SHORT INTRODUCTION TO SHALE GAS EXTRACTION AND PRODUCTION IN POLAND

Author(s): Krzysztof Jerzy Gruszczyński / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

The economic significance of shale gas in Poland cannot be underestimated. In 2010 Poland was considered among the most promising of European countries for replicating the American shale gas boom. A study undertaken in 2011 by the United States Energy Information Administration placed Poland first among European countries in terms of technically recoverable reserves. Later reports downgraded the estimate of recoverable gas. In the EU member states were increasing reliance on imports from outside the EU, especially from Federation of Russia. For instance France currently imports gas from Algeria, the Netherlands, Russia and Norway, the UK from Norway and the Netherlands and LNG from Qatar. In addition, geopolitical factors may make shale gas in the EU more expensive to produce, and there are also infrastructure challenges. Other challenges include fracking litigation both in the United States and UK with the potential aftermath for European courts. In the United States, landowners often stand to benefit financially from drilling on their property—if they own the underground resources, they may receive a bonus or royalties upon leasing to an oil company in order to develop the resources. On the other hand, among the many obstacles in further development of shale gas might be the possible impacts of hydraulic fracturing on the environment and on human health.

THE PROBLEM OF PROPER SUPERVISION OF SUPERIORS OVER REMUNERATING PERSONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Author(s): Piotr Herbowski / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

The problem of proper supervision of financial rewarding of personal sources of information from the operational fund has not previously been the subject of scientific consideration. Its existence was signaled though in scientific studies and reports from the audits carried out in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Incorrectness connected with this matter has been revealed for years not only in the Police units at all levels, but also in the secret services. This article deals with the symptoms and the causes of incorrectness, the mechanisms of possible criminal practices related to them. It was pointed out that it is necessary to take a more decisive corrective action, and that it is needed to move away from looking at working with personal sources of information solely on the basis of statistics.

SAFETY AND DANGER DURING FIREFIGHTER’S WORK

Author(s): Péter Pántya / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

In Hungary in the event of disasters and technical rescue, the interventions and rescue services of fire protection are carried out by the fire department and the firefighters within the system of disaster management. The circumstances and the tasks that await them cannot be predicted. Although there are regular trainings and drills, the annual statistics clearly show that accidents do occur during interventions despite their caution and protective equipment. One of the aims of the research was increasing the safety of firefighters. The statistics about deployment and injuries of firefighters with a span of 11 years (between 2000 and 2010) were collected and analysed, then a conclusion was drew. The currently available protective equipment and methods which are the most suitable and in accordance with the current potentials were identified. The negative effects on fire fighters working - especially in closed space - resulting from the use of protective equipment as well as the ways of reducing risks of interventions was studied too. Based on one of the research findings, there are more ways to increase safety of both the fire fighter and the rescuee, thus the safety of the intervention. These ways include finding a more modern alternative of protective equipment, preparing firefighters for the circumstances in confined space is drilling in as life-like circumstances as possible and the use of devices which are currently not standard in firefighting.

POLICE, SOLDIER, FIREFIGHTER IN EMERGENCY: DECISION MAKING METHOD IS SPECIAL

Author(s): Agoston Restas / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

POLISH STRATEGIC THOUGHT IN SHPING SECURITY POLICY

Author(s): Andrzej Wawrzusiszyn / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

Inquiry into the origins, essence and meaning of the term strategy dates back to the sixth century BC. Since then there has been an attempt to understand and explain its meaning and specify the place in the system of concepts. History shows that views have changed with the development of social relations, economic development and technological progress. Strategy in its original meaning was the field of martial arts, superior to the others and one of the oldest. Over the decades, it has become a discipline or specialty of martial science, and military science later. The term strategy is currently used in many areas of political, social and economic life. A particular variation is its security strategy, which includes the creation, preparation and use of state capacity to counter any threat to its existence and development. The author analyzes the evolution of Polish strategic thought in shaping national security in turn of the XX and XXI century.

FORMATION OF EXPERT INSTITUTIONS IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Roman Zayats / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

This paper examines the history of a system of peer institutions in Ukraine. Expert Service is part of the expert support crime investigation and administration of justice in Ukraine, organizational structure which is enshrined in law.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ОСМОТРА МЕСТА ПРОИСШЕСТВИЯ ПРИ РАССЛЕДОВАНИИ КРУШЕНИЙ И АВАРИЙ НА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕ ПО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВУ УКРАИНЫ

Author(s): Irina Basysta / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 12/2014

During investigations of criminal offences of this category it is extremely important for an investigator to have proper access to the scene of an accident and to develop their own algorithm of work. According to the results of our study of the statistical data and materials of criminal proceedings (cases), we have found out that a lot of criminal cases in Ukraine were closed for various reasons for the past three years. In particular, there were registered 88 cases according to the constituent elements of offence, provided for in Art. 276 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2011. There were 5 cases closed by procedure, and 67 ones taken to courts. In 2012, there were registered 53 cases according to the constituent elements of offence, provided for in Art. 276 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. 13 of them were closed by procedure, and 71 cases were taken to court. And in 2013, the rate got worse since out of 237 registered cases according to the constituent elements of offence, there were 1429 closed by procedure and 11 ones taken to courts. Taking into consideration these data, it is timely and necessary to update scholarly attention to the key aspects of the issues, to develop the mechanism of improving current legislation and the algorithms for the proper functioning of investigators.

HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF REMEDY INFORMATION RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS AND CIVIL RIGHTS

Author(s): Lyubomyr Sopilnyk / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

This article examines the history of formation and development of the institution of judicial protection of information rights and freedoms of man and citizen..

PROTETION OF INFORMATION RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS

Author(s): Rostislav Sopilnyk / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

This article examines the protection of information rights and freedoms, international legal aspects, to improve justice for the protection of individual rights Information Appeal Court represent appropriate training, including - the practice of the European Court, they need to be supported seminars on judicial practice in this category cases.

WAR IN THE MIND: POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) AFTER RETURNING FROM THE WAR ZONE

Author(s): MALWINA DANKIEWICZ / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

The article presents the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a kind of mental disorder that can occur after experiencing a traumatic event such as war. It was described the types of events that can lead to PTSD, the way of development of the disorder, its symptoms and risk factors that increase susceptibility to developing the disease. It was analyzed the issue of combat stress as one of the possible sources of PTSD, typical for men, and the problem of suicide attempts among soldiers and veterans was also presented. The examples of preventive and therapeutic measures undertaken both in Poland and abroad were discussed.

CONCEPT OF THREATS AND NATIONAL DEFENSE IN THE JAPANESE IDEOLOGY AND DOCTRINE

Author(s): Marek Hoborowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

The concept of threat and defense concerns an individual, social group but also – in a wider understanding – policy of every state, which is emphasized by researchers of this issue. To be able to refer to the issue of threat and defense in both epistemological and ontological sense, one should identify a specified social group or state, i.e. create a sociological layer, which enables to distinct the characteristic, unique elements. This paper attempts to first shortly discuss the aspect of threat and defense of national interests using the example of Japan after the so-called Meiji Restoration and second prove that in the case of this country, as in no other, the question of defense as a reaction to threat, reaches far into social culture, maintaining historical continuity, enriched with elements derived from the Western culture. Starting point for these deliberations on the subject of Japanese specificity in relations to perceiving threat and defense is definition proposed by Juliusz Piwowarski, who indicated few important components, which altogether compose the concept of threat and defense.

MORAL UND NOMISMA – EINIGE ANMERKUNGEN

Author(s): Vladimir Robert Matas / Language(s): German Issue: 12/2014

I would like to start by pointing out that Exchange over the subjective forms of appropriation Alien possession, the robbery and the gift, - quite correspondingly, that the Gifts to the chief and those of him The tax prepayments Are - and are the first to be found in this way Objective Possibility of Social Regulation in front. Exchange is therefore a sociological one Formation sui generis.

КУЛЬТУРА БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЗДОРОВЬЯ

Author(s): Larisa Potapova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 12/2014

Turning to the historical aspect. The problems we see are still in the early twentieth century Centuries the society has come to an understanding. The fact that the strategy of achieving health. The person only by healing (treatment). Is not promising, rather. On the contrary, it leads to a deaf angle, though Earlier, the problem of the culture of security. Health was considered only Medicine.

DISCIPLINRY LIABILITY: THE CONTENT, PRINCIPLES AND TYPES

Author(s): Valeriy Sereda / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

The author suggests to consider disciplinary liability as generic notion, and general and special disciplinary liability can be considered as specific notions. It is stressed that all these types of liability should be based on the principles of legality, validity, expediency, justice, proportionality, inevitability with the mandatory securing the rate of its occurrence and the observance of the presumption of suspect’s innocence.

SAFETY CULTURE IN SPORTING ACTIVITY

Author(s): Mirosław Juszkiewicz,Dorota Ambroży,Ewa Dybińska / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

As a result of the growing pace of life and developing civilization in which important factors are the crisis of values, the misunderstood idea of freedom and the willingness to achieve success quickly (by taking a shortcut), a new area of threats can be observed. They are caused by faster pace of life that is related to technical development which, in turn, makes us place higher demands on ourselves both in respect to our physical and psychological fitness. Contemporary world requires people to take care of their bodies. This is related especially to taking care of our bodies through the prism of the myth of beauty. The ideal of beauty promoted by mass media is difficult to achieve for an average human being and impossible to achieve for the majority of people in a satisfactory time period. Therefore, reflection on experiencing corporality as an aesthetic value in reference to safety culture seems to be both interesting and significant. High safety culture is related to high values ascribed to human health and life as well as keeping the boundary between essential risk, which is an integral part of life and development, and ensuring safety and protection against threats. The axiology of physical activity and issues of movement, fitness, health and beauty of human body related to it is one of subject of interest in safety culture. The aim and specification of actions in the field of body axiology is description, interpretation and analysis of facts related to human corporality which have sense and therefore are a value.

