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Socio-Cultural Aspects of Transition

Author(s): Pero Maldini / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Establishment of democratic regimes in former authoritarian societies has emphasized the importance and vitality of democracy and marked large social, political and cultural changes. But, in spite of institutional and normative constitution of democracy and its general acceptability in almost all transitional societies, there are obvious and great differences in the attained democratic range within various postcommunist societies. Instead of transformation process and democratic consolidation in many transition societies, one can often find undemocratic political practice with certain retrograde processes, contrary to democratic transformation of society. Such experiences indicate that transition is not unambiguous and predictable process of social development which necessarily leads towards democratic regime, and also that normative-institutional democratic constitution is not sufficient to make a political regime democratic.

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OBRAZOVANJE: NACIONALIZAM U BOŠNJAČKIM, HRVATSKIM I SRPSKIM ČITANKAMA

Author(s): Nenad Veličković / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Bosna i Hercegovina je država pravno uređena Dejtonskim mirovnim sporazumom 1995. godine. Međunarodna zajednica, odlučna da zaustavi krvoproliće između Bošnjaka, Hrvata i Srba na teritoriji ove bivše jugoslavenske republike, učinila je znatne ustupke nacionalističkim zahtjevima sukobljenih strana i individualna ljudska prava podredila grupnim. Tako je obrazovni sistem ostao izvan nadležnosti države i podijeljen na tri nezavisna sektora, kojima upravljaju (svako svojim), bez obzira na komplikovano administrativno uređenje, tri vladajuća nacionalizma, čiji su interesi ugrađeni u odgovarajuće zakone, a razrađeni u posebnim nastavnim planovima i programima.

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MATRICA KOJA OBEĆAVA?

Author(s): Iva Nenić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Globalna popularna kultura, shvaćena u najširem smislu kao skup društvenih praksi koje dominiraju u popularnoj umetnosti (muzika, književnost, film), oblika reprezentacija u medijima (novine, radio, televizija, Internet) i kulturnih artefakata mahom namenjenih širokoj upotrebi, predstavlja važan prostor za nastanak, menjanje i sukob različitih formi ženskih identiteta. Sam pojam popularne kulture često se koristi sinonimno sa izrazima masovna/medijska kultura ili kultura (post)industrijskog doba, čime se prevashodno referira na ulogu savremenih medija u procesima kulturne proizvodnje, ali se podrazumeva i opozicija prema tzv. visokoj kulturi u koju ulaze specijalizovane društvene prakse poput visoke umetnosti – delatnosti koje su istorijski proizvod zapadnoevropskog društva i preimućstvo elita koje poseduju odgovarajuća znanja, veštine i kompetencije.

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Vystúpenie Vladimíra Palka, predsedu Výboru pre obranu a bezpečnosť Národnej rady SR

Author(s): Vladimír Palko / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Allow me to express my thanks to the organizers of today's meeting for the opportunity to present my speech. Most of the previous presentations were held in the lines of listing the successes of the Government and the National Council in the field of integration in NATO and the EU. I don't want to carry on in this direction; it wouldn't make much sense. Slovakia is now standing at the threshold of these two configurations. I would like to express my congratulations to all those, who contributed to this development, and concentrate on another point of view.I allowed myself a high level of freedom and didn't let my parliament function determine the topic of my presentation. I chose the State and National Interest and Integration. The integration itself is, of course, our state and national interest, but we cannot reduce this interest only to the accession to these configurations. Unfortunately, this reduction is quite common. Integration brings with itself many new situations, in which it will be necessary to decide what exactly our interest is. Let me remind you of the so-called Garrett's Report, which suggested us not to invest in our air units in the coming decade. We had to decide whether to except it or not. A few months ago we had to decide about the requirement of the EU to put the nuclear power station Jaslovske Bohunice out of operation.

