Modeli biografije u hrvatskoj književnosti Bosne i Hercegovine od 18. do 20. stoljeća

Author(s): Iva Beljan Kovačić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the genre of biography in the Croatian literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from its appearance within eighteenth-century chronicles through the independence genre, and its modifications in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Furthermore, it discusses changes in the genre model in relation to literary and documentary elements of a text, in the narrator’s position and his relationship to the story, and in how it presents an ideal of life to pass on. The literary-historical biographical dimension is considered through these changes, as is – indirectly – the Croatian literary tradition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in literary historiography.

A kazárok megtérése a zsidó hitre

Author(s): Peter Benjamin Golden / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Classical Utopian Model

Author(s): Rafał Szczerbakiewicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Karel Kramář

Author(s): Andor Mészáros / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Karel Kramář (1860–1937) was one of the most significant politicians of the turn of the 19th and 20th Century and in the first decade of the first Czechoslovak Republic. He was the founder of the Czech Realistic Party with Masaryk and a Czech representative of the Imperial Council in the dualistic Monarchy, one of the most influential politicians of the young Czech party in Vienna. Kramář as the supporter of the Czech Russofil Pan–Slav movement considered useful the Russian and Balkan alliance in the foreign policy of the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy and established the Neo–Slav Movement in 1908 for the harmonization of Slav political inter-ests. During the First World War he participated in the Czechoslovak movement and was sentenced to death for treason, was released by am-nesty. Kramář was elected the first prime minister of the republic after 1918, the founding of the first Czechoslovak Republic and also led the Czechoslovak delegation on the Versailles Peace Talks, but in the mid–twenties he gradually lost his political influence.Keywords: Austro–Hungarian Monarchy; Czechoslovakia; Realistic Party; Young Czech Party; Russofil Pan–Slavism;

Droga do ujednolicenia systemu polskiej edukacji po odzyskaniu niepodległości (1917–1921)

Author(s): Aldona Domańska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Influence exercée par certaines institutions de Byzance et des pays balkaniques du Moyen Age sur le système féodal ottoman

Author(s): Bistra Andreeva Cvetkova / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Идеолошке интерпретације традиције и модернизације: неразумевање улоге војног фактора

Author(s): Mile Bjelajac / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Пре разматрања једне овакве теме, читалац мора увек имати на уму да не постоји нешто јединствено што би назвали „српска историографија“ и њој насупрот „светска историографија“. Једна – априорно претежно „традиционална“ (често обележена као „националистичка“ или „митоманска“), друга – модерна, баштиник нових метода, избалансирана. По нашем разумевању и искуству постоји низ индивидуалних подухвата на обе стране, али и трендови, вододелнице међу њима које са много скрупула треба идентификовати и обележити. Дебате о традицији и модернизацији на овом простору не воде се само у крилу историјске науке, подједнако су укључени социолози, антрополози, правници, економисти и други. Ако су историчари обзирни према карактеру извора (нажалост не сви) код других дисциплина често мањкају знања из историје општег друштвеног контекста неког времена. Историчари, с друге стране, нису понекад обзирни према социолошким, економским или социопсихолошким категоријама. У више радова упозоравали смо на непознавање, али и олако баратање теоријама и моделима који су развијени на основу потпуно друге историјске емпирије од оне на коју их поједини аутори шаблонски примењују. [...]

Tito: Glavna ličnost, vođa... uz druge Ili kako dovesti u pitanje mit o imobilizmu za vreme socijalizma

