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The article shows the analysis of versatile activity of I. I. Yanzhul as a bright representative of the liberal intelligentsia in post-reform Russia. On the basis of memoirs literature, official documentary data and materials his role in realization of reform of the factory legislation in Russia 1882— 1917 and formation in the country of civil society becomes clear.
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The author of the study aims to answer the question whether before September 1944 in Bulgaria there were tendencies and political practices that lead to the establishment of socialist economic and social model. For this purpose, an analysis of the 1941 Five-year agricultural plan has been made. The main conclusion on the basis of the Five-year plan is that the establishment of a socialist economic model in Bulgaria was by no means a surprise, and that the basic characteristics of this model were supported even by people who are not political socialists. The Five-year plan is an illustration of the gravitational forces towards socialism in Bulgarian society, which has the potential to accelerate this movement through its policies.
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The article examines the activity of trade unions at the private industrial enterprises in a year of new economic policy. Their social functions on the conclusion of collective agreements, salary regulation and holidays. And also occurrence of conflicts and strikes about it.
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This paper shall examine the effectiveness of the varieties of privatization implemented in three counties in Ex-Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. In addition to studying the effectiveness of the privatization strategies this paper shall also investigate the impact of various international actors and agencies; such as the EBRD, EU, IMF, World Bank, etc., on the choice of privatization method and on the success or failure of its implementation. What this research reveals, is a decreasing enthusiasm amongst international actors for privatization which in turn decreases the pressure on states to privatize, allowing them to prevaricate and leading to inefficient privatization outcomes.
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Considering a concept of a sports product is meaningful for understanding the specific features of object-subject area of legal regulation and public administration in sports. Features of the sports industry are considered in the article, main elements of relations in the sphere of the sports industry are listed. The concept of a sports product is marked as one of the key concepts of the sports industry, reflecting the essence and nature of the specifics of this area of relations. The article describes the concept of a sports product, as well as its elements. Some particular types of sports product are analyzed.
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The economic development of a country depends on the implementation of its policies and the export one as well. The export allows the market enlargement of companies and their activities, thus adding value to themselves and to the country. Two are the main issues presented in the paper. Firstly, the foreign trade of Bulgaria and the main trade partners of the country. Secondly, the role of the state for encouragement of export by guaranteeing financing for export insurance and covering of risks for exporters.
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In recent years, the world economy has entered a slowdown period. Thus, the growth potentials of the countries have entered a downward trend. Countries that are struggling to get rid of this spiral and are involved in the growth of inertia, aim to obey the rules of the international strategic economy’s game. Therefore, countries have entered the race to provide a competitive advantage in foreign trade. This study aims to examine how to set up and implement exchange war Stratagems, in the framework of the political games of international strategic economy and the implications of the international economic system.
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The independent Turkic Republics in the Caspian region after their independence, begin rapidly to integrate into the world economy, have sought to make good use of their energy potential. In this framework new energy transmission lines have become the most important projects for the countries in the region. Besides their cultural ties to Turkey from the past, along the effect of the present conjuncture, there is a close association with Turkey and the countries of the Caspian region. Especially in the energy sector, cooperation with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan has become compulsory in terms of energy need beyond cultural convergence. In terms of commercial relations, Russia has understand the importance of energy sector in advance of the others and established the "Eurasian Economic Union" which includes Kazakhstan. By the help of "Eurasian Economic Union” Russia develop trade relations more rapidly than Turkey. In this study, the relations of the countries of Caspian region to Turkey through the energy sector and in addition to this, the basic macroeconomic indicators of the region is investigated. In the light of the evaluations, finally, we try to suggest about the way the cooperation between the region will be and can be constituted in the context of aiming to cover the energy needs of Turkey.
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In point of fact, the notions such as transparency and accountability have gained significance in recent years and have made fiscal discipline and fiscal rule more popular concept for achieving fiscal discipline. There observed an increase in the number of countries prefering to apply rules in fiscal policy between years 2000 and 2015. The fiscal policies of governments can lead to an increase in budget deficits and therefore debt stocks. The new financial crises have been built on such issues. The fiscal rule, which can be regarded as a rule-based policy tool, is the instrument of fiscal policy that can be used to ensure fiscal discipline and to prevent such problems from occurring.
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We reflect on the issues raised by the recent faceoff between the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian government over the short-term interest rate. Our conclusion is that the policy space must be enlarged and the set of outcomes specified in order for meaningful dialogue to be conducted between the two entities.
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FDI as an the extension of foreign economic units has significant economic and political impacts on host country. The literature focusing on the political determinants of the FDI inflows, does not put emphasis on whether FDI can affect the level of political rights, attendace level to the social protests in the host country. This study sheds new insight by adding the relevant literature the issue of the impact of FDI on attendance level to social protests in the host countries by bringing the cross country evidence. I refer in the paper some channels through which FDI can affect the attendance level to social demonstrations. The main channel, along with others, I emphasize that if the growth-enhancing FDI keeps flowing and creating economic growth , voters become more motivated to vote for the incumbent party. To this end, incumbent government to draw economic benefits from FDI inflows ,particularly right before elections, would release the restrictions on the political rights, and ease the harsh repressions and crackdowns to diminish the level of political risks and uncertainty that would lower the difficulty of collective action which would prompt the attendance level to social protests.
