtain a competitive advantage. Purpose of the article: The goal of this work is to find the determinants that condition the success of crowdfunding campaigns and then to evaluate the influence of individual determinants. Methods: Our database contained 224,180 projects from 2009 to 2021 exclusively from the Kickstarter platform. The data was used to search for determinants, based on which graphs and tables were created. The projects in our database were divided into 4 basic groups: successfully funded projects, unsuccessfully funded projects, projects whose campaign is currently ongoing and projects whose funding has been cancelled. In order to evaluate the dependence between the selected factors and the success of the projects we have excluded from our database all projects whose campaign is currently ongoing, as well as projects that have been cancelled. For verification we used Chi-square tests and two-sample t-test of independent samples and descriptive indicators. Findings & Value added: The determinants were: the project category, the target amount and the country from which the campaign was launched. The influence of the discovered determinants was not strong, though it was statistically significant. The goal of the thesis was fulfilled, and the reader will be familiar with the influence of factors on the success of crowdfunding campaigns. This study's limitations include its focus on only one platform, Kickstarter, which also implies that the majority of the projects are based in the United States. Another drawback is that we are unsure of the precise ways in which different elements will influence the likelihood of success.

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