Author(s): Katrin Litar Tavar / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Réfutant la théorie du totalitarisme, j’ai envisagé le fonctionnement du titisme sous l’angle de la responsabilité, de l’autonomie et de l’individualité. La société yougoslave a été appréhendée dans son ensemble avec ses particularités, de façon à appréhender la réalité sociale avec ses tensions, ses revendications et les stratégies mises en place par les acteurs sociaux, tout en démontrant que Tito et le Parti communiste n’étaient pas aussi rassembleurs qu’ils ne le paraissaient Si la violence des années 1990 en a surpris plus d’un, c’est précisément (et on peut en dire autant du cas soviétique) parce que la dynamique sociale, les mutations, les transformations de la société civile et du système politique n’étaient pas prises en compte. Pour appréhender le titisme, l’article analyse l’acteur social, le culte de la personnalité, le mythe de la Fédération yougoslave, et le processus de la mémoire et de l'oubli du titisme, afin de montrer en quoi la transformation radicale du passé est incontestablement nuisible au présent et au futur de chaque société ex-Yougoslave, car elle génère une discontinuité temporelle.

Slovenci i Tito u prošlosti i danas

Author(s): Božo Repe / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Slovenci su za Josipa Broza Tita saznali tokom Drgugog svetskog rata. Od 1943. nadalje počeo je sistematski da se uspostavlja kult njegove ličnosti. Po majci je Tito bio Slovenac. Slovenci nisu imali puno istorijskih ličnosti, a potreba za „ocem nacije" jedna je od nacionalnih karakteristika. Nakon njegove smrti, počela je naglo da raste kritika titoizma kao sistema, a istovremeno je počeo da se rastvara Titov kult ličnosti. Usprkos tome, većina Slovenaca je mišljenja da je Tito bio pozitivna istorijska ličnost (antifašistički otpor, promena slovenačke granice, otpor protiv Informbiroa, otvorene granice i nesvrstanost, republička državnost], a istovremeno ga (prvenstveno u desnim političkim krugovima] izričito prikazuju kao zločinca i diktatora.

Ličnost Josipa Broza Tita u savremenoj makedonskoj istoriografiji

Author(s): Ljubica Jančeva / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Macedonian historiography, which was part of Yugoslav historiography cherished Josip Broz Tito’s cult. After the independence of Macedonia there was a tendency in historiography for demystification of cults and for reevaluation of Tito’s political and historical role. In contemporary Macedonian historiography positive stereotypes of Tito are prevailing, lacking vulgar degradation.

Религиозната меланхолия. Етиологични ракурси

Author(s): Zhorzheta Cholakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The religious type of melancholy reflects the crisis of human consciousness as regards the sacral. Its first but singular instances can be found in Homer’s Iliad. Dominant throughout Antiquity was the humoral treatment of melancholy as a disease from which both the body and soul suffered. In his treatise Problema XXX Aristotle uses a new semantic emphasis, associating melancholy with genius. The Renaissance vindication of the antique philosophy of Plato and Aristotle was a prerequisite for a debate with the Christian axiology of dolourism and martyrism, which, as early as the XIV century, involved the problem of creative inspiration. In the course of historical evolution, melancholy turned from a diagnosis into an ethos. This process is illustrated in the article through the works of Petrarch, R. Burton и J. A. Komenský.

Humanistička i bogočovečanska kultura

Author(s): Justin Popović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Evropska kultura počiva na čoveku kao na temelju. Čovekom se iscrpljuje njen program i cilj, njena sredstva i sadržina. Humanizam je njen glavni arhitekt. Sva je izgrađena na sofističkom principu i kriterijumu: čovek je mera svih stvari, vidljivih i nevidljivih, i to evropski čovek. On je vrhovni stvaralac i davalac vrednosti. Istina je ono što on proglasi za istinu; smisao života je ono što on proglasi za smisao; dobro i zlo je ono što on proglasi za dobro i zlo. Kratko i iskreno rečeno: evropski čovek je sebe proglasio za boga. Zar niste primetili kako on neizmerno voli da boluje, da boguje naukom i tehnikom, filosofijom i kulturo, religijom i politikoim, umetnošću i modom, – da boguje po svaku cenu, makar inkvizicijom i papizmom, makar mačem i ognjem, makar – trogloditstvom i ljudožderstvom? On je jezikom svoje humanističko – pozitivističke nauke objavio da – nema Boga. I vođen tom logikom on je smelo izveo zaključak iz toga: pošto nema Boga, onda sam ja – bog !

