Poszukiwania „optymalnego” tekstu Biblii w XIII wieku

Author(s): Janusz Królikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Chociaż chrześcijaństwo nie jest „religią księgi” w potocznym rozumieniu tego określenia, to jednak księga Pisma Świętego stanowi jej oparcie, program i kryterium weryfikujące. Dlatego też w ciągu wieków zawsze starannie dbano o to, by tekst biblijny był odpowiednio przechowywany i przekazywany. W tym artykule zwracamy uwagę na to, w jaki sposób poszukiwano optymalnego tekstu Biblii na uniwersytecie w Paryżu w XIII wieku. Powstanie uniwersytetów i nadanie naukowego charakteru teologii sprawiło, że powstał problem przygotowania odpowiedniego tekstu biblijnego, jednakowego dla wszystkich i łatwo dostępnego. Potrzeba akademicka szybko wpłynęła więc na popularyzację tekstu biblijnego oraz na potrzebę jego skorygowania. Proces opracowania nie był łatwy, ale mimo powstających trudności dość szybko z nim się uporano. Wypracowano tekst, który w końcu zarówno zadowalał uczonych, jak i spełniał kryteria tradycji eklezjalnej. Przy okazji pojawiło się wiele ważnych refleksji teoretycznych, które wpłynęły na pogłębione rozumienie natury tekstu biblijnego oraz na sposoby jego interpretacji. Z tych doświadczeń korzystano w kolejnych wiekach, a wiele wniosków, które wyprowadzono w XIII wieku, zachowuje swoją aktualność do dnia dzisiejszego. Although Christianity is not “a religion of the book” in the common understanding of this expression, however the Bible constitutes its support, programme and verifying criterion. That is why over the centuries the text of the Bible was always scrupulously enshrined and transferred. This article focuses on the subject of how the optimal text of the Bible was searched for at the University of Paris in 13th century. The advent of universities and a new character of theology as a scientific study created a need for a proper text of the Bible, the same for everyone and easily available. Thus the academic necessity rapidly increased the popularity of the biblical text but also prompted the need of its correction. The study was a difficult task, but the problems were soon overcome. The final version of the text satisfied the scholars and met the criteria of the ecclesiastical tradition. Concurrently a lot of significant theoretical reflections emerged which affected the profound understanding of the nature of the biblical text and the ways of its interpretation. These achievements appeared to be valuable in centuries to come and the numerous conclusions drawn in 13th century remain relevant even today.

BESZÁMOLÓ A IX. CURRENT RESEARCH IN EGYPTOLOGY SZIMPÓZIUMRÓL (MANCHESTER, 2008. JANUÁR 9—11.)

Author(s): Adrienn Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2008

Az angol egyetemeken évente megrendezett Current Research in Egyptology (CRE) nemzetközi egyiptológiai konferencia az aktuális, éppen folyamatban lévő kutatásokról és azok legfrissebb eredményeiről számol be; ismerteti azokat a témákat és kérdéseket, amelyek az adott évben az egyiptológia és a hozzá kapcsolódó tudományok vizsgálatainak a középpontjában álltak. A konferencia jellegzetessége, hogy többnyire olyan fiatal szakembereknek kínál bemutatkozási lehetőséget, akik egyiptológus diplomával rendelkeznek és posztgraduális tanulmányokat folytatnak az Egyesült Királyság egyetemein vagy máshol a világon. A résztvevők poszter, illetve rövidebb (10 perces) vagy hosszabb (20 perces) előadás formájában mutathatják be kutatásaikat. A kilencedik szimpóziumra idén január 9. és 11. között került sor 15 ország egyiptológusainak részvételével, a KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology szervezésében a manchesteri egyetemen. 43 előadás hangzott el és 6 poszter is érkezett. Magyarországot a jelen cikk írója képviselte. A szimpózium első két napján a videó- kapcsolatnak köszönhetően a kairói National Research Centre (NRC) és az Alexandria Library közönsége is figyelemmel kísérhette a beszámolókat, és a chat-room-on keresztül ők is kérdéseket tehettek fel az előadóknak vagy kommentálhatták a hallottakat A következőkben a hét szekció (Science 1: Methods and Analysis — History and Culture — Linguistics and Literature — Science 2: Mummy Studies — Art and Architecture — Early Egypt — Religion and the Gods) három, számomra legérdekesebb előadását foglalom össze röviden.

