Wieviel Staat braucht der Markt?

Author(s): Roman Frydman,Andrzej Rapaczynski / Language(s): German Issue: 03/1992

Die meisten Diskussionen um die Privatisierung in Ostmitteleuropa konzentrierten sich auf deren Auswirkungen auf einzelne Unternehlnen. Die kumulativen Auswirkungen der Privatisierung wurden demgegenüber weitgehend vernachlässigt, möglicherweise aufgrund der Annahme, daß sie ohne besondere Bedeutung für die Frage seien, wie die Privatisierung auf der Ebene der Unternehmen vor sich gehen soll. Es ist jedoch wichtig, die Diskussion über die unterschiedlichen Methoden der Massenprivatisierung mit einer Erörterung von Hindernissen beim Übergang zu einer Marktwirtschaft zu verbinden, wie sie beispielsweise das Fehlen von Banken und Kapitalmärkten oder der problematische Zustand vieler Unternehmen darstellen.

Tradition und Modernisierung in Ostmitteleuropa, Südostasien und Lateinamerika

Author(s): Peter L. Berger,Robert P. Weller,Barry B. Levine / Language(s): German Issue: 03/1992

Vergleiche sind der Nährboden der Sozialwissenschaften. Jeder SozialwissenschaftIer, der sich mit dem kataklystischen Umbruch befaßt, der in den Gesellschaften des »real existierenden Sozialismus« im Gange ist, wird instinktiv nach vergleichenden Perspektiven suchen. Im gegebenen Fall wird das, angesichts des einzigartigen Charakters der Entwicklungen, schwierig sein. Abgesehen von einigen unbedeutenden Ansätzen hier und da, hat es nie zuvor einen einschneidenden Wandel vom Sozialismus zum Kapitalismus gegeben. Allen Vergleichen haftet daher gezwungenernlaßen ein nur vorläufiger, wenn nicht gar metaphorischer Charakter an. Dennoch kann man, mit der gebotenen Vorsicht und Zurückhaltung, den Versuch einiger allgemeiner Beobachtungen wagen.

The TPP and TTIP Trade Agreements: the International Negotiation Process

Author(s): Ioana Gutu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Free trade is one of the ultimate purposes of the free trade agreements currently negotiated over the world. Two of these trials are represented by the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The common feature of these two trade deals is represented by the United States, a global actor that is making sure that it will be able to trade in best conditions on both of its geographical shores: on the Pacific and on The Atlantic. The negotiations are still ongoing, but results are expected on both sides. An important issue for the third parties, but not only, is represented by the secrecy of the negotiations undertaken and the lack of transparency shown by the negotiating Governments. If the agreements are concluded, a major global impact on trade and investments is expected, with significant positive implications for the TPP and TTIP negotiating states.

The current State and Prospects of Economic Development in the EU’s EaP Countries

Author(s): Ilkhom Shapirov,Sergey Lisnyak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Economic development is one of the main aims of economic policy in many countries around the world. By strengthening the process of economic development, we can bring the state on the path of sustainable growth and ensure stability and security in it. The paper analyzes the main indicators of socioeconomic development in the EU’s Eastern Partnership countries in the period 2000-2015. It also examines the current state of relations between the Eastern Partnership countries and the European Union. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the current state of affairs and prospects of economic development in the EU’s Eastern Partnership Countries.

Rok nových problémov

Author(s): Martin Vlachynský / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

Energy efficiency in Ukraine – the view from Slovakia

Author(s): Ingrid Brocková,Peter Kováč / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

Ukraine is facing the toughest security and economic challenges in its modern history. The effects of a decades-long lukewarm approach to important structural economic reforms have merely been amplified by the Russian military intervention and the loss of important export markets. The problems concerning the Ukrainian economy are epitomized by the country’s energy sector. The article aims to address the challenges of energy reform in Ukraine, paying particular attention to assistance provided by the Slovak Republic to tackle policy challenges and advance the necessary reforms. Reform of the natural gas sector, use of domestic resources – including renewable – and the implementation of energy efficiency and energy conservation measures have all been identified as being fundamental to the further economic growth, stability and prosperity of Ukraine’s energy intensive and energy inefficient economy. Experiences and engagement in the energy sector, particularly energy efficiency, could be an export commodity available to other Eastern Partnership countries. The Slovak Republic has a wealth of experience to share, notably regarding legislation, central heating systems, state support for thermal insulation and so forth.