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Global financial crisis was not only created a chaos but also changed the contemporary monetary policy. The global economy faced with a shift on policy tools because by starting the liquidity trap that American economy faced forced the authorities to find new strategies. Policy makers have started to consider financial stability with price stability and to reshape monetary policy they created new policy tools. The descried tools for new exit ways of powerful central banks especially Fed, helped to overcome the global crisis while bringing new issues. Under the circumstances Fed started a normalization process for monetary policy. Due to the gravity of Fed, other central banks had to adopt the current stream. In this conjuncture Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey has changed the policy tools correspondingly. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the change in the monetary policy path of Fed and ECB with the behavioral pattern of Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey with “New Normalization” concept.
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After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established with the lead of China and Russia, two major Asian countries against the unilateral order of the United States and to fill in the gap created in the region. The aim of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, an intergovernmental organization, is to cooperate with China and Russia to enable security in Asia. Shanghai Cooperation Organization has eight members. Headquartered in Beijing, the organization comprises People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan and India. The observer countries are Afghanistan, Belarus, Mongolia and Iran Turkey is among the dialogue partners. In this study, foreign trade relations between Turkey and Shanghai Cooperation Organization are examined. Based on these evaluations, it is suggested that foreign trade relations between Turkey and Shanghai Cooperation Organization should be advanced along right track. The historical and cultural ties between Turkey and the Turkic Republics, which have become important markets for Turkey and other regional countries, have a long history. Thus, the realization of Turkey's commercial activities with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is of great importance for both Turkish and regional economies.
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In this paper we will analyze specific reconciliation emergency of nature assets protection with a spatial and functional urban landscapes development trend. Due to multifunctional nature of urban landscapes, high level of air, water and land pollution, noise magnitude exalted influence, disarrangement of autochthony communications flows inside major nature complexes, as well as other forms of anthropopressure on the nature assets, active protection process of such assets and theirs management becomes more and more complex. On the town Belgrade territory it is recorded more than 45 natural objects which are protected by law and are under custody and managerial regime that enable theirs sustainable existence in the dominantly anthropogenic landscape.
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Expressive territorial unevenness represents the main characteristic of the regional development of Serbia. Spatial differentiation of socio-demographic and economic-functional development is visible at a number of levels: development axis - undeveloped region, developed centre and insufficiently developed outskirts, Belgrade and other regions, etc. By positioning the Districts (as meso-regional entities) according to the values of selected development indicators, this paper points to their role in the existing regional reality of Serbia.
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Implementation of project management is a step by which the organization declares that it wants to offer unique products in the appropriate quality. Just as a newly implemented process to an organization is not always perfect and needs to be constantly improved. Consequently, the project management implemented in the organization needs to be improved. The article presents the main problems identified by the members of the project management courses, which took place at the University of Defense in Brno in period 2011 − 2018. The authors of the article, based on the analysis of the findings, concluded that problems identified in the Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic are solvable and present possible approaches to the solution.
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he central theme of this paper is theoretical consideration of the concept of regulations and their classification. The regulations are the general legal acts of the executive branch, which, by special procedure, are adopted by these bod
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The aim of the article is to assess the convergence of innovativeness in European regions at the NUTS-2 level. In the first part of the work, the concept of region’s innovativeness is defined and methods of its measurement are presented. Next, the conditions and determinants of convergence/divergence of innovativeness in the regional area are discussed. The theoretical part of the paper suggests that the issue of convergence in the field of innovativeness is a significant, but relatively poorly explored, research area in economic literature. The empirical part of the article presents the results of the study of sigma and gamma convergence of innovativeness in a group of European regions. The research sample consists of 220 regions from 22 European Union countries, as well as Norway, Serbia and Switzerland. The obtained results indicate the occurrence of sigma divergence processes and the lack of gamma convergence processes.
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The article seeks to specify the extent to which municipal development strategies form the basis for municipality development and what determines these strategies and development processes at the local level. It discusses the following issues: the nature and objectives of local development strategies, characteristics of the development strategy in the Stara Błotnica Municipality in the Mazowieckie Voivodship, and the determinants of the municipality’s local development strategy. The considerations herein suggest that the foundation for actions and the use of its resources is provided, on the one hand, by its multifunctional development and, on the other, by sustainable development, relying chiefly on its resources and support from various aid funds, in particular the European Union funds. The municipal development path is set in line with the socio- -economic policy implemented by higher levels, namely the EU, Poland, the Mazowieckie Voivodship and the Białobrzeski District. Task performance requires financial outlays that exceed the municipality’s budget, which proved to be a barrier to full implementation of the strategy. The article was prepared on the basis of related literature as well as documents and materials concerning the Stara Błotnica Municipality in the Mazowieckie Voivodship.
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The paper focuses on agricultural land tax, which in traditional rural regions should be the major source of revenue for local municipalities. We studied and assessed the size and stability of revenue from this tax as well as the diverse role it plays in rural municipalities. Our analysis is based on an extensive empirical material – data from budget reports submitted by 2,154 rural municipalities. The paper validates a research hypothesis stating that agricultural land tax is a major source of own revenue in many rural municipalities and its size depends predominantly on the price of rye which is used to calculate the rate of this particular tax. We examined tax revenues of all rural municipalities in Poland between 2007 and 2014. The analysis confirmed theoretical expectations and thus positively validated our main hypothesis.
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