„Pre rodné mesto žil, pre národ pracoval.“ Pomník Jánosa Tubu ako možné miesto pamäti maďarskej komunity

Author(s): József Demmel,Miroslav Michela / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Predložená kapitola je naším pokusom vytvoriť spoločné dielo a zároveň vstúpiť do diskusie o potrebe a možnostiach intenzívnejšieho dialógu historikov zo Slovenska a z Maďarska. Rozhodli sme sa napísať dielo, ktoré nebude sledovať ešte stále aktuálnu prax vytvárania paralelných príbehov „slovenských“ a „maďarských“ dejín, ktoré sú zároveň odrazom nedostatočnej komunikácie medzi odborníkmi a presadzovania nacionalistických interpretácií dejín v oboch krajinách. Prostredníctvom príbehu inštalácie náhrobného kameňa chceme analyzovať refl exiu zániku monarchie v práve sa formujúcom maďarskom menšinovom diskurze. Snažíme sa zachytiť úlohu tzv. spoločenských aktérov, resp. kultúrnych inštitúcií a rituálov, v procese konštruovania a distribúcie kultúrnych reprezentácií.

Introduction

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Magic in the past in its various forms, perceptions and definitions has been a popular subject of modern Western scholarship for a long time. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in contrast, the issue of magic is still a rather neglected area of study. Apart from the study of witchcraft and apart from ethnologists or anthropologists, whose research interests usually include present or recent case studies and phenomena, the subject of magic has not yet received due attention from historians and other scholars of the humanities of the region. This can be partly explained by the fact that while communist policy with its stress on the class struggle preferred certain topics, mainly political, economic and social history, it practically brought other fields and research interests to a standstill.

Research Problems of Magical Texts in Central Europe

Author(s): Benedek Láng / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In his fundamental article on the diffusion of Arabic magical texts in Western Europe, David Pingree made a remarkable observation. He noticed that copies of magical texts “found an attentive audience only after about (...) 1400 in Central Europe.” The research I have been carrying out in the latest years is closely related to Pingree’s remark. My investigations focus on Central European sources of learned magic found in 15th century manuscripts. These texts include a wide variety of branches from the relatively innocent practices of natural magic, which operates with the secret correspondences of the world and with the marvellous properties of its objects (to be found in lapidaries, bestiaries, books of marvels, and books of secrets), through the more manipulative methods of image magic or talismanic magic (presented in the famous Picatrix, in Thebit ben Corath’s De imaginibus, in a range of hermetic texts), to arrive finally at the practices of ritual magic, that is the science of acquiring knowledge about unknown, future, and hidden phenomena with the help of the invocation of angels and demons.

The Magic of Image: Astrological, Alchemical and Magical Symbolism at the Court of Wenceslas IV

Author(s): Milena Bartlová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Czech Renaissance man of letters Václav Hájek of Libočany explained the representations of kingfishers and half naked bathmaidens that he saw painted on some Prague buildings, as records of saucy affairs from the life of the King Bohemia Wenceslas IV. He developed in this way the image of a bad and immoral ruler, coined by the many political and religious enemies acquired by Wenceslas during the almost forty years of his turbulent rule around the year 1400. Three and a half centuries later, Julius Schlosser, the art historian writing in Freud’s Vienna in the 80s of the 19th century, recognized an extensive group of similar symbolic images in the margins of Wenceslas’ illuminated codices. He called them emblems and explained them as a form of aesthetic sublimation of the erotic relationship between the king and his second wife Sophia of Bavaria. In the 1960s, the Czech art historian Josef Krása recognized the deepest sense of the complex symbolic meanings of these images in a celebration of natural life, as opposed to the fetters of social conventions.

An Outline History of Alchemy in Slovakia.

