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Within the EU, the Czech Republic belongs to the countries with unemployment below average. Therefore, it may seem that unemployment benefits and other direct costs connected with unemployment constitute a rather small expenditure. In our paper we show that this first impression is false. This paper comprehensively assesses the impact of unemployment on public budgets. Its contributions are as follows: (1) we discuss the methodological problems that are associated with particular methods of the impact calculation, and (2) we quantify the impacts for the Czech Republic budgets in the years 2010 – 2015 and compare them with other studies. Our results suggest that in 2015 the annual costs of unemployment reached EUR 9.064 per unemployed person. According to other studies, the nominal value of the costs is slightly higher than is the case in Slovakia (as a similar economy) and lower than the results for traditional European countries. The results are also lower when the costs are compared to average labour costs in the economy.
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Article presents the strategy of the European Union to improve the situation of disabled people particularly in the area of employment. The first part discusses the basic statistics relating to the number of disabled persons in the European Union and in the Member States, as well as indicators on employment. In the next section cites key European regulations governing the issues of people with disabilities. A little more attention was paid to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has become a reference point for European legislation. The last part is a brief characteristics of activation policies of people with disabilities in selected European countries.
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Health care in Szczecin in the years 1945–1946 in a culminating way illustrating with its ruined landscape sanitary problems of West Pomerania can be taken for a epitome of the post-war overall Pomeranian situation. Both the length of the World War Two and its repercussions were to thoroughly revise many spheres in the life of the inhabitants of Szczecin and Pomerania, including the German population, and finally they brought about a loss of the illusion of living in a little homeland, a ‘back country’ (German: Hinterland), which seemed not to be threatened with an attack of foreign troops. Death of hundreds of thousands of people and the annihilation in the industry, economy and culture of the region and its capital were just a sort of sad accompaniment for the general health of the society in Pomerania of the time.
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The article examines the Catholic answer to such modern challenges such as industrialisation, urban sprawl, the accelerated growth of the working class and migrations in the territory of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century. From the perspective of Social Catholicism, which is understood primarily as a collective social practice present in society in various forms, the article contributes to the debate around the secularisation thesis and the role of religion in modern society. The study looks at the adaptation process from the first Kolping's movement, through the usage of the Social Catholic language by the political parties, to the establishment of the network of social catholic associations and trade unions. It analyses the transformation of Catholic participants that took part in debates about the ideal social order, as well their motivations, goals and interaction with society. Based on the role played by the Social Catholics in society, the conclusion offers possible limits and weaknesses of the secularisation approach.
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The need to support the family by the state is considered as one of the fundamental principles, both by international standards, as well as national regulations. Article refers here both on the European Social Charter and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which occupies a prominent place art. 18 which states that the family is under the protection and care of the Polish Republic. In this article the author discusses the tasks of local government units and its administration in cases of family emergencies, administrative aspects of the position control, basically the limits set by the rules of bodily material and formal administrative law. The purpose of these tasks indicates that they are undertaken primarily in order to allow families to overcome difficult situations arising or resulting from the crisis in the family. Mark also be that these tasks are undertaken when the family alone, without the support given to her not being able to restore indicated above intrafamilial stability and balance. These tasks are undertaken within the social assistance as an instrument of social policy. Among the possible solutions I found it useful overview of the tasks to be performed legally entrusted to municipalities, counties and local government voivodship. This choice is justified by the position, which in the exercise of public functions account for local self-government. Applies here, the constitutional principle of the presumption set of tasks and responsibilities of local government. Local government shall perform all public functions except those that have not been reserved by the Constitution or statutes to the organs of other public authorities. scope of the discussion has been limited to discussion of local government tasks undertaken in a crisis of relations and relations between parents and child. These tasks primarily linked with, that in emergency situations to help ensure proper care of the family and children. However, the State had expressed in these cases, especially in the judicial function of the courts in family matters and juvenile justice, law enforcement bodies actions and judicial probation service. The activities carried out in the field of institutional support can be analyzed from different points of view. The items made here considerations, it seems reasonable to draw attention to three issues, namely: the nature and type of tasks assigned to local governments, form and operation of these units and their organizations and procedure.