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Premeny pohostinskej živnosti a kultúry konzumácie alkoholu na Slovensku 1918 – 1938

Author(s): Ľudovít Hallon / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 brought significant economic, political, legislative and social changes for the development of tavern trade in Slovakia. The number of Slovak tavern businesses increased, new types of businesses emerged, for example in tourism and sport. The level of hotel services also improved. However, some legislative measures and political interventions aimed to restrict production, distribution and sale of alcohol brought significant problems to the tavern trade. There were certain changes in the culture of alcohol consumption, too. One of the factors was the spread of beer consumption influenced by its popularity in the Czech lands. The other significant change was a partial decrease of high-percentage alcohol consumption. Its consumption had negative consequences mostly for social development of Slovak countryside.

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Dejiny a kultúrna trauma. Trianon a politiky verejného spomínania na Slovensku a v Maďarsku

Author(s): Dagmar Kusá,Miroslav Michela / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Dňa 4. júna 2010, na 90. výročie podpísania Trianonskej mierovej zmluvy, boli v Komárne slávnostne odhalené dva nové pomníky, verejne reprezentované ako „slovenský“ a „maďarský“. Prvý mal byť výrazom vďaky a ten druhý zosobňovať smútok. Spomenuté akcie navštívilo niekoľko stoviek ľudí a miestne bezpečnostné zložky mali pohotovosť, keďže podobné akcie sú vnímané ako doména rôznych radikálov. Na prvú akciu, zorganizovanú Slovenskou národnou stranou (SNS), autobusy priviezli množ- stvo podporovateľov z iných miest krajiny. Druhé podujatie, zorganizované miestnym občianskym združením, nepodporili ofi ciálni predstavitelia mesta a ani Selyeho univerzita. V oboch prípadoch vystúpili ako hlavní rečníci privezení hostia, medzi nimi aj historici, ktorí svojimi prejavmi spomienkové stretnutia legitimizovali. V tom istom čase bol odhalený v susednom Komárome tretí pomník. Osadili ho neďaleko hranič- ného mostu, ktorý tak od júna 2010 „strážia“ dva, na prvý pohľad veľmi podobné kamenné pomníky, ktoré však nesú zásadne rozdielny odkaz. Prvý „ochraňuje“ územie Slovenska a status quo, druhý upozorňuje na nespravodlivosť tohto stavu a snaží sa udržať nádej na jeho zmenu.

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Vzťah viedenského dvora ku kláštoru sv. Alžbety v Prešporku (Bratislave)

Author(s): Tomáš Králik / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Potridentské ženské rehole sú také náboženské spoločenstvá založené po roku 1500, ktorých regula alebo stanovy dostali defi nitívnu podobu po tridentskom koncile (1562). Začiatkom 17. storočia nastala v katolíckych krajinách západnej Európy tzv. „úžasná invázia konventov“. V priebehu troch - štyroch desaťročí vznikali v mestách malé náboženské komunity, ktoré si dávali za cieľ službu Bohu a blížnemu. Masívny prílev mladých ľudí, ktorí vstupovali do nových spoločností, sa tradične vysvetľoval spoločenskými tlakmi, túžbou uniknúť pred „zlým svetom“ a všeobecnou úzkosťou. Elisabeth Rapleyová však berie do úvahy aj entuziazmus a zmysel pre poslanie – „apoštolát“. Po celej kresťanskej Európe sa objavujú brožúry pojednávajúce o zbožnosti, ktoré sa stávali dostupnými v „dobrých“ mestských rodinách. V uliciach a na rozličných verejných priestranstvách sa prihovárali obyvateľom mesta kazatelia, ktorí ich zoznamovali s novými prejavmi zbožnosti. Rovnako v spovedniciach dochádzalo k veľkým obráteniam a prijímaniu zásadných rozhodnutí. Pierre de l‘Estoile vo svojich memoároch v roku 1606 napísal: „To nebolo predtým bežné v Paríži a kdekoľvek inde, že by synovia a dcéry z dobrých rodín – muži i ženy veľkých kvalít – opúšťali svoje domovy a vstupovali do týchto reholí.“ Nové konventy na začiatku 17. storočia menili celkový ráz miest v celej katolíckej časti Európy. V kedysi moslimskom meste Cordóba v Španielsku pribudli v priebehu 17. storočia tri mužské rehole, ktoré doplnili už sedem, existujúcich od začiatku novoveku. Vo Francúzsku hnutie nabralo také rozmery, že nárast počtu konventov vyvolával až nevôľu obyvateľov miest. Poslanci parlamentu v Rouane sa sťažovali, že „za 20-30 rokov vstúpilo do mesta toľko rozličných mníšok, že prevýšili počtom tie, ktoré tu pôsobia už roky.“ Bolo bežné, že rehole s podobnými „charizmami“ navzájom súperili o priazeň jednotlivých miest, pričom sa neštítili ani vzájomného očerňovania.

