Wyrazy pobożności eliańskiej karmelitów w dobie nowożytnej

Author(s): Szymon Sułecki / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

Der Prophet Elija gilt in der karmelitanischen Tradition für den geistlichen Stifter des Ordens. Seit Beginn, also der Behauptung des Karmelitenordens im 13. Jahrhundert, ist er der geistliche Führer der Karmeliten. Die Frömmigkeit des Ordens, die an Elija gerichtet wurde, intensivierte sich im 17. Jahrhundert auf der Grundlage der historiographischen Werke der Karmeliten sowie deren Kritik durch Bollandisten. Zu Ausdrücken elianischer Tradition gehörten die Elemente des Ordenskleides und des Ordenswappens, die Ikonografie, die Annahme von Ordensnamen, die Literatur und die Liturgie. /Prorok Eliasz w tradycji karmelitańskiej uchodzi za duchowego założyciela zakonu. Od początków sformalizowania zakonu karmelitów w XIII wieku jest on dla nich przewodnikiem duchowym. Pobożność zakonna skierowana ku Eliaszowi zintensyfikowała się w XVII wieku na skutek karmelitańskich prac historiograficznych, a także ich krytyki przez bollandystów. Wyrazem eliańskiej tradycji były elementy habitu i herbu zakonnego, ikonografia, przybieranie imion zakonnych, piśmiennictwo oraz liturgia.

Poszukiwania „optymalnego” tekstu Biblii w XIII wieku

Author(s): Janusz Królikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Chociaż chrześcijaństwo nie jest „religią księgi” w potocznym rozumieniu tego określenia, to jednak księga Pisma Świętego stanowi jej oparcie, program i kryterium weryfikujące. Dlatego też w ciągu wieków zawsze starannie dbano o to, by tekst biblijny był odpowiednio przechowywany i przekazywany. W tym artykule zwracamy uwagę na to, w jaki sposób poszukiwano optymalnego tekstu Biblii na uniwersytecie w Paryżu w XIII wieku. Powstanie uniwersytetów i nadanie naukowego charakteru teologii sprawiło, że powstał problem przygotowania odpowiedniego tekstu biblijnego, jednakowego dla wszystkich i łatwo dostępnego. Potrzeba akademicka szybko wpłynęła więc na popularyzację tekstu biblijnego oraz na potrzebę jego skorygowania. Proces opracowania nie był łatwy, ale mimo powstających trudności dość szybko z nim się uporano. Wypracowano tekst, który w końcu zarówno zadowalał uczonych, jak i spełniał kryteria tradycji eklezjalnej. Przy okazji pojawiło się wiele ważnych refleksji teoretycznych, które wpłynęły na pogłębione rozumienie natury tekstu biblijnego oraz na sposoby jego interpretacji. Z tych doświadczeń korzystano w kolejnych wiekach, a wiele wniosków, które wyprowadzono w XIII wieku, zachowuje swoją aktualność do dnia dzisiejszego. Although Christianity is not “a religion of the book” in the common understanding of this expression, however the Bible constitutes its support, programme and verifying criterion. That is why over the centuries the text of the Bible was always scrupulously enshrined and transferred. This article focuses on the subject of how the optimal text of the Bible was searched for at the University of Paris in 13th century. The advent of universities and a new character of theology as a scientific study created a need for a proper text of the Bible, the same for everyone and easily available. Thus the academic necessity rapidly increased the popularity of the biblical text but also prompted the need of its correction. The study was a difficult task, but the problems were soon overcome. The final version of the text satisfied the scholars and met the criteria of the ecclesiastical tradition. Concurrently a lot of significant theoretical reflections emerged which affected the profound understanding of the nature of the biblical text and the ways of its interpretation. These achievements appeared to be valuable in centuries to come and the numerous conclusions drawn in 13th century remain relevant even today.