Адаптация православия в языческом мире Прикамья

Author(s): Leonid D. Makarov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2009

Old Russian settlers brought new ideology on the territory of the Kama River Region – Slavic and Finnish paganism and Greek Christianity, as it is usually said about the finds of religious pendants, signs of temples, peculiarities of burials. Inculcation of Christianity had taken place during 3 main periods.First period (10th – 13th centuries) is acquaintance (passive). In many respects it is characterized by accidental and elementary emergence of Christian attributes in the Kama Region. A part of these things were found in composition of necklaces in Finn-Perm burial places, possibly playing role of pendants, which were endowed with some sacred functions. Other things were worn with other pendants, but were considered Christian. They were found with their bearers.Second period (13th – 16th centuries) is an active stage. It coincides with Old Russian population of Kama basin and bringing real Christianity among the local population, but with preservation of religious syncretism. It is characterized by decoration of Christian advents on territory of Volga’s Bulgaria, Vyatka territory and the Great Perm. It is connected to a marked degree with missionary activity of first priests of this land including Stephan of Perm and Trifon Vyatskiy. This period is documented by findings of numerous Christian worship items. Christian funeral ceremony, which preserved separate pagan relicts, was confirmed.Third period (17th – 19th centuries) is state one (massive). It is conditioned by processes of inner colonization of the Kama Region. This period was accompanied by different forms of Christianization of indigenous pagan inhabitants assisted by the state. It is characterized by active construction of churches and cloisters, inculcation of Christian morale, spirituality and culture in non-Russian society. Ritualism of Christian advents finally fixed and unified in this period. It was reflected also in archeological sources. Archaic elements remained in old-ceremony society. These elements also had influence on foreign material and spiritual culture.

Педагогическата концепция на йезуитското училище „Ел Клот“

Author(s): Mariyana Ilieva,Eleonora Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

Тhe Spanish school El Clot in Barcelona is part of the system of the Jesuit education. In 2009, the Catholic priest, which manages the school, set out to change the pedagogical model of teaching and learning. On the one hand they preserve the traditions of Ignatian Pedagogy and the other - implement innovations based on the challenges of the XXI c. The aim of the research paper is to present innovation and the concept of “Pedagogy of the liberation” of the school, during the academic year 2014/2015. The innovative pedagogical model approbates only 5 and 7 class. The analysis focuses upon the changes at the first moment. Parallel to this is describes modern vision of the El Clot school, which implies building the overall vision about the degrees, the curricula and the teaching and learning methodology.

Графитите от Имарет джамия в Пловдив (Критичен коментар)

Author(s): Lyubomir Mikov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

The subject of my critical comment is the research of the archaeologist Nikolai Ovcharov devoted to the already non-existing graffiti in the Imaret mosque in Plovdiv (build in 1444–1445). He has documented, described and analyzed 88 graffiti images. They were further represented in an album in the appendix. I would suggest that the documentation and the publishing of the graffiti are among Ovcharov’s most prominent contributions.At the same time, he believes that these graffiti date back from the second half of the 15th century which I find rather disputable. Debatable is also the definite identification of the graffiti pieces, which does not take into consideration the extremely reduced nature of the forms and the nature of the images – utterly generalized, rather conventional, quite unclear and sometimes even unfinished.In the focus of his attention are the graffiti depicting swimming vessels but they are compared only with the non-Ottoman (West European) ship-models. At the same time, in 15th–16th century the Ottoman fleet was a powerful and prominent factor in the Mediterranean. Thus, I believe that images of swimming vessels in the Imaret mosque actually reflect patterns of the Ottoman fleet.The most important questions related to the mosque graffiti are questions about their emergence and preservation until 1980s. I would also suggest that their creators most probably were people with mental disorders.

Международна научна конференция “The ‘State Artist’ in Romania and Eastern Europe”, Букурещ, 5 октомври 2016 г.