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Magic and Demonology in Albert Szenci Molnár’s Personal Commonplace Book

Author(s): Márton Szentpéteri / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Albert Szenci Molnár (1574-1634) is one of the most popular and frequently researched 17th century Reformed intellectuals for contemporary scholars of Hungarian studies. No doubt, this eminent position in early modern intellectual history has a lot to do with Szenci Molnár’s own techniques of self-fashioning especially present in his often autobiographically inspired forewords to his works or in his diary kept in a personal manuscript-book together with his hitherto unpublished Loci communes among others. One of the most important aspects of this self-fashioning could be regarded as a Johannes Piscator-type project of reducing the intellectual interest to ‘universal Bible studies’ consisting of the preparation of dictionaries, grammars, revised Bible editions, psalm-paraphrases and catechisms in the vernacular instead of dealing with philosophy in general including ‘philosophia naturalis’ as well.

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Servants of the Devil in Krupina

Author(s): Milan Majtán / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The flames of the Holy Inquisition illuminated the Christian Middle Ages. Faith in God could not exist without belief in the infernal powers. An irreconcilable and cruel battle with the devil and with people accused of making a pact with him and recognizing him as their supreme lord in place of God had to support faith and obedience. Flames and stakes with heretics, witches and other servants of the devil blazed across Europe. The ecclesiastical and secular authorities used them to get rid of inconvenient people, but especially they evoked fear and terror towards their power. Anybody could be accused. Torture easily forced confessions of such acts that human reason cannot believe. The former Kingdom of Hungary was no exception, although the witch-hunts here were organized later and did not reach the same dimensions as in Western Europe. In the region of present Slovakia, they tried, tortured, beheaded and burnt witches in Bratislava, Komárno, Šamorín, Trenčín, Trnava, Štítnik and other towns. The former free royal borough of Krupina in Slovakia holds the sad record for the number of trials, convictions and executions of victims. Witches were still burnt there in 1741 and inquisitors appointed by the magistrates in 1744 questioned a woman accused of witchcraft.

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Witch-Hunt in Szeged in the Early Eighteenth Century

Author(s): István Petrovics / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the very beginning I would like to make two remarks. Firstly, the paper is rather a case study than a theoretical or a typological approach to witchcraft. Secondly: I am deeply convinced that the witch trials at Szeged can only be understood properly if their discussion is placed into the context of the history of the town. Therefore in the first part of my paper I am going to deal with the urban development of Szeged.

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Elements of Magical – Medicinal Practice. The Position of the Witch and Wizard in Slovakia

Author(s): Katarína Nádaská,Martina Sekulová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Magic is an independent phenomenon accompanying humanity in its development from the earliest times to the present, and it still has its special place in our present-day consumer society. In the earliest stages of human development, it was part of religious ceremonies, rituals and ideas, but also of the early foundations of science and knowledge of the surrounding world. However, we must sceptically state that the origin of magic is unclear. Various researchers associate magic with the oldest religious systems, in which faith in the existence of ambivalent forces changing various objects comes to the fore. Expert literature uses the Melanesian term mana for the higher transforming force. According to Vladimír Scheufler, magic is faith in an ambivalent power, which initiated individuals, that is magicians, can control with certain specific actions or words, either for good in the case of white magic or evil in the case of black magic. The actual basis of magic is faith in the possibility to influence the course of the world, but also people, animals and the spiritual world using supernatural forces. We can state that we find magic in essence to a larger or smaller extent in all the higher religious systems. For example, from the point of view of general religious studies, the celebration of Holy Mass and the Christian sacraments as well as prayer are magic acts. Magic often overlaps with psychotronic acts and there it is relatively frequent to change one into the other.

