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Mining activities enhance the economic well-being of nations while having negative externalities on environmental assets. In 'economic approach' projects are appraised from the point of efficiency allocation of scarce resources.
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Livestock industry is one of the most important industries of both Turkey and Kars interms of its internal and external advantages. Besides, politics of national economy are the primaries that effect agricultural sector and livestock industry. After 1980 free markete conomy of Turkey redoubled the investments in industry part with its export-oriented growth model and supported the sector in several ways but agricultural sector and livestock industry could not utilize that development. Especially Turkey's partial lands which have agreat position in agricultural sector decreased productivity so much that Turkey was lagged behind in terms of agriculture and livestock sector of Europe.
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Two different points of view or concepts about public goods have been analysed in this present this study. The first of these views is based on free market which claims that public goods can be provided by market in the best way. Which claims that if goods and services are produced by private sector depending on the principles of competition and profit in the market, social needs can be met efficiently. The concept of statecraft defends that basic social services, at least, health and education, must be admitted as pure public services and must provided without any charge by state. According to this view, education and health are the basic human rights beyond social services. There is a dichotomy between free market and statecraft. In the second part of this study we have focused on the ways of finding clues for surpassing dichotomy between concepts of free market and statecraft, looking Cuban's example.
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Following a trail blazed by Tajikistan, Tashkent has the advantage of a more open economy.
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Russia’s biggest social network says the tool mined huge numbers of profiles without consent of their owners.
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Fiscal rules generally refer to some quantative restrictions on the basic financial variables such as income, expenditure, budget and borrowing. Fiscal rules have been applied on a global scale and draw attention as a result of numerous empirical researches. Financial rules are applied due to the decrease of fiscal transparency, the elimination of fiscal discipline and financial sustainability, and the rapid increase of public debts as a result of arbitrary use of fiscal policy instruments for the purpose of vote maximization. The aim of this study is to examine the definition, the implementation and the characteristics of the fiscal rule as being one of the limitations imposed on fiscal policy practices. At the same time, focus will be placed on evaluating the empirical results of fiscal rule practices.
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In 1994, Credit Default Swaps, which were defined as transfer of risk to another investor to protect themselves against the likelihood of default by a counterparty of a lending institutions, were introduced to the market by the JP Morgan Inc. The purpose of this study is to test the relationship between the Credit Default Swap, Exchange Rates and the BIST 100 Index in a short and long term. For this aim, monthly data of Credit Default Swap Premiums, Exchange Rates and BIST 100 Index of Turkey was used in this study between 2012 and 2017. As a result of the analyzes carried out, there was a two-way causality relationship between the BIST 100 Index and the Credit Default Swap, and no causality relationship between the BIST 100 Index and the Exchange Rates.
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Financial analysis of football clubs with high budgets comes to the forefront due to the economic value added by the football industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the financial performance of public football clubs in the UK and to perform performance ratings. In this study, financial performance of 4 British Football Clubs (Arsenal, Everton, Manchester United, Tottenham Hotspur) were analyzed by TOPSIS method. The TOPSIS method was developed by Hwang and Yoon in 1981, and one of the most important features of this method is that many criteria are included in the evaluation so that the decision maker can make a more objective evaluation. Firstly, the profitability and financial structure ratios of the companies were calculated and these ratios were then converted into a single score indicating the company's financial performance by using the TOPSIS method. At the end of the study, the success of the football clubs analyzed was determined and interpreted.
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The state’s economy policies were discussed on press organs and journalists wrote about them. One of those journalists was Namık Kemal. Being the most known of Ottoman intellectuals in 19th century and the most effective journalist of the period Namık Kemal wrote many articles about the state’s economy policies on press of the period even though he wasn’t an economist. Kemal showed the government of the state as the reason of nondevelopment. He wanted that the agriculture being in the first place, industry and trade sectors should also be considered important and improved for the state’s development. Even though Kemal wanted the state would be governed in the direction of free trade thinking, he also spoke of the free trade’s damages to country. Expressing that the 1838 trade agreement was early and his criticisms such as the fact that the state could not produce effective policies in the development of industry and trade showed that Kemal wasn’t a huge fan of free trade. In this study, Namık Kemal’s economic thoughts are expressed considering his articles about economics on Tasvir-i Efkâr, Hürryet, İbret, Cüzdan and Diyojen newspapers.
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The socialist economic system implemented by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) enabled the social, economic, political and military relations between the countries forming a union through a central planning. The collapse of this Socialist economic and administrative system resulted in the disintegration of the USSR. As a result of the dissolution of the USSR, Azerbaijan declared its independence in 1991 and adopted the free market economy model. During the implementation of the new economic model, the country faced serious economic problems. The main reasons for this are the lack of adequate infrastructure, technological and economic power.
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Knowledge of accounting is crucial for individuals, commercial organizations, societies and states. This creates endless debates on according to which criteria the knowledge will be produced and presented. The regulations regarding how the accounting knowledge is produced and presented influence the results significantly. That is why investors and dominant ideology put pressure on accounting regulators. Critical accounting literature suggests that such interventions and pressure may vary from one country to another. It discusses that in certain cases, accounting and ideology or accounting and politics get involved in a complex relationship.
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Classically, three parameters are taken into account, namely return, liquidity and security. However, responsible investments add a fourth parameter - environmental, social and institutional governance (ESRF) - to the concept of classical investment, both monetary and financial. In the light of this information, this study intended to discover whether the investments of Turkish enterprises in the ISO 500 have been carried to a different dimension from the classical investment practices. Accordingly, it was sought to determine the level of the enterprises to minimize environmental impacts in investment decisions, to increase social performance and be sensitive to corporate governance principles. In addition, it has been aimed to identify the driving forces directing the enterprises to responsible investment and the obstacles towards these responsible investment practices. For that purpose, questionnaire technique was conducted with 333 large scale enterprises located in ISO 500.
