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Ade, káj amen dživas/„Tu, kde žijeme“ (k interpretácii a vnímaniu priestoru u Rómov z Gelnice na príklade vybraných sídelných celkov)

Author(s): Eva Mazárová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

V tejto kapitole sa pokúsim priblížiť na prvý pohľad možno netradičnú tému. Interpretácie priestoru z pohľadu ľudí, ktorí v ňom žijú, respektíve žité perspektívy delenia priestoru na blízky (náš) a vzdialený, potenciálne cudzí a nepriateľský. Pri takýchto ka tegorizáciách priestoru pracujeme aj s percepciami pocitov bezpečia a prirodzene i opačného pocitu – ohrozenia. Vytváranie týchto priestorových (niekedy pomyselných, niekedy reálnych) hraníc v podobe bariér je častým výsledkom súžitia dvoch či viace rých skupín, ktoré sa vzájomne vnímajú ako nepriateľské. Každá zo skupín prirodzene háji svoj priestor, snaží sa pohybovať prevažne v ňom a pohyb v cudzom, potenciálne nepriateľskom priestore sa snaží obmedzovať na minimum. Často sa však pohyb deje v zónach, ktoré sú verejné a ktoré by teoreticky mali patriť všetkým, a tak z hľadiska klasifikácie priestoru byť akýmsi „neutrálnym územím“. Ako sa cítia Rómovia v centre mesta a ako ich pohyb v meste vnímajú ich nerómski susedia? Na konkrétnom prípade priestorového konfliktu medzi Rómami a Nerómami v mestskom prostredí sa pokúsim osvetliť, čo môže byť príčinou takýchto konfliktov, a že „prisvojovanie“ priestoru/ov a ich spomenutá klasifikácia je mimoriadne dôležitá pri chápaní týchto konfliktov.

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Komická figúrka Róma na Slovensku v premenách času.

Author(s): Eva Krekovičová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Komika patrí k univerzálnym javom, stretávame sa s ňou v každej spoločnosti. Pa trí k citlivým a objektívnym ukazovateľom kultúrnych premien, zohráva podstatnú úlohu v spoločenských procesoch, v ktorých vystupujú zjavné alebo skryté konflikty. Je vlastne výsledkom týchto zmien (Odoj, 2013: 11). Nazerajúc na komiku z iného uhlu pohľadu, zameraného na skúmanie samotného spôsobu vytvárania komiky, zdôrazňuje V. Borecký súvislosť komiky s imagináciou, hrou a kreativitou, pričom konštatuje, že pre všetky tieto oblasti je „spoločným zdrojom reduplikácia (...), fantazijné zdvojovanie medzi skutočnosťou a predstavou, realitou a ilúziou. (...) Zdvojovanie v rámci komiky, ktorú možno zaradiť najskôr medzi postoje, zahrňujúce kognitívnu, emocionálnu a hodnotiacu zložku, sa premieta v inkongruencii (t. j. v nesúlade, pozn. E. K.), ktorá je zdrojom komiky. V komične kladieme vedľa seba nesúrodé dvojice, či už ide o predmety, veci, predstavy, slová, či myšlienky. Zdvojovanie nesúrodosti vzdoruje primeranému uchopeniu a vyvoláva smiech“ (Borecký, 2005: 10, preklad E. K.).

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„Si Róm a môžeš byť kým chceš!“ Redefinícia romipen v pentekostálnom pastoračnom diskurze

Author(s): Tatiana Zachar Podolinská / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Táto záverečná kapitola publikácie sa bude venovať konceptom „rómstva“, resp. spôsobom ich praktického konštruovania prostredníctvom analýzy pastoračného diskurzu vybraných pentekostálnych denominácií, ktoré vedú aktívnu misiu medzi Rómami na Slovensku. Pri analýze budem vychádzať z pramenných dát z archívu korpusu výskumu projektu SIRONA 2010 uloženého v Ústave etnológie SAV, ďalej zo svojho viaclokalitného etnografického výskumu ľudovej viery a zbožnosti medzi Rómami v 15 lokalitách na východnom Slovensku (v rokoch 2006 až 2007) a zo svojho opakovaného výskumu v Plaveckom Štvrtku a vo Vysokej pri Morave na západnom Slovensku na Záhorí (od r. 2003 až doteraz).