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В началото на 70-те години спешните медицински случаи се превърнаха в политически проблем в цяла Европа. Понятието за спешна медицинска помощ обаче има по-стара история, в пресечната точка на историята на медицинските техники, лечението на пациентите и социалното възприемане на рисковете за здравето. Понятието спешна медицинска помощ наистина се появява като категория за действие на публичните власти през двадесети век благодарение на медицинските и научни иновации, както и на утвърждаването на социалната държава. Идеята за спешна медицинска помощ в болницата беше резултат от политически избори; болницата беше мястото на скрининг, подбор и установяване на йерархия за случаите в зависимост от тяхната сериозност и често представляваше последния етап от процеса на грижа, включващ различни участници с допълващи се, а понякога и конкуриращи се умения. Целта на настоящата публикация е да се направи преглед на развитието на организацията на спешната медицинска помощ в страните от европейския регион.In the early 1970s, medical emergencies became a political problem throughout Europe. However, the concept of medical emergencies has an older history, at the intersection of the history of medical techniques, patient treatment and social perception of health risks. Indeed, the concept of emergency medical care emerged as a category for public action in the twentieth century thanks to medical and scientific innovation, as well as the consolidation of the welfare state. The idea of emergency medical care in the hospital was the result of political choices; the hospital was the site of screening, selection, and the establishment of a hierarchy for cases depending on their severity, and it often represented the last stage of a care process involving different actors with complementary and sometimes competing skills. The aim of this publication is to review the development of the organisation of emergency care in the countries of the European region
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The present study represents an attempt to provide a profoundable overview of decentralization as a process in Bulgaria, with a particular focus on its financial aspects. Regional disparities are observed, posing challenges for the current state administration. The aim is to provide a snapshot of the municipalities and their key indicators. This highlights the necessity for local authorities to prioritize financial autonomy, enhance regional capacity for delivering local public services, and invest in human capital, digitization, and attracting local and foreign investors.
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Health care is considered an essential component and foundation of national security for a number of reasons. Although national security traditionally refers to capabilities to build military power and defend against external threats, it also encompasses the protection and well-being of a country's citizens from a wide range of dangers, including health crises. This presentation presents some key points illustrating the relationship between health care and national security. This relationship is intertwined in a number of social, economic and political determinants such as public health emergencies, economic stability, health and demographic factors, biological threats, social cohesion, global health diplomacy, military preparedness, cyber security, preventive health measures and a number of others. In conclusion, health care plays a fundamental role in national security by protecting the physical and economic well-being of the citizens, enhancing resilience in times of crisis, and contributing to international stability and cooperation. A strong health system is an essential component of a nation's overall security strategy.
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Cross-cutting topics encompass a range of subjects that can impact a military mission yet lie beyond the core responsibilities of military formation. Various capabilities, educational disciplines, headquarters’ branches and the chain of command, or operational processes and functions, must consider these cross-cutting topics during the planning, preparation, execution, and evaluation of a mission. Some of these topics carry significant importance due to their specific sensitivity, potentially influencing the mission's outcome. It is a relevant theme for an effects-based approach to operations, where commanders must harmonize kinetic and non-kinetic actions to achieve a pursued objective in conditions of legality.From the perspective of NATO Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) policy, several topics – the extensive civilian protection; the condition of children in crises and military conflicts; gender considerations - women, peace, and security; the protection of the cultural property; and building integrity (practically, the components of the human security concept recently promoted in NATO) – are approached as cross-cutting aspects in operations, analysis factors in the military decision-making process. The paper considers the integration of a human security model in military planning and advocates education and training on the larger concept of human security for specific military branches, particularly those interacting with civilians, with emphasis on Human Intelligence (HUMINT).
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The military issue has always been a concern in the foreign policy of the states, and the continuous progress made in the various military fields, as well as the increasingly significant tendency of military diplomacy to be involved in the maintenance of international peace and security, led to the need to use military experts within diplomatic missions, from specialists in the field to permanent advisers to the heads of permanent or temporary diplomatic missions.The history of military attachés dates to the early 19th century when European countries began sending military observers to foreign capitals to monitor military developments and gather intelligence about the accredited state.Military attachés are members of the army of the accrediting state and head the military offices of the respective diplomatic missions, being, in principle, hierarchically subordinate, regardless of rank, to the head of the diplomatic mission. However, this subordination does not prevent the military from communicating directly with the ministries regarding strict military issues, especially those that refer to military secrets.The period after the First World War, along with the development of Romanian diplomacy, was recorded as the strengthening of the institution of the military attachment, having a special contribution to the implementation of the country's military policy.
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In the last decade, social media and Social Network Sites have decisively changed how internal and external communication takes place in the military. One of the most important advantages of social media is the facilitation of new forms of social interaction and communication. The integration of text, images, and sounds in the same interactive communication system, accessible at any chosen moment, within a global network, fundamentally changes the character of military communication. In the context of the new types of military operations, having predominantly the characteristics of the hybrid war, the security of the operations (OPSEC) remains a critical requirement. The increasing number of military social media users from deployed areas of operations could compromise information security and missions. Building a security culture in the field of SNS use through education is an easy and almost cost-free action, for information disclosure prevention.