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FRANCISCAN ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN TERRITORIES (17th CENTURY): MISSIONARY APPROACHES

Author(s): Elmira Vasileva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper studies the missionary strategies of the Observant Franciscans in the European part of the Ottoman Empire and those of the friars from Bosna Argentina Province in particular. The Bosnian Franciscan mission in the Bulgarian lands and the evangelization endeavors of the Bosnian and Bulgarian friars among the so-called Paulicians is in the focus of the research. A brief account of the missionaries’ relations with the Orthodox and Muslim population is also given. These issues are situated in the context of both the Franciscan Order’s missionary traditions and the implementation of the Catholic reforms in the Early Modern Period.

SEMPRE FORTI ALLA SANTA FEDE – CONFESSIONAL DISCOURSE ON RELIGIOUS CONFORMITY IN THE CATHOLIC SOURCES CONCERNING OTTOMAN BALKANS (17th AND 18th C.)

Author(s): Rafael Dorian Chelaru / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The present article explores some of the main features of the confessional discourse present in the ecclesiastic sources dealing with Catholicism in Early Modern Ottoman Balkans (particularly Bosnia and Albania) with a special stress on the issue of religious conformity. Our conclusion is that the Catholic clergy, although aware of the various local conditions and demonstrating often a solid knowledge of their subjects’ minds, operated with a confessional mindset embedded with the Tridentine norms.

“God’s Elect Nation” Myth: Religious and Secular Dimensions

Author(s): Nonka Bogomilova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The paper analyzes the religious and the secular dimensions of the “God’s elect nation” myth, outlining that associating religion and mythology is one of the social-psychological mechanisms used to create and maintain the nation. The cultural mechanisms of the paradoxical reduction of religious universality to the local/national, the transformation of that which binds into that which separates are explained. The thesis is elaborated that the “nationalization” of God, whereby his transcendence is replaced by historical immanence, holds a potential to engender conflicts even between communities of the same religious confession. A sufficient number of historical instances indicate that most nations and peoples have each their own specific religious or secular myth of divine election or messianic myth of some exclusive mission or value; these myths are activated under conducive conditions. The situations that provoke feelings of ethnic or national unity and activate messianic mythologies are outlined. The religious radicalization is analyzed either as resulting from political and ethnic radicalization, from war, or as involved in these processes. The functions of intellectuals, of rationality and reason are discussed.

The Russian Orthodox Church: Building a Doctrinal National Identity in the Beginning of the 1990s

Author(s): Heta Hurskainen / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The building of a national identity for the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) at the beginning of the 1990s can best be understood by examining what are roughly the early years, from 1991 to 1994, when the foundations for the identity building were established. During these years, which were a time of chaos and reconstruction for the Russian nation, the ROC started to develop its understanding of national identity. This development took place in reaction to different kinds of crises, conflicts and problems, which the ROC faced due to a changed societal situation and which needed an answer, although the inner rebuilding of the ROC was still unfinished. The aim of this paper is to analyse the doctrinal argumentation on national identity that took place during those tumultuous times, when the ROC found itself situated within new national borders. My specific questions are: Were religious doctrinal arguments about a nation completely unthinkable in the chaotic situations at the beginning of the 1990s? Does a doctrine lose its religious nature and motivation when the ROC uses it as a means of co-operation with the state and politics? Did the ROC’s doctrinal interpretations generate a nation of peace or conflict in the 1990s?

Книги 2017

Author(s): Emiliya Voleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 35/2017

Selected bibliography in the field of Bulgarian Studies published in the current year.

Gods of the Nations. Religious Figures and Memory in Serbia, Bulgaria and Macedonia prior to 1944). Cologne, Böhlau, 2014, 905 pp.

Author(s): Wim van Meurs / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

Book Review: Stefan Rohdewald. "Götter der Nationen. Religiöse Erinnerungsfiguren in Serbien, Bulgarien und Makedonien bis 1944"

REVIEWS

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Muntag-Tabajdi,Anikó Báti,László Mód,Krisztina Frauhammer,Lehel Peti,László Lukács,Julianna Örsi / Language(s): English,German Issue: 1/2012