Христианское кладбище монгольского времени на городище Бурана (по данным архивных документов о раскопках 1886 года)

Author(s): Valerii A. Kolchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 1885, two Christian medieval cemeteries were opened in the north of present-day Kyrgyzstan, in the Chuy Valley. They were identified from the finds of gravestones with Syrian epitaphs. Soon the epitaphs were translated and published by D. Khvolson and S. Slutsky. Archaeological excavations were carried out on the necropolis of Buranа town, in 1885—1886, but the data from these studies were not published. They are stored in the Archive of the RAS Institute of History of Material Culture, among documents of the Imperial Archaeological Committee.Data on the excavations in late 19th century on the medieval cemetery near the settlement of Burana are cited and analyzed in this article. Most of the burials were made in pits. The second largest group is the burial in the pits with niches. All the deceased lay stretched on their backs heading west. The burials contained no grave goods, but sometimes they contain personal adornments or wearable crosses.At the end of the article, the burials from Burana Christian cemetery are compared with the burials from the necropolises of Ak-Beshim, Krasnaya Rechka and Belovodskaya fortresses, also located in the Chuy Valley. By comparing them, we come to conclusion about a break in development of Christianity in the Chuy Valley, and emergence of a new cultural tradition, associated with gravestones with epitaphs, at the beginning of 13th century.

Арабографичные надписные камни из раскопок Казанского кремля 2000-х гг.

Author(s): Aydar M. Gaynutdinov,Ayrat G. Sitdikov,Аndrey S. Starkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Medieval epigraphs written in Arabic and found in the Middle Volga region provide some very important historical evidence for any student of the regional history. For they preserved an important page of the medieval written culture. The authors address a corpus of Arabic inscriptions made on stones in the first half of the 16th century, identified during the excavations on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin in the early 2000s. Fragments of stones stored in the Museum of Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Republic of Tatarstan) contain some fragments of texts in Arabic, including fragments of words and some separate letters. The paper describes the context in which these inscriptions were revealed and offers a reading of the texts on stones. Specific usages of these stones are suggested. Some fragments could be architectural elements.

Medieval Glazed Pottery: Archaeological Evidence from Rural Greece

Author(s): Effie F. Athanassopoulos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study of medieval and post-medieval pottery in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean has attracted significant interest in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to outline the main trends in the medieval countryside based on the evidence of archaeological regional surveys in central and southern Greece. These projects have established that glazed pottery circulated widely in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The availability of substantial bodies of ceramic material from rural areas allows us to address questions of production and consumption patterns over time. It is well documented that in southern Greece the quantity of glazed wares increased dramatically after the late 11th century. This increase most likely indicates changes in the organization as well as the technology of glazed pottery production.This paper also includes a case study from the region of Nemea, in southern Greece. The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP), an intensive regional survey undertaken in the 1980s, has established that glazed pottery is widely distributed in the Nemea valley and the surrounding area. NVAP also identified a medieval pottery workshop, which, most likely, produced glazed pottery. In addition, the excavations of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea, have recovered large amounts of well-preserved medieval pottery, including diagnostic glazed wares.

Ближневосточная поливная керамика рубежа X—XI и XI вв. в памятниках Среднего Поволжья

Author(s): Svetlana I. Valiulina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article analyzes the Middle Eastern artistic ceramics of the turn of the 10th—11th centuries and 11th century from the Volga Bulgaria sites. Among the antiquities found in Eastern Europe, these items represent a rare and unique category of eastern imports. For a more complete characteristics and reliable attribution, chemical composition of the glaze and the clay base was determined by means of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral composition of the ceramic base of most impressive artifacts was identified by the X-ray phase analysis. As a result, the origin and dating of the Mesopotamian luster-painted tableware and Iranian vessels of the 11th century of “Sari” type was determined. The emergence of the imported Middle Eastern art works in the Middle Volga Region, in my opinion, is one of the evidences of the initial stage of Volga Bulgarian urban culture formation during the 11th century.