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During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1936), the mission led to the criticism of the Red Cross in the global arena because it violated the very same purpose that it promised to guard when establishing this international humanitarian movement as the institution failed to protect not only the Ethiopians but also their people are given the fact that they were the primary target of the Italians, their ambulances and hospitals being under attack. Italians were using asphyxiating gases and, most importantly, mustard gas which was prohibited in 1925. The Red Cross violated basic human rights when it refused to hold Italy accountable for its actions and let the Red Cross representatives be seriously injured without demanding justice on their part, without even criticizing the usage of the illegal gas. By not condemning fascist Italy, the Red Cross would gain personal benefits from it, but it did so at the expense of violating basic human rights.
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Review of: Sonja Anžič: Péče o chudé v Kraňsku. Sociální politika v Kraňsku od poloviny 18. století do roku 1918; Srbská pravoslavná církev ve Slovinsku v meziválečném období; Podoba lublaňských hostinců na přelomu 19.–20. století; Kazenski proces proti Črtomiru Nagodetu in soobtoženim. Epilog. Ljubljana 2017.; Vodnik po arhivskem gradivu k I. svetovne vojne 1. del
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Fulfillment of human rights, especially social security rights based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, still does not show justice for all Indonesian citizens. This happens because of the blurring of norms in the regulation of responsibility for fulfilling human rights, namely about who are the legal subjects who must be responsible and the scope of the scope of their responsibilities in the implementation of social security according to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This research aims to find out how the formulation arrangement of responsible subjects and the scope of their responsibilities in fulfilling human rights including the right to social security in Indonesia. This type of research is normative juridical, with a philosophical approach, a conceptual approach, and a statutory approach. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative techniques with descriptive analysis. The results of the study show that the formulation of responsible subject arrangements and the scope of their responsibilities in fulfilling human rights including the right to social security is to make clear and firm legal rules to regulate the responsibility for fulfilling human rights including the scope of fulfilling these human rights, parties who has responsibility, as well as the scope of responsibility in the implementation of social functions in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
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The article examines prostitution in Bulgaria, which has become a widespread phenomenon in the post-socialist period when the number of sex workers increases and the places where sex services are offered proliferate. At the same time, the policies towards prostitution remain archaic and inadequate to the new circumstances. The text draws on an empirical base, mixing qualitative and quantitative research conducted in the period 2008-2022. Results of two nationally representative surveys of public opinion on the subject are analyzed. Additionally, reviews of court cases, other documents and Internet forums of clients using paid sex services are discussed. Results from monitoring of specialized police operations related to prostitution are presented. The first part of the text presents the historical development of prostitution in Bulgaria – before socialism and during the communist regime. The second part focuses on the rise of prostitution in post-socialist Bulgaria – development of the sex market is traced; main layers of prostitution and social mobility patterns are analyzed; the role of the third party is discussed. The third part examines the current policies regarding prostitution in Bulgaria. In the concluding section, the article discusses the potential for developing new policies on prostitution in post-socialist Bulgaria.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina have progressed extremely well in the last few years on its path towards the European Union. The latest success was represented by the opening of the accession negotiations after they successfully improved their compliance with the political criteria. But their EU membership is still far away, and they need to confront major challenges. The goal of this paper is to analyze the level of community security by looking at the influence of identity politics in both the internal political life of Bosnia and the European Union's state-building strategy during Ursula von der Leyen’s Commission. This paper answers the question of a new Dayton Agreement to be worked upon by the political leadership from BiH and together with the European incentives. By looking at the rhetoric of several levels of leadership in both national and European dimensions, this paper outlines the impact of ethnic discrimination as the key factor that affects the European integration process. As a result, it could be argued that if BiH wants to achieve membership, it clearly needs to create a new constitutional framework that goes beyond ethnic narratives, reduces the interests of political elites, and needs the support of actors such as the High Representative.
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The idea for a better life of the present and future generations is the basis for the conception of sustainable development. Bulgaria, like every other country, is striving to reach such a development. The third sustainable development goal is ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being of the people. To analyze the achievement of this goal, Eurostat recommends an indicator set. The dynamics of these indicators for Bulgaria are studied in the present work and an aggregated indicator is composed. The calculated indicators are compared with the average values for the EU-27 countries. Bulgaria’s progress in terms of ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being of the people is assessed. It is concluded that our country marks progress towards the achievement of the third sustainable development goal.
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The protection of life, health and property of individuals and legal entities in the country during disasters is a primary task of the state authorities. The need to build aviation capacity and develop the management system for this purpose is substantiated.
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