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OBSERVATORIO ASTRONÓMICO PREMUISCA DE MONQUIRÁ-SAQUENZIPA-VILLA DE LEYVA- COLOMBIA

Author(s): Julio H. Bonilla Romero,Carlos Rodríguez Rojas / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

This article describes the first possible solar observatory in America built around 800 BCE, located in the Monquira village of the Saquencipa valley in Villa de Leyva, Boyacá Department, Colombia, and which belongs to the Early Herrera or even pre-Herrera period. Archaeoastronomical investigations in recent years have been supplemented with topographic and geodetic equipment to calculate the geodetic and astronomical azimuth of two parallel rows consisting of 56 column-like slabs each and aligned upon the equinoxes. In addition, further observations were made from the outliers of each row to determine solstitial sunrise alignments. It showed that the extended alignment lines connect the site with the sacred Iguaque lagoon on the June solstice and the Cushions of the Zaque (“Cojines del Zaque”) archaeological site in Tunja on the December solstice. Furthermore, in situ observations suggest that the southern stone row was oriented towards the days the sun crosses the zenith.

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CONQUISTA INKA Y PAISAJES RITUALES EN LOS NEVADOS DE CACHI, NOROESTE ARGENTINO

Author(s): Iván Leibowicz,Cristian Jacob,Félix Acuto,Ricardo Moyano Vasconcellos,Alejandro Andrés Ferrari / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

This paper describes an astronomical and landscape analysis at four Inca sites located in the Nevados de Cachi, North Calchaquí Valley, in the Province of Salta, Argentina. In particular, we considered existing ushnu platforms and their associated architectural elements, such as gnomons, and a petroglyph in Guitian, Cortaderas, El Apunao, and Uña Tambo. These results show the location, spatial layout, and arrangement of particular structures within Inca settlements based on astronomical orientations involving solstices, equinoxes, and lunar standstills.

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EL SHINCAL: PAISAJE RITUAL Y ASTRONOMÍA

Author(s): Gustavo Manuel Corrado,Marco Antonio Giovannetti,Sixto Ramón Giménez Benítez,José Luis Pino Matos,Wendy Moreano Montalván / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The first steps are presented here in the study of landscape construction and its relationship to the stars in the Inka site El Shincal de Quimivil in Northwestern Argentine. The settlement resulted from careful planning that materialized on the location of the main square, the ceremonial platform ushnu, and several public buildings. Nevertheless, the surrounding hills have also played a unique role in shaping the landscape articulated between natural elements and architectural constructions. We have identified some elements that have alignments to hills sacred and related to the movement of the stars constructions.

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EL CENIT LUNAR EN LOS LÍMITES DEL TRÓPICO DE CAPRICORNIO

Author(s): Ricardo Moyano Vasconcellos / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

We present evidence of astronomical orientations and horizon markers in the Ina site of Viña del Cerro, Atacama region, northern Chile. We assume as a hypothesis the importance of the Lunar zenith related to the phenomenon of major lunar standstills, the control of geographical latitude, and the ushnus presence south of the Tropic of Capricorn. From the phenomenology perspective, we develop the concepts of “dwelling or living in the World” related to the sky observation in the Inca society. Finally, the results show us the use of the Moon for political and ritual purposes, linked with the Citua festival during the September month and the eclipse predictions. This, as a mnemonic system that sought to reaffirm the Cuzco elite’s privilege conditions, related to the environment appropriation and the expansive politic of the Tawantinsuyu, ca. 1470–1532/6 AD.