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Tax breaks and other perks are luring foreign tech money into a country known for a tightlycontrolled economy.
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Data analysis based on Gini index proves that income inequalities were growing in the 1980s and 1990s and next, mixed trends prevailed, with the exception of fast growth in the incomes of 1% top richest households. In spite of the fact that the expansion of knowledge-based economy has begun in the same time as income inequality growth, there are no direct connection between these two phenomena. The intermediary factor is financial capitalism. Innovations created in new economy (ICT) encourage the development of financial capitalism and quick growth of 1% of the highest incomes. The social importance of inequality growth is very low. The growth of income inequalities very slightly changes the evaluation of the existing income inequalities. The increase of salary inequality has not diminished work motivation in European enterprises. The growth of financial capitalism has encouraged growth of venture capital investment in sectors of knowledge-based economy.
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Since its inception as a result of the victorious war with Georgia, the de facto independent Abkhazia has been struggling with a deep economic crisis characterised by war damage, economic blockade and the lack of international recognition. The aim of this paper is to analyse the main problems and challenges of unrecognised states in the field of economic development on the example of the Republic of Abkhazia. The article summarises the economic consequences of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, characterises the economic development of Abkhazia in the post-war period and analyses the effects of the economic blockade as well as the economic effects of the support of the external patron (the Russian Federation).
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Tanzania is usually presented as the most stable state is East Africa. Nevertheless political stability did not go hand in hand with economic development. The recent gas discoveries raised the issue of Tanzania’s readiness for the development of gas sector that will benefit the entire country instead of the rent orientated political elite. The development of the gas sector (although final decision about LNG terminal construction has not been taken yet) is correlated with President John Pombe Magufuli ( JPM) takeover of power and substantial changes on Tanzanian political scene. The Authors posed a question about the basis for a robust mining sector development in Tanzania under President Magufuli. The article’s first part presents Tanzania within the frameworks of “competitive-authoritarian regime” or “developmental neopatrimonial state”. Then we ask whether the system that catapulted JPM to the top job in the country can be change from the inside? Subsequently, we present dysfunctionalities of the Tanzanian mining sector with the special emphasis on gold mining, as well as challenges ahead of the country’s nascent natural gas sector.
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The region of Central Africa is abundant in both fragile states and economic communities. According to the theory of international economic integration, in the long term such integration processes should stimulate not only short-term trade effects but also long-term investment effects. The article aims to answer the question whether and how membership of an economic community by a fragile state influences the occurrence of dynamic integration effects. The examination is based on the example of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). The article uses an analytical and descriptive method on the basis of domestic and foreign literature sources and UNCTAD and IMF statistics. The analysis suggests that from the point of view of member countries of African economic communities, the mere fact of membership of such a community is no vital driver of FDI within the internal market, particularly important to capital-poor fragile states.
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Globalization challenges the state-centric realist view of space and authority within International Relations. Using multifaceted concepts of territoriality and non-territoriality, this article goes into three versions of current territorial fragmentation or connectivity – deterritorialization, extraterritorialization and reterritorialization. They are to enable us to reveal the pro¬liferation of globally relevant social and power dynamics above, below and within the state domain. At the same time, they are to illuminate the ambivalent role of states played in an era of global interconnectedness.
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China’s role as an emerging aid provider and the concept of a social plan in Africa has led to polarised responses in the West. Several say that this “productivist” strategy is much less determined by the concepts of citizenship, legal, social rights, and much more regarding building functions. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the welfare and social policy ideas that characterize Chinese aid in Africa are influencing traditional donors and becoming global. The article utilised a qualitative study that has two main components. First, a comprehensive content analysis of over 50 key Sino-African, Chinese and Western policy documents from 2000 (since cooperation between Beijing and African countries first became institutionalised). Second, there were semi-structured interviews with Chinese, African and Western stakeholders in Addis Ababa, (Ethiopia), who was directly involved in the relationship between China and Africa and related development issues. The result of documentation and interview analyses show that there are currently significant differences between Chinese and Western approaches. China has made much stronger and more explicit links between development aid and economic activity than most Western donors. The aid is usually implemented through specific projects rather than broader programs or policies.
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Since the beginning of the 1980 disposal of economic liberalization steps in the production of Turkey with economic plans and policies aimed to be in a position to be competitive with other countries. Competition is increasing day by day in the globalizing world. Countries that want to bring this difference up are accelerated R & D, innovation, investment, and innovation. The provision of structural reforms in Turkey, export subsidies, the opening of the factory, industrialization movements have reduced the unemployment rate has attracted the foreign capital mobility to Turkey. In this case, it increased the level of welfare and increased the appetite of our country to production. In this study; impact on economic growth of this innovative investment movement in Turkey, 2004 - 2016 was investigated by econometric methods. In order to test the relationship between the variables before the unit root test was performed, in the second step, the causality relationship between them was tested with the help of the Granger test. Turkey in particular, R & D-based production as a result of investment, employment providing innovative products and high value-added in terms of qualitative diversity, the creation of a model of economic growth with economic policy to reduce dependence on foreign as well as Turkey's long-term R & D and innovation progress made by the private sector It is understood that it has a supportive effect on its GDP. Data Turkey Statistical Institute (TSI) and were obtained from the World Bank.
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