Review of: 1. Dániel BÁRTH: Benedikció és exorcizmus a kora újkori Magyarországon [Benediktion und Exorzismus im frühneuzeitlichen Ungarn]. Fontes Ethnologiae Hungaricae IX. Budapest: L’Harmattan–Pécsi Tudományegyetem Néprajz – Kulturális Antropológia Tanszék 2010, 452 Seiten. by: Zsuzsanna Muntag-Tabajdi 2. Balázs BORSOS – Zoltán MAGYAR: A magyar népi kultúra régiói 1–2. [Regions of Hungarian Folk Culture 1–2]. Budapest: Mérték Kiadó 2011, 402 pp., 421 pp. by: Anikó Báti 3. Miklós CSERI: Néprajz és muzeológia. Tanulmányok a népi építészet és a múzeumi etnográfi a köréből [Ethnology and Museology. Studies on Peasant Architecture and Museum Ethnography]. Debrecen: Debreceni Egyetem 2009. 412 pp. by: László Mód 4. Miklós CSERI – Zsolt SÁRI (eds.): Vidéki életmódváltozások a 20. században [Changes in the Rural Way of Life in the 20th Century]. Szentendre: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum 2009, 400 pp. by: Anikó Báti 5. Anna FARMATI: Más régi ének. A XVII. századi katolikus népköltészet szövegtípusai és motívumrendszere [Ein anderes altes Lied. Die Texttypen und das Motivsystem der katholischen Volkslieddichtung des 17. Jahrhunderts.] Kolozsvár: Verbum Kiadó 2009, 260 Seiten. by: Krisztina Frauhammer 6. Hermann KURZKE: Kirchenlied und Kultur. Mainzer Hymnologische Studien Band 24. Tübingen: Francke Verlag 2010. 261 Seiten. by: Krisztina Frauhammer 7. Tamás MOHAY: A csíksomlyói pünkösdi búcsújárás. Történet, eredet, hagyomány. [The Whitsun Pilgrimage Feast of Csíksomlyó. History, Origin, Tradition]. Budapest: L’Harmattan 2009, 388 pp. by: Lehel Peti 8. Attila PALÁDI-KOVÁCS: Ipari táj. Gyárak, bányák, műhelyek népe a 19–20. században [Industriegegend. Das Volk der Fabriken, Bergwerke und Werkstätten im 19.–20. Jahrhundert]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó 2007, 327 Seiten, zahlreiche schwarzweiße und farbige Abb., Karten. by: László Lukács 9. Zsuzsa SZARVAS (ed.): Milyennek a finnek? Finnország magyar szemmel. Kiállítás a Néprajzi Múzeumban. 2009. június 28–2010. szeptember 28. [How We See the Finns? Finland: A Hungarian Perspective. Exhibition in the Museum of Ethnography. 28 June 2009–28 September 2010]. Budapest: Néprajzi Múzeum 2009, 315 pp. by: László Mód 10. Eszter SZENDREI: Törésvonalak. A rendszerváltás hatása Túrkeve társadalmára [Fracture Lines. The Effect of the Change of System on the Society of Túrkeve].Túrkeve: Túrkeve Kulturális Egyesület 2011, 272 pp. by: Julianna Örsi

REVIEWS

Author(s): Orsolya Gyöngyössy,András Simon,László Mód,Zsuzsanna Börcsök,Klára Kuti,István Povedák,Denise Y. Arnold,Mária Flórián / Language(s): English,German Issue: 1/2011