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PACHACÁMAC Y QUILLAMAMA. LA LUNA EN LOS FRISOS CALENDÁRICOS DE HUAYCÁN DE CIENEGUILLA Y MARANGA

Author(s): Juan Pablo Villanueva Hidalgo / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

"Pachacámac and Quillamama" are lunar deities Ychsma coastal and highland Inca, respectively, the domain interacted during the Tawantinsuyu had on societies that inhabited the central coast. Along with moon worship is also interacted astronomical knowledge and calendars use both of these regional coastal societies as used by the Inca Empire. These concepts are addressed through the iconic and archaeoastronomical analysis it “Calendrical Friezes”, made of mud, found in archaeological sites Huaycán de Cieneguilla and Maranga.

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EL BASAMENTO PIRAMIDAL DE CAÑADA DE LA VIRGEN COMO CALENDARIO DE HORIZONTE ARTIFICIAL

Author(s): Rossana Quiroz Ennis / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

Cañada de la Virgen is a ceremonial prehispanic center located at the central part of the Rio Laja, in a region considered the limit of the Mesoamerican frontier for the 9th century CE. This article emphasizes the design of Complex A pyramid as an artificial horizon calendar and as an astronomical calendric instrument that captures the positions of the sun, moon, and Venus, through each vertex conformed by the staggering bodies of the pyramid. Direct observation and its systematic documentation, photographic records, and the complementary measurements made by theodolite have allowed recreating a model that reveals the count of day counts in coherent groups for the so-called “Mesoamerican families.” These sequences include 73, 63 y 65, 52, 40, 20, 13, 10, and 5 days.

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LAS PEÑAS DEL COLORADO, UN MONUMENTO DE PIEDRA SIGNIFICATIVO EN EL PAISAJE DEL NOROESTE DE GUANAJUATO: IMPLICACIONES ASTRONÓMICAS

Author(s): Omar Cruces Cervantes / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

We seek to approach the forms of pre-Hispanic thought by analyzing the various elements that make up the significant landscape in the archeology of Guanajuato. This article will address the stone monument called Las Peñas del Colorado, located in the northwest of this State. It is a rocky outcrop with small arrangements suggesting an astronomical purpose and a possible association with certain ritual practices. In this space, the experience is structured by connecting various elements: an astronomical marker that mediates this phenomenon, the celestial body as a temporal agent that highlights a complex event, and human actors with assumed roles and determined actions. We take up the concept of cultural astronomy to recognize in these phenomena the mechanism and the conceptual system where the sky and its content acquire the ability to represent concepts.

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ARQUEOASTRONOMÍA Y CALENDARIO DE TULA GRANDE

Author(s): Hans Martz de la Vega,Héctor Patiño Rodríguez Malpica,Rafael Ángeles Meléndez,Isidro A. Jaimes Hernández / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The results derived from archaeoastronomical measurements of the Tula Grande urban core show the care and attention the Toltec architects gave to shape their ceremonial center, particularly and for this work, concerning the observation of solar zenith transit. We conclude that they generated the 32- and 27-day units to fix particular dates in the 364-day year, the so-called “computing calendar, ”and the city’s spatial organization obeyed the same criteria. However, these results raise questions about what kind of day intervals (and the base number of 4 and 9, respectively) were intended to organize the Toltec community’s yearly activities and shape the layout of the urban core.

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UNA NUEVA PROPUESTA DE ORIENTACIÓN Y CARTOGRAFÍA PARA EL MAPA DE CUAUHTINCHAN II

Author(s): Tim Tucker / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

From the Pico de Orizaba to the top of volcano La Malinche, the Map of Cuauhtinchan II (MC2) is a cartographic guide which corresponds to an urban design of the ancient city of Teotihuacán at 17o northwest, which is known in archaeo-astronomical literature as the “17o family of orientations”. At the same time, an analysis of toponyms allows us to test the hypothesis that what is shown on the upper left hand corner of MC2 does not correspond to the area known today as Mexico City, but rather, the entrance to the Valley of Teotihuacán.