Author(s): Miloš Jesenský / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The theme of the history of alchemy is usually neglected by historians in Slovakia or regarded in the context of the history of science and technology as marginal. However, irrespective of this point of view, it is possible to record the existence of alchemy, regarded in the literature of the time sometimes as an art (ars) and sometimes as a science (scientia), and its turbulent flourishing in the Renaissance period and later, whether in European or Slovak history. It had an important influence on contemporary society, including science, culture and politics and analysis of this area would require more detailed research. There are various works devoted to aspects of this problem in Slovakia, dealing with alchemy in the context of the history of the natural sciences in Slovakia, but a general work summarizing the partial findings has not been published so far, in contrast to Czech and Polish historiography.

Magic Features in Johann Heinrich Alsted´s Apocalyptics

Author(s): Olga Lukács / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Chiliasm or millenarianism is nothing else but eschatology contemplated on the Earth, a doctrine about final things, which includes also the Last Judgement. We can find several allusions to this event in the Scriptures. A number of people have declared the nearness of that terrible hour; we think of the Last Day, of Heaven and Hell. These issues are connected with the return of Jesus, the resurrection of the dead, the end of the World, eternity and with the forthcoming Kingdom of God. Several theologians interpret Christ’s return (resurrection) as the age of perfect welfare and peace within the framework of a given empire on Earth. As the Apocrypha (e.g. the Letter of Barnabas, Book of Enoch etc.) says, this Heavenly state is just a period of transition between the existing time and eternity.

The Role of Black Magic in Controlling Social Balance in Moldavian Chango Villages

Author(s): Peti Lehel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper is designed to show some rituals succeeding theft of the Moldavian Chango villages, which have been practiced with the same features presumably since the 19th century. We attempt to explain the social historical causes of the “cultural conservation,” for this reason we try to outline the historical context in which these offensive magic rituals have taken shape. In Moldavia there was no witch-hunt and the reason for this fact is questionable. Perhaps there was not because this method of curing was not known and practiced by the elite, by the Church, or probably because the adequate popular beliefs and institutions, which could have supported it, were lacking. Without the records from the witch-hunts we have hardly any sources about the bygone role of magic. As a result of the socio-economic isolation the waves of modernization were fairly late in this region, therefore many elements of the practice of magic have remained with medieval continuity up to now. Thus we can nevertheless identify the past features from the techniques being practiced today and from their narratives kept in the collective remembrance. Although we have still not analysed the functioning of the system as a whole, we can draw attention to some significant characteristics. This is especially justified, since an intensive modernization of Moldavia is now in progress, which has taken decades in the case of other regions and ethnic groups. Owing to the loss of language being advanced because of assimilation, those narratives from which we could reconstruct the past features of the magic penal system and from which we could interpret its present forms of realization could disappear within a short time.

Hospodársky vzostup Thurzovcov

Author(s): Marián Skladaný / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Pod všeobecným pomenovaním „Thurzovci“ alebo „Thurzo“ si každý predstavuje niekoho iného. Pritom tých historicky významných Thurzovcov nebolo až tak veľa, ak si uvedomíme, že v porovnaní s inými aristokratickými rodmi žili Thurzovci (aspoň historicky) relatívne krátko, len niečo cez dve storočia (1430–1636). O to viac musí vyniknúť závratnosť kariéry, ktorú za dve storočia urobili. A boli práve na vrchole svojej slávy a bohatstva, keď ich postihla nepriazeň osudu, že ich rod vymrel v mužskej línii.

Kontakty palatína Juraja Thurzu so stolicami Šopron a Vaš

Author(s): Péter Dominkovits / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Vo výskume uhorských správnych, politických a vojenskohistorických dejín 16. – 17. storočia sú vzťahy palatína a stolíc stále marginálnou témou. Najúplnejšie sprístupnenie prameňov sa uskutočnilo ešte v polovici 19. storočia: Károly Ráth (1829–1868) publikoval z bohatého archívu Rábskej stolice listy palatína Mikuláša Esterházyho (1625–1645) adresované stolici, Iván Nagy (1824–1898) zase listy a mandáty palatína Františka Wesselényiho Novohradskej stolici. Nasledujúca štúdia nadväzne na tieto výskumy načrtáva vzťah palatína Juraja Thurzu a dvoch stolíc západného Zadunajska, a to zo špeciálneho hľadiska, zo strany týchto úradov, na základe rozkazov palatína, mandátov, resp. stoličných zápisníc a intimátov. Žiaľ, z daného obdobia sú pramenné základne úplne rozdielne. Kým v stolici Vaš sa zachovala zápisnica z daného obdobia, v archíve rodu Batthyány v Pinkafelde sa objavili aj palatínove listy adresované stolici, zatiaľ Šopronská stolica z týchto rokov nemá ani zápisnicu z kongregácií, a aj z listov a mandátov palatína, adresovaných stolici, sa zachovalo len zopár.