Review of: 1. Ulrike Egelhaaf-Gaiser – Alfred Schäfer: Religiöse Vereine in der römischen Antike: Untersuchungen zu Organisation, Ritual und Raumordnung. Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 13. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2002, 310 pp. by: Orsolya Gyöngyössy 2. Szilvia Andrea Holló – János Szulovszky (Hrsg.): Az agyagművesség évezredei a Kárpátmedencében [Thousands of Years of Pottery in the Carpathian Basin]. MTA VEAB: Budapest–Veszprém, 2006, 204 Seiten. by: András Simon 3. Zoltán Ilyés: A tájhasználat változásai és a történeti kultúrtáj 18-20. századi fejlődése Gyimesben [Variant Uses of the Land and Changes in the Historical Man-made Landscape in the 18th–20th Centuries in Gyimes]. Eger: Eszterházy Károly College, Department of Geography 2007, 191 pp. by: László Mód 4. Peter Luetchford: Fair Trade and a Global Commodity. London: Pluto Press, 2007, 219 Seiten. by: Zsuzsanna Börcsök 5. Bertalan Andrásfalvy: A Duna mente népének ártéri gazdálkodása [Die Überschwemmungswirtschaftung des Volkes an der Donau]. Budapest: Ekvilibrium Kiadó, 2007, 440 Seiten by: László Mód 6. Zsigmond Csoma: Bortörténeti breviárium [Weingeschichtliches Breviar]. Agroinform Kiadó: Budapest, 2006, 291 Seiten; Zsigmond Csoma – László András Magyar: Magyar füvesés gyógyborok [Ungarische Kräuter- und Medizinalweine]. Budapest: Agroinform Kiadó, 2007, 423 Seiten by: András Simon 7. Gyula Viga: A bodrogközi kultúra és társadalom változása a 19-20. században [Change in the Culture and Society of the Bodrogköz Region in the 19th–20th Centuries]. Budapest: L’Harmattan–Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology of the University of Pécs 2008, 266 pp. by: László Mód 8. Anikó Báti: Régi és új elemek a cserépfalui konyhán [Alte und neue Elemente in der Küche von Cserépfalu]. Budapest, Magyar Néprajzi Társaság: 2008, 290 Seiten. by: Klára Kuti 9. Peter Jan Margry (ed.): Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World. New Itineraries into the Sacred. Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press: 2008, 362 Seiten. by: István Povedák 10. Henriette Eva Szabó: Diccionario de la antropología boliviana. Santa Cruz: Aguaragüe and the Cooperación Holandesa. 2008, 771pp. by: Denise Y. Arnold 11. Tamás Dénesi – Zsigmond Csoma (Hrsg.): „ad vinum diserti …” Monostori szőlőés borgazdálkodás [„ad vinum diserti ...“ Klösterliche Reb- und Weinwirtschaft]. Budapest, Agroinform Kiadó: 2009, 227 Seiten. by: László Mód – András Simon 12. Tekla Tötszegi: A mérai viselet változása a 20. században. A mérai magyar női viselet és kontextusai [Change in the Méra Folk Costume in the 20th century. The Hungarian Women’s Costume of Méra and its Contexts]. Marosvásárhely/Tirgu Mures: Mentor Kiadó 2009, 408 pp. by: Mária Flórián 13. Tamás Hofer: Egy falu az országban. Képek Átányból 1953 és hozzávetőleg 1962 között [A Village in Hungary. Images from Átány between 1953 and around 1962]. Budapest: Museum of Ethnography 2009, 85 pp. by: László Mód

Governing Catholic religious education in Italian state schools: Between the revision of the Concordat and social movements, 1974-1984

Author(s): Guillaume Silhol / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2017

This article focuses on the redefinition of Catholic religious education in Italian state schools, from compulsory religious instruction into a non-compulsory discipline of “religious culture”, by analyzing how the issue is framed and negotiated by political, religious and educational actors between 1974 and 1984. The negotiations between governmental and Church representatives in the revision of the Concordat led to attempts at a compromise on religious education, its regime and its guarantees for students’ choices. However, social movements and school reforms forced various actors and institutions to reframe it in non-confessional, pedagogical and professional terms in public arenas. “Religious culture”, as a category promoted by teachers and intellectuals, became both a social problem and the main justification for the ownership of the Catholic Church over the problem.

Васил Левски и Българската православна църква

Author(s): Ivaylo Hristov Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2017

The text of the article focuses on the relations between Vasil Levski and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The fact that Deacon Ignatius was excommunicated is part of the debate about the relationship between Levski, the church and the clergy. Its development is characterized by an interesting regularity: according to the political situation and the worldview of the authors, Levsky’s religious feelings are either muffled to emphasize his radical break with the church or vice versa, his Christian worldview is emphasized at the expense of his revolutionary image. A special place is devoted to the question of the possible „canonization“ of the Apostle – whether it is necessary and whether it would change his bright image of an undisputed political leader, but also of a person who never breaks with the moral norms of a cleric of the nineteenth century.