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EL ECLIPSE DE LA CONQUISTA Y LA CAÍDA DE MÉXICO-TENOCHTITLAN

Author(s): Isidro A. Jaimes Hernández / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

This study is an astronomical confirmation of the fall of Tenochtitlan on 1 coatl of Tlaxochimaco although fused with Cuauhtemoc ́s prison date, who had had found shelter in Tlatelolco to continue the mexica defense. Two eclipse dates conjugation reported on mexican plateau fonts, one for toxiumolpilia or year binding during Moctezuma’s reign on year 2 acatl and another on year 4 tochtli after the fall of Tenochtitlan, have clarified the mexica calendar structure which resulted into a similar new year’s day as reported in maya colonial documents including Landa’s Relación, indicating it as julian july 16th. Such year structure is determined by a zenital – antizenital Axis fixed by an Ah Toc, the tzolkin quarter equivalent to 65 days which the chilam balam associates with the sacred fire maintainance in the temples by four chaacs or acolytes, reason why Ah Toc’s igneous identity evoques such a Sun Axis incarnating four senior numen, adored as responsible for the world’s stability and reflects several aspects of the mesoamerican cosmovision: the 4 Ahau reference, the four year bearers rotation, etc.

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¿SE PUEDE JUSTIFICAR EL CICLO DE 11,952 K’INO’OB DE LA TABLA DE ECLIPSES?

Author(s): Geraldine A. Patrick Encina / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The argument that says that the Eclipse Almanac on Dresden 52-58 is two-ways redundant is revised. Base dates and those derived from periods in L.C. notation (60 of 177 and nine of 148 k’ino’ob –which sum 11,952 k’ino’ob–) and from periods in tzolk’in day notation (52 of 177, eight of 178, and nine of 148, which sum 11,960 k’ino’ob) are calculated with the GMT Correlation (JD 584283) and with the recently proposed correlation (Patrick 2013). The latter has Creation on July 27, 3117 b.c.e. (proleptic), and for the three base dates starting with 9.16.4.10.8 12 Lamat 1 Muwan, it produces May 21, June 5 June 20 c.e. 755 (proleptic). A three-day window where the third day is the date obtained with each correlation produces that, out of 70 registrations, there is a 100% match with NASA dates using the second correlation and a 0% match using the first one. Moreover, following the second correlation, 11,952 k’ino’ob commensurate 11,959.93 days, which entails 405.00 lunations (29.530588 days each) and 69 eclipse seasons. The tzolkin-day-based record of 11,960 k’ino’ob on the same almanac ascends to 11,967.9395 days, reaching 438.03 sidereal Moon revolutions (27.32166 days/rev.; both lunar numbers are mean values in 4,000 years, from Espenak and Meeus 2009).

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ICONOGRAFÍA DE DIOSES CELESTES EN CÓDICES DEL ALTIPLANO MEXICANO

Author(s): Ofelia Márquez Huitzil / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

Numerous images of various celestial deities appear in the graphic scenes in Postclassic and colonial codices as "Telleriano-Remensis, Vatican A, Borbónico, the Borgia, Vatican B, Cospi, Fejérváry-Mayer, Laud. Moreover, their names are also mentioned in" the accounts following the Spanish conquest, such as the General History of the Things of "New Spain", historical sources the "First Memorial" of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Furthermore, generations of scholars have been able to identify those deities in other pre-Hispanic and colonial documents (Seler (1980), Nowotny (2005), Anders, Jansen, Reyes Garcia (1992), Aguilera (1988), Caso (1996), Boone (2007)). This work was also followed by cultural astronomers (Bricker (2001), Siarkiewicz (1995), Aveni (1999)). In this paper, I describe the Sun, Moon, and Venus images that I will define following examples and statistical tables with iconographic specifications.

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LAS SERIES LUNARES EN YAXCHILÁN

Author(s): Stanislaw Iwaniszewski / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

The Lunar Series at Yaxchilan are reconstructed. The paper demonstrates that the Maya used two intervals of 886 and 3396 days to make regular intercalations. At Yaxchilan, the first Lunar Series combined observation with the record. Later on, they relied on computations.