Rod Thurzovcov a Štátny archív v Bytči

Author(s): Jana Kurucárová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Štátny archív v Bytči je spätý s rodom Thurzovcovhneď z dvoch dôvodov: v prvom rade preto, lebo archív je umiestnený v objekte renesančného kaštieľa, ktorý dal v rokoch 1571–1574 vybudovať František Thurzo a ktorý sa neskôr stal obľúbeným sídlom palatína Juraja Thurzu. Okrem toho archív medzi viac ako 600 fondmi a zbierkami spravuje aj písomnosti Oravského komposesorátu, ktorý obsahuje dokumenty, vzťahujúce sa na rod Thurzovcov. Presnejšie – najväčšiu časť v porovnaní s inými fondmi. Je symbolické, že písomnosti, ktoré vznikali za života palatína, sú z veľkej časti dodnes uložené v priestoroch zámku.

Divković i Grličić – počeci bosanske i slavonske katekizamske književnosti

Author(s): Ivana Mikulić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The lives of the Franciscan Matija Divković (1563–1631) and of the Đakovopriest Ivan Grličić (cir. 1670 – post-1708) are marked by several commonalities: birth place (Jelaške, Olovo), living abroad in Italy for philosophical-theological studies, and pastoral work in the province of Bosna Srebrena. This paper focuses on their role in the earl y phase of catechism literature and their subjective catechetical strategies. Divkovićʼs catechisms– large Nauk krstjanski (1611) and small Nauk krstjanski (1616)belong to the first period of post-Tridentine Catholicism, and they are intended for the people of Bosnia. Grličićʼs catechism Put nebeski (1707) has characteristics of the second period of post-Tridentine Catholicism, and it is known as “the first Slavonian catechism.” These catechisms are compilations of different sources, including the catechism of Robert Bellarmin (1542–1621) as a main common source. It is important to note the authors’ subjective contributions to specific concepts and genres, which express their own views and interpretations on particular subjects of everyday life.This research is focused on the discourse of everyday life (religion, family,human life and honor, sexuality...) the Ten Commandments. Taking into consideration the authors’ temporal and spatial specificities, the paper attempts to explain models for cultural identity and religious formation in the post-Tridentine period.

Prva bosanična početnica u Divkovićevu malom Nauku

Author(s): Dolores Grmača,Mateo Žagar / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Divković’s small Christian Study was published twenty times and in two editions, one comprehensive, one abridged, from 1616 to 1738. Only the abridged editions have A Small Reader for Children and a catechism section.These two editions each had a life of their own and also complemented each other. The abridged version was used predominantly for teaching literacy and studying fundamental questions of the Catholic faith, while the longer version was used as a supplement for both literacy and spirituality,as well as for defining one’s literary taste. A Small Reader, which appeared in the abridged small Study, is the first Bosnian-Herzegovinan reader, and was in use until the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is not rare for the popularity of Divković’s catechism to be proclaimed in scholarly literature,but analysis of the primer and a suitable place for the abridged version of the small Study within the context of cultural literacy have been all but forgotten.

Modeli biografije u hrvatskoj književnosti Bosne i Hercegovine od 18. do 20. stoljeća

Author(s): Iva Beljan Kovačić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the genre of biography in the Croatian literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from its appearance within eighteenth-century chronicles through the independence genre, and its modifications in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Furthermore, it discusses changes in the genre model in relation to literary and documentary elements of a text, in the narrator’s position and his relationship to the story, and in how it presents an ideal of life to pass on. The literary-historical biographical dimension is considered through these changes, as is – indirectly – the Croatian literary tradition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in literary historiography.