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The Mediation of Poisoning. Magic Embedded in Everyday Medical Knowledge

Author(s): Emese Bálint / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For depicting one form of magic knowledge in the sixteenth century, I will use a case study to show how health, illness and healing were understood in the past, how people perceived their own bodies, and how they communicated bad conditions to others. The starting point of my presentation is a trial record from 1572, which I found in the Romanian State Archives in Cluj (Kolozsvár/Klausenburg). A woman brought the case to the court and accused her son-in-law, a barber, of poisoning his wife, the woman’s daughter. Analysing the witnesses’ depositions, I show that understanding the cause, nature and meaning of illness illustrates not only the medical pluralism of the past, but implies complex social rituals involving family and community as well.

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Incantations in Medical Advice and Recipes from 16th to 18th Centuries

Author(s): Jana Skladaná / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In scholarly literature incantations are defined as set verbal units or phrases expressing superstitions that according to popular beliefs were thought to have a real effect. Incantations are probably the oldest folkloric expressions. Their origin dates far back to the Pre-Christian period. One of the earliest illustrations of their practice can be found in Persian sources. Incantations stemmed from primordial conscience according to which word and action were identical and through them one could make one’s wishes come true. Incantations are much older than prayers. They formed the basis of magical healing, love magic, driving away storms, fires and evil powers; they were part of wishes, carols and other ritual verbal expressions. Incantations differ from prayers in that that one is trying to reach the result directly, while prayer has only a mediating function, representing a link between man and God, an appeal with which a man turns to God awaiting fulfilment of his supplication. The older types of prayers used some elements of incantations. For example prayers against fever, for a good harvest and so on, in which the older pattern was only formally adjusted to the Christian ideas. For example, the person saying an incantation formula in its introductory and final part would stress that he is acting in the name of God, and there were various insertions, such as not with my, but with the help of God and so on.

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Turkish Magic and Habsburg Propaganda

Author(s): Elisabeth Klecker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following study deals with magic as a topic of literature, of heroic poetry in particular; it will be a philological approach, which implies looking for artistic models as well as enquiring why scenes of magic were included at all. Magic commonly involving the underworld is quite deeply rooted in the ancient epic tradition, but for a Christian hero attempts to gain more than human power or knowledge by other means than prayer would hardly seem appropriate. Due to its demonisation magic could, however, be used to denigrate the enemy who by this charge was not only accused of associating with the devil, but also convicted of lack of courage and self-confidence. Examples taken mainly from literature in praise of the Habsburg emperors illustrate how classical models, Christian values and crusading propaganda set the frame for the shaping and development of magical scenes in neo-Latin epics and drama.

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Magical Practices in the Books of Miracles

Author(s): Markéta Holubová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Magical practices in the books of miracles represent an interesting research topic that has not received much attention in Czech historiography. The topic is closely related to problems of miraculous sites and religious pilgrimages. Using mainly the methods of historical anthropology, the paper focuses on the manifestations of magical practices connected with Baroque miracles and associated with Marian pilgrimage places of the Society of Jesus in the Czech Lands.

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The Supernatural and Claims of Scientificity in Russian Popular Culture, 1875-1914

Author(s): Julia Mannherz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Enthusiasm for science was widespread in the last decades of imperial Russia. So was the fascination with occultism, spirits of the departed and the supernatural in general. It was therefore not surprising that the sciences and the occult should meet in contested fields of scientific investigation and mystic experience.

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Magic Elements in Slovak Romantic Ballads

Author(s): Irena Malec / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Interest in folk oral literature was a general European phenomenon in the period of Romanticism. The motifs of folk poetry penetrated into creative artistic writing in German, English, Polish and Czech literature. Romantic thinking in these literatures was based on the contrasts between nature and culture, emotion and reason, life and civilization, living and dead truths and laws. By returning to nature, Romanticism opposed Classical artificiality and a civilization based on rational consideration.