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“A HUMAN IS AN ANIMAL AND AN ANIMAL IS A HUMAN”: TRANSFORMATION FROM HUMAN TO ANIMAL IN SLOVENIAN BALLAD TRADITION

Author(s): Marjetka Golež Kaučić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The most famous authors on topic of transformation from human to animal in the tradition of European literature were Publius Ovidius Naso (Metamorphoses) and Franz Kafka (Metamorphoses), both of whom conceptualized the parallel worlds of reality and mythology. In the Slovenian ballad tradition we can trace several mythological ballads with thematic transformations from human to animal and back, as well of animal brides and grooms. This paper focuses on the question of the parallel worlds of animal and human and about the fluid boundaries between them as represented in ballad stories. By analyzing a number of ballads and incorporating theoretical perspectives from folkloristics, psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology, critical animal studies and zoofolkloristics, I will uncover the purpose of mythological transformations and their imagery. The underlying question is whether these mythological stories represent a notional duality of human versus animal and nature versus culture, or to what degree the stories may transcend this conceptual juxtaposition.

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THE OATH BETWEEN TWO WORLDS IN THE ALBANIAN BALLAD OF RESURRECTION

Author(s): Arben Hoxha,Memli Sh. Krasniqi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In our article we will explore the Besa’s role in establishing the relationship between two worlds: the Immanent and the Transcendent world of human beings. In the resurrection ballad ‘Lula e shtatë vllazënve’ (Flower of the seven brothers), the Besa appears as an indispensable ethical and anthropological instrument, a tool that creates harmony between body and soul. Within the community (tribe, family), it also sets the social order, while in a cosmic context, it creates the balance between the order of the human world and that of other world. The Besa in the Albanian ballad of resurrection is a moral category that derives not from the viewpoint of utilitarian ethics, but from the worldview of monistic-pantheistic ethics, which are strictly deterministic. Through the discipline of philosophical anthropology, we will discuss the Besa in the Albanian resurrection ballad in the context of the pantheist viewpoint and ethical views of Spinoza from his work “Ethics”. We will also ground our study on the philosophical concept of pantheism, as espoused by author Michael P. Levine.

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SUPERNATURAL ENCOUNTERS AND TRANSFORMATIONS IN TWO MEXICAN FOLK SONGS: THE WEEPING CHRIST STATUE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOUL INTO DOVE

Author(s): María Herrera Sobek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the article, ‘Mexican Legendry and the Rise of the Mestizo: A Survey,’ (1971), Américo Paredes posits the theory that Mexican legendry is characterized by realism as opposed to the fantastic due to the rise of the mestizo (mixed-race population) acquiring power in the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the supernatural did not disappear completely and, in fact, in some folk genres such as the ‘aparecido’ or revenant legends, it is very much alive. Two examples of the supernatural appearing in Mexican popular songs are, ‘El crucifijo de piedra’ [The Stone Crucifix] and ‘Cu-cu-rru-cu-cu paloma’ [The Coocoo-rroo-coo-coo Dove]. In the first instance, a man loses his beloved-she leaves him and informs him of her departure in front of a stone crucifix which accompanies the man in his weeping. My study analyzes the two songs cited above with respect to the supernatural and the transformations exhibited therein. It incorporates Native American spiritual beliefs related to the links between the animate and the inanimate world. In my analysis, I highlight the Native American belief system that all matter in the universe is chemically ‘alive,’ and I underscore how the mestizo, although highly conscious of reality, nevertheless inherited belief systems from American Indians. In addition, I also explore the appearances in contemporary society of weeping sacred stone figures or painted images of deities; these underscore the human need for a connection to the sacred and the miraculous.

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LA OBSERVACIÓN DEL CENIT EN MESOAMÉRICA: PERCEPCIÓN DEL ESPACIO, CIENCIA Y COSMOVISIÓN

Author(s): Johanna Broda / Language(s): Spanish,Portuguese Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I build on earlier investigations by Tichy, Morante, and Broda that focused on zenith observations in Mesoamerica. This observation alone permits us to situate sites within geographical space and distinguish them according to their latitude. This circumstance found expression in the counting of days and periods that the ancient Mesoamericans sought to systematize within the framework of their calendrical system. I will refer to constructions that served to make zenith observations and review several Mesoamerican sites regarding their geographic location and the perception of space implicit in this information. Finally, I will discuss the implications of these studies for theory and method in Cultural Astronomy briefly.

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