Author(s): Lina Gergova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

Scholarly Conference

Българското възраждане – митове, постижения и уроци

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The article tries to unveil some of the myths of the Bulgarian Revival period and on this basis to point out its true achievements. The most important accomplishment, according to the author, is the ability of the Bulgarians to organize themselves without being guided by some central government.

Научна конференция „Агрокултурни ориентации и практики: локални трансформации в условията на европеизация и глобализация“

Author(s): Ivaylo Markov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

National Character and Folklore in the Distorting Mirror of Bulgarian Animated Cinema

Author(s): Nadezhda Marinchevska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The article examines various interpretations of folklore elements in Bulgarian animatedcinema as well as authors’ personal generalizations about main features of theBulgarian national character and ethos in the period from the late 1940s to these days.In the 1960s, the process, which has begun in the framework of ideological censorship,Bulgarian folklore tradition included, quickly transformed into satirical film model aiming its criticism at the Bulgarian national character. This model was based on the unconventional visual representation of folklore through the modern graphics and caricature, through the grotesque and decorative drawing. The next stage of the transformation of mythological and legendary subjects in the 1980s was related to radical neo-vanguard practices in Bulgarian animated cinema, which compared Bulgarian tradition to foreign cultures and ideas on a global scale and in a wide range– from the direct parallels in art to the psychoanalytical interpretations visualized insurrealistic stylistics.After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, all aspects of Bulgarian culture experienced a crisis – institutional, financial, and artistic. One could expect that the abolishment of ideological sanctions would push artists to openly revive topics that were forbidden until then, to interpret plots from folklore that had been unacceptable until that moment, or at least would prompt a new understanding of the meaning of the national character, broadening the worldview from the 1980s. Unfortunately, nothing of the sort occurred.

Amateur Football – Identity and Memory

Author(s): Iva Kyurkchieva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This paper analyses the role of a village near Sofia’s football tournament and the football museum established in that same village as specific times and places of memory.The author’s interest is provoked by the fact that football occupies a significant part of the living world of the bearers of that culture; it touches them emotionally and their experiences related to it are extremely important to them. Football gives meaning to their workdays and holidays and at the same time, it becomes a kind of regulator of neighbourly and village relations. It also contributes to the adaptation of young people into modern society. The football occupations of the local people seriously influence their social life. By means of football, they provide themselves with the components of their local identity construction, which increase communal confidence and differentiate them from others.

Gypsies in Ottoman Empire according to the 16th–17th Centuries Bursa and Balıkesir Shari’a Court Records

Author(s): Ömer Düzbakar / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2016

Various ethnical groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Jews and Assyrians who lived within the borders of the Ottoman Empire have been subjects to several researches. Unfortunately, the available researches done about the ethnical group called Gypsies are so few that they cannot even be compared to the researches available for other ethnical groups. The expression “Half Nation”, which is frequently used to identify the Gypsies who had been casted away from the society because of their life styles, is maybe the most important expression used to describe gypsies’ position in the society. This study, which is based on the 16th–17th centuries Bursa and Balıkesir Shari’a Court Records, aims to put forward the position of the Gypsies in the Ottoman society and the empire’s attitude towards the gypsies. I owe my thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdulmecit MUTAF who helped me have access to Balıkesir Shari’a Court Records and to İsmail TORACI who shaped my research with his precious opinions.

Bulgarian Educational Policy towards Minorities and the Muslim Students in Al Azhar in the 1930s

Author(s): Dimitar Gyudurov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2016

Bulgaria’s educational policy towards the Muslim minority was determined by international and bilateral treaties, state legislation, economic and social processes in Bulgarian society and was influenced by the foreign policy goals of the state. From a spiritual point of view, the main educational center of the Muslim community in Bulgaria was created after the end of the First World War. The Quranic School in Shumen “Madrasa-t-yun-Nyuvvab” was the only one of its kind in the Balkans. In the 1930s his graduates were the first Bulgarian citizens sent to attend the Egyptian Al-Azhar Spiritual Academy.