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Vzťahy olomouckého biskupa Stanislava I. Thurzu s Uhorskom

Author(s): Martin Rothkegel / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Dňa 1. februára 1526, necelý polrok pred bitkou pri Moháči, napísal Jakob Piso, sedmohradský humanista a vychovávateľ na budínskom dvore (zomrel 1527), list svojmu starému priateľovi z čias spoločných štúdií v Taliansku, Erazmovi Rotterdamskému. V srdečnom liste Piso opisuje rozhovor s vratislavským biskupom Jánom IV. Thurzom a jeho bratom Stanislavom, biskupom v Olomouci, ku ktorému došlo niekoľko rokov predtým, počas návštevy oboch bratov na Budínskom hrade: „Pred ôsmimi rokmi, keď som ešte býval v kráľovskom paláci, prišli ma raz obaja navštíviť, ako je zvykom medzi učencami. Na stole ležalo zopár tvojich kníh (už neviem, ktoré to boli). A kým v nich listovali a podrobnejšie si ich pozerali, odrazu sa obaja súčasne spýtali, aký názor mám na Erazma. Ich otázky boli ešte naliehavejšie, keď zistili, že som s tebou kedysi strávil veľa času. O tom som im nielen porozprával, ale ukázal som im aj list, ktorý si mi raz poslal zo Sieny do Ríma a ktorý uchovávam ako zlatý klenot. Ten obaja veľadôstojní biskupi nielenže láskali svojimi rukami, ale dokonca aj bozkami, a stále znova ho s najväčšou horlivosťou čítali. Potom už vôbec nebolo ťažké prehovoriť ich, aby sa s tebou pustili do výmeny korešpondencie, čo po nie príliš dlhom čase aj urobili – a to takým veľkorysým spôsobom, aký by som sa im nikdy neopovážil pripisovať, lebo na teba pamätali nielen listami ale aj najrozmanitejšími darmi.“

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Hospodárske pomery na thurzovských panstvách na prelome 16. a 17. storočia

Author(s): Tünde Lengyelová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Pre rod Thurzovcov, ktorý je mimoriadne bohatý na výnimočných ľudí, je charakteristickou vlastnosťou ekonomický talent. Vďaka nemu sa rod vyšvihol a celkom netradičnou cestou – dočasným opustením šľachtického stavu a prechodom k meštianstvu a potom opäť návratom do šľachtického stavu, ale už do aristokracie – sa dostal na najvyššie posty a v niekoľkých generáciách sa podieľal na politickej a hospodárskej správe krajiny. Okrem toho desať členov rodu a jedna žena boli županmi v stoliciach Pest-Pilišskej, Nitrianskej, Trenčianskej, Oravskej, Šarišskej a Spišskej. Okrem výkonu vysokých štátnických funkcií však spravovali aj svoje súkromné majetky a panstvá, od prosperovania ktorých závisela aj ich vlastná prosperita. V príspevku sa zameriame na panstvá a hospodárenie predposledných a posledných príslušníkov thurzovského rodu, ktorí žili a spravovali svoje majetky v prvej tretine 17. storočia, najmä na palatínov Juraja a Stanislava Thurzu a ich dedičov.

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Dvorské poriadky na thurzovskom a esterházyovskom dvore

Author(s): Diana Duchoňová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Obdobie 16. a 17. storočia vnieslo do uhorskej spoločnosti nové impulzy v politickej, duchovnej, ale aj kultúrnej rovine. Medzi ne patrila aj sociálna disciplinizácia, ktorá spolu s centralizáciou a inštitucionalizáciou spoločenských štruktúr viedla k formovaniu absolutistického štátu. Jej duchovnými nositeľmi boli elity krajín, vďaka ktorým môžeme hovoriť o tzv. vertikálnej sociálnej disciplinizácii, ale ako je nižšie uvedené, nešlo len o jednosmerné presadzovanie záujmov zhora nadol.

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