Митрополитският храм „Св. Неделя“ в София 1820–1821 г.

Author(s): Nadya Manolova-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2017

The article examines the history of the 1820–1821 rebuilding of the Orthodox church of St. Sunday, the seat of the Metropolitan in Sofia. The author uses information from the church chronicle as well as from a preserved document of the expenses made in connection with the construction. The analysis of the cost account shows that the construction took place in two stages: from the beginning of August until the end of September 1820 and from mid-November to the spring of 1821. A church was built, which for the most part was wooden. The documents allow the author to track not only the construction but also to highlight the conditions under which it was carried out, as well as to reveal the peculiarities of the very society which undertook the construction. The text of the construction bill is applied at the end of the article.

Sarmatyzm i sebastianizm w perspektywie iberyjsko-słowiańskiej. Wokół lizbońskiego projektu „Vieira Global”

Author(s): Beata Cieszyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The article aims at presenting the context of the future edition of Vieira’s selected works. The author of the article attempts to outline the historical and cultural horizons of Lusitania and Poland in Vieira’s times and discusses the Polish ‘issues’ in Viera’s writing. The comparative analysis of the two countries is based on national myths (especially the ones of the messianistic character). In order to explain the role of Poland in Vieira’s writing, the concept of Antemurale Christianitatis has been recalled.

Antimus, Bishop of Vratsa and Lovech and Metropolitan of Belgrade

Author(s): Nedeljko V. Radosavljević / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

This paper presents the biography of Antimus, bishop of Vratsa and later bishop of Lovech, who became the Metropolitan of Belgrade in 1827. After the establishment of the Principality of Serbia in 1831 he moved to the Kingdom of Greece. This article explains his background, and describes advancing through church structures of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Attention is also focused on his appointment to be metropolitan of Belgrade, his arrival in Belgrade and working in the new environment. The strengthen Serbian national government and more open practice of the Orthodox faith created specific circumstances for his spiritual mission that are highlighted. His relationship with Prince Miloš Obrenović, which was much better than in the case of his predecessor, is also pointed out. The data on the last months he spent in the Principality of Serbia are presented. Terms and time of his departure to the Kingdom of Greece, where he spent the rest of his life, are also known.

Transhumanizm czy humanizm? Krytyczne spojrzenie na nową ideologię

Author(s): Marian Falenczyk SAC / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2018

The western world is slowly recognizing the threats resulting from the new ideology called transhumanism that started thirty years ago in the United States. The ideology of transhumanism draws from rapidly converging technologies such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, cognitive science and genetic engineering. Transhumanism wants to be a positive response to postmodernism and nihilism sweeping developed countries. It aspires to ignore the natural law and current anthropology. It aims to cover all dimensions of the human being to ensure unlimited earth-life extendibility, happiness and unfathomable pleasure. Transhumanism takes aim to eradicate current civilizations and cultures, rejects history, nationality, family and religion. Instead transhumanism wants to introduce global culture and civilization for a human as a product of biotechnology. Transhumanism reduces the human to a material dimension and intentionally confines him to this dimension. The progress of the new ideology appears difficult to stop and its catastrophic impact on humans and society is difficult to foresee. We must therefore explore the field of philosophy; mostly through returning to the metaphysics of existence by St Thomas Aquinas, through affirmation of biblical anthropology and finally through a comprehensive return to contemplative theology.

Baptismal Memrāʾ of Anonymous Author of the Ninth Century

Author(s): Francis Pittappillil / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 51/2018

“Exposition of the Church Services” (ECS) is a 9th century liturgical commentary, the first and integral liturgical work about the East Syrian liturgy after the great liturgical reformation of Patriarch Išo’yahb III. Though the Author of the ECS comments on the various memrē of the Church of the East, we shall pay attention mainly to the baptismal memrā, which is the most remarkable among the memrē commented on by the Author. At first, we shall discuss the different terms and methods of baptism together with the manuscripts and editions of East Syrian baptismal liturgy. The baptismal memrā contains nine chapters and an analysis of the content of each chapter provides us with a clear outlook about the content of the text. The Author highlights the Pauline theology that explains baptism as a participation in the death and resurrection of Christ. The Author speaks about three anointings upon the candidate: pre-baptismal rušmā, anointing of the whole body and the post-baptismal rušmā. He emphasizes the pouring out of the consecrated water before the post-baptismal rušmā. He sets the baptismal rite within the framework of Eucharistic celebration, and the reception of the Eucharist by the baptized is presupposed in the commentary. A lucid idea is depicted in the commentary about the rights and duties of the sponsors too. In short, the baptismal commentary of the Anonymous Author of the 9th century provides us with a holistic view about the East Syrian rite of baptism.