A kazárok megtérése a zsidó hitre

Author(s): Peter Benjamin Golden / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Classical Utopian Model

Author(s): Rafał Szczerbakiewicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Karel Kramář

Author(s): Andor Mészáros / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Karel Kramář (1860–1937) was one of the most significant politicians of the turn of the 19th and 20th Century and in the first decade of the first Czechoslovak Republic. He was the founder of the Czech Realistic Party with Masaryk and a Czech representative of the Imperial Council in the dualistic Monarchy, one of the most influential politicians of the young Czech party in Vienna. Kramář as the supporter of the Czech Russofil Pan–Slav movement considered useful the Russian and Balkan alliance in the foreign policy of the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy and established the Neo–Slav Movement in 1908 for the harmonization of Slav political inter-ests. During the First World War he participated in the Czechoslovak movement and was sentenced to death for treason, was released by am-nesty. Kramář was elected the first prime minister of the republic after 1918, the founding of the first Czechoslovak Republic and also led the Czechoslovak delegation on the Versailles Peace Talks, but in the mid–twenties he gradually lost his political influence.Keywords: Austro–Hungarian Monarchy; Czechoslovakia; Realistic Party; Young Czech Party; Russofil Pan–Slavism;

Droga do ujednolicenia systemu polskiej edukacji po odzyskaniu niepodległości (1917–1921)

Author(s): Aldona Domańska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Influence exercée par certaines institutions de Byzance et des pays balkaniques du Moyen Age sur le système féodal ottoman

Author(s): Bistra Andreeva Cvetkova / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Идеолошке интерпретације традиције и модернизације: неразумевање улоге војног фактора

Author(s): Mile Bjelajac / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Пре разматрања једне овакве теме, читалац мора увек имати на уму да не постоји нешто јединствено што би назвали „српска историографија“ и њој насупрот „светска историографија“. Једна – априорно претежно „традиционална“ (често обележена као „националистичка“ или „митоманска“), друга – модерна, баштиник нових метода, избалансирана. По нашем разумевању и искуству постоји низ индивидуалних подухвата на обе стране, али и трендови, вододелнице међу њима које са много скрупула треба идентификовати и обележити. Дебате о традицији и модернизацији на овом простору не воде се само у крилу историјске науке, подједнако су укључени социолози, антрополози, правници, економисти и други. Ако су историчари обзирни према карактеру извора (нажалост не сви) код других дисциплина често мањкају знања из историје општег друштвеног контекста неког времена. Историчари, с друге стране, нису понекад обзирни према социолошким, економским или социопсихолошким категоријама. У више радова упозоравали смо на непознавање, али и олако баратање теоријама и моделима који су развијени на основу потпуно друге историјске емпирије од оне на коју их поједини аутори шаблонски примењују. [...]

Slovenci i Tito u prošlosti i danas

Author(s): Božo Repe / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Slovenci su za Josipa Broza Tita saznali tokom Drgugog svetskog rata. Od 1943. nadalje počeo je sistematski da se uspostavlja kult njegove ličnosti. Po majci je Tito bio Slovenac. Slovenci nisu imali puno istorijskih ličnosti, a potreba za „ocem nacije" jedna je od nacionalnih karakteristika. Nakon njegove smrti, počela je naglo da raste kritika titoizma kao sistema, a istovremeno je počeo da se rastvara Titov kult ličnosti. Usprkos tome, većina Slovenaca je mišljenja da je Tito bio pozitivna istorijska ličnost (antifašistički otpor, promena slovenačke granice, otpor protiv Informbiroa, otvorene granice i nesvrstanost, republička državnost], a istovremeno ga (prvenstveno u desnim političkim krugovima] izričito prikazuju kao zločinca i diktatora.