Поливная керамика средневекового города Шамкир

Author(s): Tarix Meyrut Dostiyev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the red-clay glazed ceramics of medieval Shamkir city, the ruins of which are located in the western region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the left bank of the river Shamkirchay. Wheel-made glazed ceramics of Shamkir is manufactured from well-prepared high quality levigated clay and is evenly baked. Main decoration techniques applied on glazed ceramics in 8th — 10th centuries were the color of baked shard, engobe, manganese and copper oxyde and glaze. Painting with engobe colors prevailed. The second stage in the development of artistic ceramics of Shamkir, encompassing 11th — beginning of the 13th century, was characterized by some innovations in decoration technology. The products that were decorated with engraving, the reserved technique, manganese and white painted engobe coating, engraving on manganese paintings, polychrome products under the glaze were widely used. The decor is dominated by geometric patterns, rarer plant, epigraphic and figurative motifs. Widespread rise of pottery production which began in the 9th century continuously evolved and reached its apogee in the 12th century.

Поливная керамика Миздахкана

Author(s): Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses glazed ceramics of the medieval town of Mizdakhkan. The site is situated in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The archaeological digs conducted on the hillfort in 1985—2015 yielded a vast collection of ceramic materials. Glazed ceramics of Mizdakhkan demonstrates a variety of manufacturing technologies, forms, use, ornamentation and color of glaze. By these criteria, it can be classified into types and subtypes. Among them, the red-clay and Qashan ceramics of the Golden Horde time prevail. There is also imported celadon, minai and luster items. This paper discusses just the most typical samples of glazed ceramics of 13th—14th centuries. The forms and ornamental patterns of glazed items mainly suggest local manufacturing; however, they find analogies on the Golden Horde sites in different regions: in cities of the Lower Volga region, North Caucasus, Crimea and Dniester region (Old Orhei).

Китайский фарфор с русских памятников Среднего Прииртышья XVII — первой половины XVIII вв.

Author(s): Philip S. Tataurov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The process of accession of Western Siberia to the Russian state had begun in the end of the 16th century. Russian pioneers were looking for opportunities and ways of communication, both with natives, and with the population of the territories, adjacent to Western Siberia because of the conditions of the new cultural environment and constant military danger. This enabled commercial relations and cultural exchange. Among all range of imported goods the significant place was taken by the things which emphasized the social status and welfare of their owners. Chinese porcelain which was widely spread in the region despite its high price can serve a good example of such prestigious things. It was imported into the territory of Central Irtysh region tduring the mid 17th — first half of the 18th centuries, which can be confirmed by materials of archaeological research.

Баптистерии раннесредневекового византийского Херсона: некоторые итоги изучения

Author(s): Serghei B. Sorochan / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The typology of baptisteries of Byzantine Cherson of 6th—9th centuries is studied in the article. By the middle of the 7th century, each region of the city had its own temple with a baptistery, and their total number could reach nine. The overwhelming number of baptismal fonts were of small size and depth, and were intended for the baptismal rite, mainly over small children. Such baptisteries did not need any catechumens or hrismarions. In four cases the ponds of small fonts were raised above the floor and attached to the wall, but there were also fonts built in level with the floor, for the baptism of adults. The ponds were cut down in the rock, wrought from solid stone or built from plinth with the cement. They were shaped as a circle, polyhedron, semicircle, rectangle, or a three-conchal cross. There are finds of portable, mobile marble fonts. Baptisteries of Cherson can be divided into two groups: built as a detached building or as a part of a temple (the latter are most numerous). Among them, there are a few processional, “enfilade” baptisteries and more numerous single-chamber baptisteries. Arranged most often in the southern part of the temple, they had access to the altar. In addition, among them there were baptisteries of pure type and baptistery-martyria (at the Western basilica, “temple with the ark” no. 19 and in baptistery no. 24 at the Great Basilica). They reveal a noticeable influence of the Christian East.