LES NOUVELLES APPROCHES DE SOUTENABILITÉ DE LA POLITIQUE BUDGÉTAIRE

Author(s): Samia Omrane Belguith / Language(s): French Issue: 1 (30)/2016

The recent international financial crisis has led to the increase in public debt that has reached unprecedented levels, which has raised many concerns about the sustainability of public finances of European countries and emerging ones. This has led governments to adopt from 2009 austerity measures to stabilize the trajectory of public debt. Various approaches are used to test the sustainability of public debt as the accounting and the actuarial approach. However, these methods have presented many shortcomings which required the adoption of new approaches, such as the estimation of fiscal reaction function, stochastic simulations and using overlapping generations’ models.

THE REFORM OF PENSIONS IN SPAIN. OPORTUNITY OR NECESSITY?

Author(s): Miryam de la Concepción González Rabanal / Language(s): Issue: 1 (30)/2016

The recent economic events reveal the need to reform public pension systems, especially in developed countries where life expectancy of its population exceeds 80 years. Spain is one of this countries. As noted in the article, Spain has a pension system that must deal with huge commitments because of the longevity of its people and the generosity of its size. The paper analyzes the main lines of reform and its likely consequences.

Sustainability of Pension Systems in the Baltic States

Author(s): Olga Rajevska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Objective: The objective of the paper is to identify how the concept of sustainability is understood and ensured in the pension systems of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania; and what implications it brings to the performance of pension schemes. Research Design & Methods: Analysis of various conceptual and methodological approaches to the notion of sustainability of pension systems. Comparative analysis of present pension legislation, as well as preceding stage of pension reforms, accompanied by a number of numerical models. Findings: The understanding of sustainability is limited by narrow ‘fiscal’ meaning in Latvia, compared to more a multifaceted concept that includes the principle of social fairness and which can be traced in the logic of Estonian and Lithuanian legislators. Implications & Recommendations: In the long-term, pure financial appreciation of sustainability is misleading, low level of credibility may cripple a financially sound but socially unfair system; the perceived unfairness of redistribution can undermine the public support to, and, therefore, sustainability of pension systems. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this work lies in studying how differences at policy formulation stage and in the very design of pension schemes influence pension system sustainability in countries with a very similar initial conditions and socio-economic environment.

Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-What’s Behind Russia’s ‘Staggering’ AIDS Epidemic?

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 10/10/2017

Chronic drug shortages, ban on methadone therapy pushing rise in new cases, activists say.

Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Armenia Tries to Reduce Sex Imbalance

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 10/17/2017

Recent trends show the country might be on the way toward improving an alarming sex ratio imbalance among newborns.

Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Mongolia Takes Steps to Reduce Liver Cancer Rates

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 11/14/2017

Mongolia; liver cancer; hepatitis; cirrhosis; World health Organization

Előszó: Intézményi reformok az öregedő jóléti társadalmakban

Author(s): Attila Bartha / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Jóléti állam: korcsoportok közötti újraelosztás?

Author(s): Róbert Iván Gál,Márton Medgyesi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

In our study, we attempt to provide new empirical evidence about the claim that the welfare state is primarily an institution of life-cycle financing, while its poverty-reducing and income-equalizing role is weaker. In order to support this statement, we use regression analysis to separate the relative importance of economic status and age in the distribution of welfare expenditures and revenues. Our results confirm our expectations: age is considerably more important than economic status in explaining access to welfare expenditures. This result is obtained both based on comparison of the coefficients of the regression equations and the variances explained by age and economic status. This observation has a number of consequences for the examination of the welfare system, of which we are discussing one politically relevant element: if the welfare system actually finances a life-cycle through the transfer of resources between age groups, then the statements about eldelrly-bias in public expenditures and “gerontocracy” have to be reconsidered.

Dělostřelecká rekognoskace pro zabezpečení činnosti autonomních zbraňových systémů a základní požadavky na rekognoskační jednotky

Author(s): Jan Ivan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2019

The article is focused on operations of autonomous artillery weapon systems and possible requirements on survey units and their equipment. In the light of perspective purchase of artillery weapon systems it is necessary to analyze the character of operations of these systems and determine requirements on preparation of position areas. Goal of this article is to describe the character of autonomous artillery weapon systems operations in terms of functionality of individual components of navigation unit and based on this to set the requirements on survey units equipment. As the main method authors used method of scenarios where were as a scenarios determined individual variants of navigation system functionallity. Output of this article is determination of requirements on survey units equpment used for geting information about position coordinates and directions.