THE INFLUENCE OF A TRAINING PROGRAMME ON THE SPECIAL PHYSICAL FITNESS OF JU-JITSU TRAINEES

Author(s): Tadeusz Ambroży,Mateusz Nowak,Dariusz Mucha,Wiesław Chwała,Juliusz Piwowarski / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

The purpose of training in ju-jitsu is developing characteristic adaptation to physical activity and optimizing body functions so as to obtain maximal achievements. A means to an end is mastering the fighting technique and develop the essential level of special physical fitness. The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of a modified circuit training conducted according to an original program on level of special physical fitness of ju-jitsu trainees. Ju-jitsu trainees having similar somatic parameters and training experience (3-5 years) were included in the research. 30 participants between the age of 21 and 28 have been selected by means of a purposeful selection. On the basis of different variants of a circuit training and governed by the guidelines of a functional training for trainees, we have developed a training programme which aims to develop special strength, stamina and speed skills. STATISTICA PL software was used to compile the results. In order to determine statistical significance of differences between pre- and posttest measurements in the evaluated group of Ju-Jitsu contestants, a t-test for related groups was used. In conclusion, the proposed training programme proceeds at a high level of intensity, which resembles start activity (which is indicated by the heart rate frequency measurement and lactic acid blood concentration) and may be used in ju-jistu training. The experimental training programme has exerted positive influence on the participants’ with respect to the number of movements made, which can affect their effectiveness in fight.

HUMANITY IN MODERN WARFARE, EMPATHY AND JUS IN BELLO

Author(s): Kaja Kowalczewska / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

Based on the work of S. Baron-Cohen, the text considers the relationship of empathy disorders with the perception of humanity in the context of the conduct of hostilities. Making use of philosophical and legal assumptions, it examines the understanding of the principles of humanity and dictates of public conscience, namely the Martens Clause, providing for the moral compass of international humanitarian law. Controversially it argues that the widely proclaimed postulate of warfare humanisation is a kind of paradox. On the one hand, we assume that man is inherently good and, therefore, the conduct of war should be more humane; on the other hand, we perform it by withdrawing man from the battlefield and by replacing him with autonomous systems . Will the replacement of human weaknesses kind by artificial intelligence lead to a revolutionary solution and reduction of suffering or will it only speed up movement of humanity on the slippery slope? In this text, the author will try to draw the reader's attention to the often overlooked ethical dilemmas and issues of fundamental nature which are often lacking in the security studies.

THE STATE SECURITY BETWEEN GEOPOLITICAL REALISM AND HISTORICAL TRADITION

Author(s): Dario Citati / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

Security is a concept that play a central role in geopolitics. Generally speaking, we can assert that geopolitics highlights some historical constants (features repeated in time, regardless ideologies and cultural differences) based on geographic features, in which States, as international politics main players, are collocated. Geopolitics is not the expression of a “geographical determinism”, despite many authors has often fallen into this wrong interpretation. A proper geopolitics working method is in fact not aimed to establish immutable laws in historical development, but it is aimed to identify general tendencies that need to be integrated with cultural, ethnographical, philological and historical information.

IS TERRORISM PERCEIVED IN SECURITY STUDIES AS AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY?

Author(s): Juliusz Piwowarski,Patrycja Węglarz / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

The aim of this paper is to present standpoints prevailing among the researchers of terrorism, which refer to the problem of efficiency of terrorism treated as a coercive strategy. Authors basing on the scientific papers, which in their opinion are of key importance for this discussion, indicate the most important arguments in favor of the efficiency of terrorism and opposite ones. according to which not only terrorism is inefficient, but also antiterrorist strategies built upon misinterpreted attacks – must turn out to be defective. Analyzing few important publications in the discussed matter authors recall the notions included in it in order to provide an overview of the most important conceptions.

RUSSIAN COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TOWARD ARCTIC RACE

Author(s): Zdzisław Śliwa / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2014

Arctic has lately slipped slightly from the radar of the International Community as a consequence of the Ukrainian, economic austerity, Ebola spread and also combating radicals like Islamic State. Even global warming is not major topic of news. In spite of this, the Arctic race is ongoing involving all the nations interested in that region considering future profits connected with resources, shipping routes and fishery. Among them Russia is currently a key player in many domains especially as it is treating Arctic very seriously and has already invested into grounding national position there. Present-day peaceful cooperation is very promising but growing military presence in Arctic, especially Russian build-up, is causing more and more concerns about the future. The paper is discussing major reasons of the Arctic race, depicting briefly legal aspects e.g. UNCLOS, international organizations like the Arctic Council and also role of actors there. International disputes are also mentioned especially those related to the Russian Federation, being major player there. The main focus is on Russian interests, economy related competition and also military developments to support national interests. The Western sanctions are negatively influencing exploration of natural resources making Moscow nervous and the country must be treated very seriously to avoid creating new “Cold War” type icy relations and confrontation.