Петър Кърджилов. Озарения в полите на Витоша. Летопис на ранното кино в София (1896–1915). София, издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов“, 2016. 608 с., с илюстрации

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2017

Book review

Старый кафедральный собор в Выборге — уникальный объект культурного наследия

Author(s): Aleksandr I. Saksa / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2014

The cultural heritage object of the 15th to 18th centuries “Church of St. Mary and St. Joseph and St. Olaf and the Clock Tower” is situated in the central part of Vyborg. Modern researchers date the construction of this stone temple to the first half of the 15th century. The church itself, which presumably was initially wooden, is first mentioned in a document of 1403 kept in the archives of Vatican. During the period of the temple’s existence, it was repeatedly reconstructed. By now, only its external walls have survived.Archaeological excavations at this site were conducted in 1886, 1913 and 1985—1991. The main phases of its construction were defined and the related architectural remains investigated. However, such problems as the time of the construction of the first stone church, identification and dates of all the reconstructions still are unsolved.In 2010—2012, we carried out architectural measurements of this monument and archaeological excavations on its external southern side and inside the cathedral near its northern stone wall limiting the initial medieval space of the 15th century church. These investigations have resulted in definition of exact and reliable picture of the condition of the surviving walls of the edifice, identification of previously unknown reconstructions of different dates and traces of repairs on the walls. In addition, a three-dimensional model has been built of the ruins of the cathedral and the Clock Tower constituting a single complex with the latter.

Концептът дом в украинския прозаичен фолклор от първата половина на ХХ век: семантика на „загубата“

Author(s): Oksana Kuzmenko / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The author analyses symbolic spatial images typical for the Ukrainian folklore narratives about World War I (1914−1918), famine (1932−1933), forced deportations (1946–1947). Thus she investigates the images of landscape (forest, mountain). Special attention is paid to the objects of the closed inner space which forms the concept of home with the help of its congenial attributive characteristics (burnt empty house, evacuated burnt village, destroyed church, dug out grave). The indicated loci, on the background of the universal mythological oppositions “own” – “alien”, “here” – “there”, “old” – “new”, build up a generalized image of the character’s destroyed vital microcosm and places of his/her annihilated freedoms.

Между канона и традицията – локални версии на Мевлида сред турци сунити в Североизточна България

Author(s): Behrin Shopova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Mevlid is one of the basic ritual complexes in the culture of the Turks in Bulgaria and is practiced by all Muslim communities. It is believed to be religious in nature and is an immanent part of the system of calendar and family rites. Mevlid first appears among Sufi Muslims, but soon becomes an element of the traditional Suni rites. The article follows the appearance and the diffusion of the rite and further compares Mevlid in mosque practice with its performance in the village tradition by revealing the specifics of the ritual as it is performed in the village of Gorna Hubavka, Targovishte region. The use of a text which differs from the conventional one, the appointment of specific months in the religious calendar for the performance of the ritual, the inclusion of authors songs not related to the Prophet, as well as the nature of the ritual stereotypes that are built form the local specifics of the ritual in the village. The analysis of the Mevlid and its particular local characteristics opens the possibility for the study of a very important aspect of the culture of the Suni in Bulgaria. It reveals the mechanisms of functioning of the so-called Balkan Islam which differs substantially from the high Islamic religious culture.

Тритомно издание за фолклора на българите в Албания

Author(s): Natalia Rashkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Book Review

Ружа Нейкова. Калашите – последният залез в Хиндукуш. София: Фосфорус, 2017

Author(s): Anna Shtarbanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Book Review

Национална научна конференция „Традицията в народната култура“

Author(s): Bilyana Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Events

Археологически резервати и археологически музеи in situ в България. Поява и историческо развитие

Author(s): Daniel Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The interest in preserving the immovable heritage in Bulgaria emerges during the Revival period after starting searching and describing archaeological monuments. Moreover, in 1857 a collection of archaeological finds from Pliska and Preslav is established in city of Shoumen. During the next years, various archaeological collections are established. This stays as a prerequisite for creation of archaeological societies in Bulgaria. The first one appears in 1879 in city of Veliko Tarnovo, and during the following years such occure in some other cities in Bulgaria. These societies stay as the basis of preserving the archaeological remains and hence of creating archaeological reserves and museums.