Милена Кирова. Героичното тяло. История и мъжественост в еврейската Библия. София, 2017

Author(s): Kristina Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Архангел Михаил – закрилник на градот Виница

Author(s): Julijana Ivanova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 16/2018

Most of terracotta reliefs in the collection from the early Christian period found at the archaeological site Vinica’s Fortress in Vinica, are whole or fragmented pieces with motifs of Archangel Michael. The cult of this saint persists in Vinica and Vinica’s area up to this day. The biggest church in the town is dedicated to the Archangel Michael.It was originally built in 1850, but later enlarged and upgraded. The feast of Saint Michael the Archangel (in the Orthodox Church celebrated on November 21 ac¬cording to Julian calendar ) is popularly known as Arangel, and many families glorify it as their family’s patron saint and it is a general belief that it is one of the major saint feast days.

PARATEKSTUALNOST U BOSANSKOJ SREDNJOVJEKOVNOJ KNJIŽEVNOSTI

Author(s): Lejla Nakaš / Language(s): Bosnian,Old Church Slavonic Issue: 83-84/2018

Na odabir termina paratekst, kojim je moguće definirati specijalne žanrove u srednjovjekovnoj književnosti, filolozi su potaknuti definicijama i interpretacijama iz teorije književne kritike do kojih je došao Gérard Genette. Paratekstualnost je odnos između teksta i njegovog parateksta, koji okružuje glavni tekst, kao što su naslovi poglavlja, predgovor, uvod, pogovor, sažetak, napomene, ilustracije, sve što je pored teksta, s osnovnom svrhom da poboljša i prilagodi njegovu recepciju. U srednjovjekovnoj su rukopisnoj tradiciji naslovi poglavlja ili glave (capita), koje nose glavno (kapitalno) značenje sadržaja pripovijesti, potom popratni tekstovi u rukopisnoj tradiciji četveroevanđelja poznatoj kao sinopsis i hipotezis tipično paratekstualne prirode, a takvim se može smatrati i aparat koji je specijalno osmišljen za sinoptičko čitanje teksta četiriju evanđelja, naime Euzebijevi kanoni na hotizontalnim marginama. U Mletačkom i Hvalovom zborniku ta se pravila nalaze na istaknutom mjestu, na početku knjige a popraćena su tradicionalnim tekstom, Euzebijevom poslanicom Ciprijanu, u kojoj je objašnjena njihova svrhovitost. Riječ je o podjeli teksta četveroevanđelja na takav način koji omogućava usporedbu odlomaka u kojima su “evanđelisti jedno rekli.” Osim svih tih formalno uočljivih uputa redaktora oko, ispred, iza i iznad samoga glavnog teksta, kao paratekst se tumače načelno i svi parabiblijski tesktovi, koji se u odnosu na kanonski tekst mogu smatrati periferijskim tekstovima. Tekstovi ove vrste širili su se uglavnom sekularnim putevima i sačuvani su u zbornicima apokrifne literature. Nešto su rjeđi slučajevi kada oni ulaze u sastav kodeksa s primarno kanonskim sadržajem. Većina ih je prevedena u Preslavu u razdoblju od kraja 9. i početka 10. stoljeća. Obilježeni su intertekstualnošću, koja uključuje citiranje, reminiscencije i aluzije na kanonski tekst. Priređivači tih tekstova uživali su veću slobodu pri prepisivanju nego što je to slučaj s prepisivanjem kanonskih tekstova. Dijalektalne odlike lakše su prolazile u te tekstove, pa oni imaju poseban značaj i sa stanovišta historije jezika.