Using Path Dependence Theory to Explain Housing Regime Change: The Traps of Super-Homeownership

Author(s): Martin Lux,Petr Sunega / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of path dependence theory to explain the convergence of housing regimes among post-socialist countries, both at the beginning and in the later phases of housing-regime transformation. We especially seek to show the selected common traps that were recently created by the legacy of giveaway privatisation and the super-homeownership regime, traps that increase intergenerational inequality, which to now has been effectively mitigated by within-family financial transfers.

Integrating Varieties of Capitalism, Welfare Regimes, and Housing at Multiple Levels and in the Long Run

Author(s): Walter Matznetter / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The title conveys all the elements of this article. The typologies of capitalist economies, the typologies of welfare regimes, and the typologies of rental and owner-occupied housing regimes should be synchronised and combined, not selectively, but systematically. Integration will have to determine the multiple levels to which these typologies can be applied and on which they can interact. Owing to the persistence of housing institutions and buildings, a long-term (historical) view is also suggested – at all levels of analysis.

Rzeczywista liczba dzieci i młodzieży przebywających w instytucjonalnych formach opieki całkowitej w Polsce a wyzwania procesu deinstytucjonalizacji

Author(s): Magdalena Błaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2020

This article was written in response to the need for data on the number of children and young people in residential care institutions in Poland. This is crutial for estimating the scale of necessary actions to be taken in order to transition from institutional foster care to family care provisions (deinstitutionalization). The main problem associated with analyzing the conditions of the deinstitutionalization process and, consequently, its planning in the area of supporting children and young people in Poland, is that children and youngsters located outside the foster care system are entirely ignored, both in professional discourse and in statistics. The author presents the consequences of such an approach, analyzing the number of people aged 0 to 24 placed in residential care institutions in social welfare, education, and public health systems. The analysis indicates a significant underestimation of the scale of institutionalization of children and youth in Poland, which, depending on the adopted criteria for qualifying institutions, ranges from 20% to 35% of all people in 2019 placed outside their families of origin. The lower number of this estimation is determined by the share of children and youth placed in institutions that operate within the foster care system (almost 17,000 people), while the upper limit/number is the total number of people aged 0–24 in all institutional care provision, including, residential care homes or care and treatment institutions, among others (almost 30,000 people).

Komparativní analýza návrhů politických stran a hnutí v otázce financování domovů pro seniory

Author(s): Šimon Přecechtěl,Vladimír Barák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2021

The article provides a comparison of the proposals of various political parties concerning the financing of social services provided in residential institutions. The aim of the article is to determine both areas of consensus and disagreement on the issue of such funding. The identification of the various areas of consensus will subsequently allow for the significant simplification of (at least parts of) the process surrounding the amendment of the Social Services Act. In order to identify the proposals considered by the various political parties, experts were contacted from each party who exert influence at the manifesto level. The subsequent comparative analysis revealed consensus between the experts in terms of the valorisation of client payments, the entry of private companies into the sector, the approach to the social-health frontier (the payment of nursing services), the introduction of multi-year financing and support for terrain social services. No political consensus has yet been found with concern to MoLSA subsidies or care allowances.

EFECTELE PANDEMIEI DE COVID-19 ASUPRA IMPLEMENTĂRII OBIECTIVELOR DEZVOLTĂRII DURABILE ÎN ORGANIZAȚIA MILITARĂ

Author(s): Daniela-Elena Hrab / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 03/2021

This article makes a brief analysis of the sustainable development goals that are applicable in the military organization and identifies, through the literature-review method, the main ways in which the military organization was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the evolution of military spending. The ultimate goal is to establish how the pandemic has influenced the implementation of sustainable development goals in the military organization, in order to provide strategic management with recommendations to increase the resilience and sustainability of the military organization. The main conclusion of this research is that the pandemic did not have a significant impact in the short term, but in the medium and long term the situation may change, which calls for adaptation, cooperation, coordination and caution in the configuration of defense spending. As a secondary conclusion, it can be considered that the pandemic can have an accelerating effect on sustainable development policies, the military organization being called to benefit from the identified lessons and new opportunities, in order to increase the response capacity.

THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION

Author(s): Daniela-Elena Hrab / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2021

This article makes a brief analysis of the sustainable development goals that are applicable in the military organization and identifies, through the literature-review method, the main ways in which the military organization was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the evolution of military spending. The ultimate goal is to establish how the pandemic has influenced the implementation of sustainable development goals in the military organization, in order to provide strategic management with recommendations to increase the resilience and sustainability of the military organization. The main conclusion of this research is that the pandemic did not have a significant impact in the short term, but in the medium and long term the situation may change, which calls for adaptation, cooperation, coordination and caution in the configuration of defence spending. As a secondary conclusion, it can be considered that the pandemic can have an accelerating effect on sustainable development policies, the military organization being called to benefit from the identified lessons and new opportunities, in order to increase the response capacity.

Co lze očekávat od základního příjmu? Sociální a civilizační změnu

Author(s): Marek Hrubec,Martin Brabec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

The text attempts to summarise the specific aspects of the main interpretative themes of our book The Basic Income Globally: Arguments, Experiments, History, according to the analysis conducted and subsequent reflections of Jiří Silný, Jiří Mertl and Michal Šoltés. Firstly, the text provides a comparison of the various theoretical and practical perspectives. Secondly, the text discusses our specific concept and approaches to the basic income. Thirdly, it focuses on the various approaches to the financing of the basic income.

Socijalna sigurnost u državama Latinske Amerike: uticaj ekonomske i političke krize u Venecueli na proces latinoameričke integracije

Author(s): Ivan Dujić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1163/2016

The intricate relations among countries nowadays cannot be grasped without including a general concept of security. In this context, the term ‘security’ acquires multiple meanings: it involves, among other things, the social aspect of contemporary relations. This paper considers the social aspect of security in Latin American countries. National integration process in the countries after the Cold War provided the basis for the sub-regional integration process. There has been obvious progress in the processes when Latin American countries decided to make social security an integral part of both processes. The modern development of social security at the turn of 21st century unfolds simultaneously in all these countries, which makes their mutual relations more complex. On the other hand, the economic and political crisis in Venezuela poses a challenge to the process of regional integration in the South American countries to withstand the crisis. From the Venezuela’s crisis and the regional integration process in South America, Serbia should draw lessons on how to become part of the European integration process.

НАДМЕТАЊЕ ИНТЕРЕСНИХ ГРУПА – МЕХАНИЗАМ И ПОСЛЕДИЦЕ

Author(s): Nenad Tešić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 182/2022

The subject of analysis is the cause, mechanism and consequences of competition of interest groups in the political market. Two theoretical views are opposed. The central part is dedicated to Becker’s model of competition of pressure groups, which implies the improvement of social welfare, while the argumentation of public choice theory points to the partially opposite conclusion.

Laserové zbraně jako nová entita k ručním palným zbraním

Author(s): Ladislav Kulhánek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2023

Laser weapons have long been the subject of debate. The article discusses the potential adoption of laser weapons by infantry units and the future of small firearms. The text analyses these weapons in selected categories that subsequently support the evaluations and the conclusion. If miniaturisation is successfully managed, the comparison reveals an interesting paradox. While laser weapons and firearms do not rival each other as distinct functionalities, given the right conditions, they can actually complement each other and compensate for any disadvantages within their respective categories. Today's complex battlefield is placing ever greater demands on small arms, pushing conventional weapon mechanisms – combined with ammunition that guarantees accuracy and lower recoil, albeit at the expense of penetration – towards the limits of further possible advancement in technology. Improved passive individual protection restricts the wounding potential of pistol ammunition, reducing it to below 150 m for rifle cartridges, while guided ammunition tends to be prohibitively expensive. Under the right conditions, laser weapons could compensate for any of these drawbacks.

Distribution and use of tax support for housing in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Pavlína Kirschnerová,Jana Janoušková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article focuses on mortgage interest deduction (MID) as an indirect tax support for acquiring one's housing. This form of support is the most widely used in the Czech Republic compared to other tax reliefs and causes the highest losses for the government budget. This paper provides quantitative evidence on how the MID was distributed among taxpayers in the Czech Republic in the period 2008–2019 in relation to taxable income and revenue losses for the government budget. Furthermore, it assesses the effectiveness of these tax measures in reducing socioeconomic inequalities among taxpayers. Research based on the application of the MID in tax returns has shown the effective distribution of the MID until 2017. Tax support for housing was used mainly by taxpayers with low taxable income, which is also the largest group. The essence of vertical equity has been fulfilled, which contributed to reducing the level of social inequality. This positive distributional effect has diminished over time. As of 2019, the highest share of public expenditure was redistributed to taxpayers with higher taxable income, indicating the existence of inequalities in the tax system. The different developments over time have shown that the use of the mortgage interest deduction cannot be assessed statically, as it evolves dynamically over time.