Wpływ wyboru strategii inwestowania na efektywność środków zgromadzonych w ramach III filaru systemu emerytalnego

Author(s): Chorkowy Bartosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (2)/2013

According to forecasts retiring will be connected with necessity to drastically cut expenses (the replacement rate from the first and the second pension pillar will be about 40% of the last remuneration) and simultaneously to lower the current life level. In order to avoid such a situation or to minimize the consequences of these negative changes it seems inevitable to collect savings by means of available instruments of the third pension pillar. Saving capital by means of these products is voluntary and a potential participant can make his own decision to join the pillar and to choose the way to allocate means. This elaboration aims to present the influence of investment strategy choice on effectiveness of means accumulated by an individual participant within the third pension pillar.

Presadzovanie zásad trvalo udržateľného rozvoja ako procesu prekonávania koristníckeho princípu v kultúre a inštitút spoločenskej zodpovednosti firiem

Author(s): Helena Melkusová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2014

The acceptation of the environmental problems leads people towards the promotion of sustainable development as a mean that could help to overcome the predatory principle in the anthropologically orientated Euroatlantic culture. An important condition to achieve radical changes is to leave behind the consumption lifestyle and to create the mechanisms that will be able to achieve collective interests. This tendency has been shown in the market economy through the institute of Corporate Social Responsibility. This institute is a manifestation of introducing a certain form of the basic moral principles to the economical practice. CSR accepts the compliance not only of ethical standards and principles, but also social, cultural and environmental requirements for its own production.

Politicko-filozofický aspekt konceptu corporate citizenship

Author(s): Martin Lačný / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2012

This study deals with the issue of corporate citizenship, highlighting its position in the wider context of the discourse of social science with a special focus on the intersection of social and political philosophy. There are currently no businesses in general perceived as closed systems, having only narrowly defined scope of responsibilities, they are understood as part of a broader social context – as „corporate citizens“, accepting a relatively wide range of responsibilities towards various groups of stakeholders. In order to grasp the scope of the social roles of business across its width, various theoretical concepts focus on the whole range of roles that the enterprise as a specific type of organization performs due to its mission. Corporate citizenship is presented here mainly in terms of theoretical concepts by Robert C. Solomon and Peter Ulrich. Reflection of a life serving economy and morality of business in society of free citizens, based on the common good, are in their concepts associated with the idea of businesses understood as citizens.

Personal Income Taxes - Dual Taxation

Author(s): Miloš Ranđelović,Dragana R. Petković,Ljiljana Prole / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Personal income tax is one of the most important tax forms in the tax systems of modern countries, very generous and flexible. Personal income taxation can be organized as regular, synthetic or mixed taxing. In modern tax legislation there are alternative ways of personal income taxing, such as the double taxation system, proportional tax on income and negative income tax. Fiscal reforms performed in Serbia were often delayed due to numerous, sometimes non-economic reasons. The seriousness and necessity of a dynamic approach to the process of the tax system reforms in our country is still topical. In this respect, the aim of this paper is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the double tax system, as well as to point out the need to reform the personal income taxation in Serbia.

NEW SANCTION IN THE ROMANIAN INSOLVENCY LAW

Author(s): Lavinia Iancu / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2015

At first sight, the intention of the Parliament to initiate a non-patrimony penalty, next to the patrimony one derived from setting out damage to be paid personally by the person that contributed to the debtor’s insolvency state, seems praiseworthy. The years when the institution of personal liability determination in the insolvency procedures had no practical application, corroborated with the double civil penalty disciplined in the Insolvency Code, patrimony on one hand, for which the barriers existing in Law no. 85/ 2006 have been removed, and non-patrimony, lead to the conclusion that this time, the Parliament analyzed that institution and wished to transform it into a real payment instrument of receivables to the creditors.

ASPECTS CONCERNING THE FISCALIZATION OF SMES IN ROMANIA IN THE CURRENT FISCAL CONTEXT

Author(s): Nicoleta Mihăilă,Silvia Elena Isachi / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2015

Romania is placed the last but one in Europe in terms of number of SMEs reported per thousand inhabitants (24 firms per 1.000 inhabitants). The weak development of entrepreneurial culture in Romania has several causes, including low appetite for risk of Romanians, excessive bureaucracy for setting up and doing business, lack of capital and financing mechanisms for start-ups, the inadequacy of academic programs, from which often misses entrepreneurship education. In this paper we propose, on the one hand, to emphasize the evolution of SMEs in Romania in the period 2004- 2014, their structure and position in the European context, and highlight the role of entrepreneurship in economic growth, and also to propose several measures that would help them to develop in the current economic climate.

Отдельные аспекты экономики катастроф

Author(s): N.S. Attokurova,N. Ernesova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2013

Municipal bonds by local government

Author(s): Tijana B. Prokopović,Maja Z. Mladenović,Miloš R. Mihajlović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Municipal bonds are used as a source of funding for local economic development and are debt securities that are issued by the city government. In recent years,interest in this type of bond in Serbia is growing, due to the low-risk investments, the realization of liquidity investors of revenue for these bonds usually are not subject to taxation, and a yield that is achieved on these bonds is generally higher than the state yield, which is achieved by investing in state bonds. Broadcast municipal bonds of the municipality is cheaper than conventional loans from banks, which is the reason of attracting a large number of investors in order to implement concrete projects.

Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Sanctions or Relief for Belarus? Washington Waits to Decide

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 04/18/2017

Anti-Lukashenka mood could revive in U.S., EU over his crackdown on dissent, renewed ties with Russia.

Opportunities and Risks Associated with Exploitation of New Oilfields in Brazil

Author(s): Edyta Chwiej / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2016

Brazil’s domestic energy production has risen in recent years, particularly since the discovery in 2007 of large oil and gas deposits in its pre-salt oilfields. This was an important event in the history of the energy sector in Brazil. The discovery of the new oil fields may be an opportunity for Brazil to improve its energy security and strengthen its position in the international arena. But the future of energy security of Brazil may be threatened by a recent scandal with country’s biggest energy company, Petrobras, mired in national debt, low oil prices, and the potential hazards of the oil industry for the environment. This article reviews the potential benefits and risks of exploitation of Brazil’s new oil deposits.

Import Substitution Policy in the Chemical Industry of Pavlodar Region in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Author(s): Gulnar Serikbolatovna KAZIZOVA,Akmaral Satbekovna Kadyrova,Lyudmila Ivanovna Kashuk,Lyazzat Kairkenovna Kaidarova,Zulfiya Amangeldinovna Arynova,Altyngul Bolatovna Utebayeva,Svetlana Vitalyevna Zolotareva / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2017

The present paper studies the development of the modern state of the entire industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan using the example of Pavlodar region. The emphasis is placed on the analysis of the main positions on the development of the chemical, oil-refining and petrochemical industries of Pavlodar region in recent years. The article considers investments in the development of the above-mentioned industries in the region. It also provides a brief description of the major industrial companies that sell their products in the studied sectors of the manufacturing industry in the region. The method of the comparative analysis of statistical data on chemical and oil-refining production contributed to studying the quantitative values of these sectors in the context of the region. As a result, the authors propose pursuing the policy of import substitution in the chemical and petrochemical industries in the region as a protectionist policy and realizing the potential for the use of production facilities of the manufacturing industry in Pavlodar region.

ZMIANY W MECHANIZMACH CENOTWÓRCZYCH NA EUROPEJSKIM RYNKU GAZU ZIEMNEGO

Author(s): Marcin Tarnawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2017

The pricing mechanism on the European gas market is an interesting issue, mainly due to the changes on the international gas markets. Although the appearance on the market of LNG is the most significant factor affecting the raw material price, we cannot forget about the others: indexation to oil prices, long-term contracts, dominance of Russian gas in the eastern part of the continent, development of infrastructure (interconnectors), and gas storage. Although natural gas does not constitute the single most important source of energy, its role and importance for certain sectors of the economy, consumers (heating) and energy sector is very important. The presentation of the changes in the mechanism of gas pricing in Europe is the main objective of the article. Factors influencing these changes (inter alia the LNG policy of Gazprom) are presented in the second part of the study. While the first part will be limited to indicating the most important elements of the price formation mechanism in long-term contracts and hubs on the European market.

Zróżnicowanie fiskalnych skutków polityki podatkowej gmin w Polsce w zakresie podatku od środków transportowych

Author(s): Paweł Felis,Henryk Rosłaniec / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 68/2017

The article concentrates on vehicle tax, which is interesting not only due to its efficiency, but also high mobility of the tax base. The study aims to examine the correlation between fiscal results and municipal policies, from the perspective of such criteria as the type of municipality and taxpayer category. The study is based on correlation analysis, in which Pearson’s independence test and Spearman’s rho coefficient are used. The results confirm that the tested correlations do exist. Municipal tax policy influences tax revenues of the studied tax, though the results in each unit are different between the current and later periods. Moreover, in the case of vehicle tax, municipal authorities’ main action was to lower the upper tax rates. For municipalities in which these relations were the most visible, econometric models were built. These illustrate the effects of tax policy in relation to certain taxpayer categories.

Obligacje komunalne w polskim prawie budżetowym w latach 1990-2015

Author(s): Przemysław Panfil / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXIV/2015

The aim of the article is to determine whether the provisions of budget law affect the attractiveness of municipal debentures as a feedback source of financing municipalities. The realization of that objective requires the analysis of legislative amendments that have been adopted since the restoration of the local self-government in Poland. The implemented solutions focus on two main areas. The first one includes the principles of the municipalities’ financial commitments, and the second one – numerical fiscal rules limiting the conduct of local self-government budget economy. The analysis of normative provisions shows a lack