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When discussing this topic, it is worth starting with a brief overview of the historiography of the subject. This aspect is especially important because the cultural historical study of Western esotericism took a different course in Western and Eastern (ex-East Bloc) Europe.
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“Be gone Satan from the body of this woman and make room for the Holy Spirit!” commanded Hildegard of Bingen, and on her words “an unclean spirit left the woman in a disgusting way through her sexual organs and with excretion. She was free.” Although this event occurred sometime in the 12th century, it faithfully catches the level of women’s medicine in the Middle Ages and several later centuries. It is not surprising, since the protection of human health was generally on a very low level in this period. This unfavourable situation was further affected by the fact that women’s medicine and obstetrics were not only not regarded as a separate branch of medicine, it was also undervalued. This is not contradicted by the fact that the medical school at Salerno probably also educated women during the period of its flourishing from 1150 to 1180. The most important female graduate was a certain Trotta or Trotula, a famous obstetrician, to whom the work On the pains of women before, during and after childbirth is attributed. At the end of the 13th century, many woman doctors also worked in Paris, but the members of the faculty of medicine there opposed them, and excommunicated them for illegal practices. All the actions around the birth of a new person were an exclusively female affair, with the presence of men wanted only at the beginning – for conception. This is also shown by the case of the Hamburg doctor Veit, condemned to death by burning in 1522, because he had dressed in the clothes of a midwife and wanted to assist at childbirths. It was only possible to help women theoretically, as the Worms town doctor Eucharius Roesslin did. In 1513, he published the book Der Swangeren Frawen und hebammen Rosengarten [The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives]. In spite of the fact that the author did not draw from his own experience, but from ancient authors, it became one of the most frequently published books of the 16th century.
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Najstaršie a aj najznámejšie pohrebné miesta podľa súčasníkov najvznešenejšieho uhorského rodu Thurzovcov sú vo farskom Kostole sv. Jakuba v Levoči. Okolnosť, okrem iného, podporuje názor o dlho hľadanom pôvode v spišských Betlanovciach. Nejeden hrob príslušníka rodu Thurzo označuje aj náhrobná pamiatka.
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Súčasný moderný historický výskum spoločenských elít a osobitne aristokracie v Uhorsku sa nemôže zaobísť bez bližšieho skúmania príbuzenských a rodinných vzťahov uhorských magnátskych rodov. Dôležitú úlohu pri objasňovaní týchto vzťahov má nepochybne vedecká genealógia. Napriek tomu, že genealogický výskum má u nás už úctyhodnú, vyše dvestoročnú tradíciu, nemožno konštatovať spokojnosť s dosiahnutými výsledkami. Najmä v slovenskej historiografii chýbajú genealogické pramenné edície, ako aj širšie koncipované analytické práce, ktoré by osvetľovali historické procesy cez zrkadlo rodových a príbuzenských väzieb. Prakticky neexistujú slovensky písané genealogické monografie, ktoré by súborne mapovali nobilitu na našom území a predstavovali ju cez genealogické tabuľky. Nedostatočne spracovaná je najmä aristokracia pôsobiaca na našom území v období raného novoveku. V poslednom období síce vzniklo niekoľko monografií o jednotlivých aristokratických rodoch, avšak ide zväčša o práce kompilačného charakteru, spracované na základe staršej literatúry, bez hlbších archívnych výskumov.
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Kapitola o účasti Rómov na súčasnom politickom dianí sa nedá začať inak, ako spomienkou na udalosti nežnej revolúcie v novembri 1989 a úryvok z vyhlásenia práve sa formujúcej Rómskej občianskej iniciatívy (ROI), v ktorom okrem iného stálo: „Bratia a sestry Rómovia! Prebuďte sa! Prišiel deň, na ktorí naši predkovia dlhé roky čakali. Ten deň je tu. Rómovia, ktorí žijú v našej krajine, môžu prvýkrát zobrať svoj osud do vlastných rúk. Teraz záleží na nás, ako sa dohodneme, ako budeme držať spolu a čo spravíme pre naše deti. Spojme sa s ľuďmi, ktorí sú ochotní nás počúvať. Ide o Občianske fórum...“ (Pečínka, 2003: 2). Toto vyhlásenie bolo súčasťou príprav na založenie Rómskej občianskej iniciatívy (ROI), ktorá zároveň mobilizovala Rómov na účasť v revolučných udalostiach. Zakladatelia ROI 26. novembra 1989 prehovorili po boku zástupcov Občianskeho fóra k státisícovému davu na Letenskej pláni v Prahe. V revolučnom nadšení dav skandoval: „Ať žijí Romové!“ (op. cit.).
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The paper proposes that research on bilingualism of creators of literature – both their personalities and their texts in Polish and in other languages – be considered a separate subfield in the linguistic history of Polish. Some of the problems that emerge are: choice of the language for the creative output, the author’s participation in three communicative communities, transfer and exchange of elements from the space of one language/culture into the space of another language/culture, bilingual speech. We propose a reformulation of the attitude that researchers of Polish linguistic history currently take towards bilingualism of prominent authors: perception of the phenomenon as co-participation of bilingual authors in different cultures, and their contribution to the creation of cross-cultural and even trans-cultural discourse.
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The Romanies in Kragujevac have a destiny similar to those in other cities of Serbia: as a group, they are at the most extreme margin. Living isolated from the social trends, in an almost parallel world, they do not have any social power. The society doesn’t show interest in them and their problems, while only some individuals have an understanding of civil and collective rights. Many Romanies are not able to realize the basic civil and collective rights because they are not aware of them. More often than not, the institutions in charge, which should protect their rights, tend to reject them, rather than provide them with necessary help. The position of Romanies has got additionally worse with the wide-spread pauperization of society. A substantial number of Romanies who had been working in “Zastava” were fired. They are now either registered with the Bureau of Employment, or selling goods at the flea market. Some categories of the Romany population are in an extremely difficult position: refugees from Kosovo, deportees from the Western countries, and child beggars without parental guidance or care.
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U radu su obrađeni ključni aspekti ostvarivanja prava pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prikaz osnovnih prava nacionalnih manjina garantovanih međunarodnim dokumentima dat je u oblasti društveno-političke participacije i ostvarivanja prava na kulturnu autonomiju (pravo na njegovanje sopstvene kulture, pravo na obrazovanje, informisanje i službenu upotrebu maternjeg jezika). iako u ovom radu nisu posebno isticani problemi nacionalnih manjina na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine, jasno je da postojeći sistem zaštite njihovih prava ostavlja prostor za dalje unapređenje.
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This article is part of a study by the author made in the 2016-2019 year of the Balkan Regional Development Agencies. Regional competitiveness is viewed in terms of psychological, cultural and behavioral aspects. These characteristics are specific to each territorial community and have a significant impact on economic processes and hence on the competitiveness of the region. The article presents the individual elements of the community culture of the territory, each element being defined individually in view of its importance as a factor for competitiveness. The author has used in his article the ideas of a number of authors with significant contributions in the field of psychological, social and cultural studies of the regions. At the end of the article the author has formulated conclusions that can be a starting point for taking into account the influence of psychological and cultural aspects of competitiveness and their incorporation into the policies for effective regional economic development.
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The paper problematizes on the urban spaces, analyzing the discourses of: (national) majority, minorities, the newcomers (migrants), the others, emphasizing on the forms of visualization. The case of the towns of Tsarevo and Pomorie in Bulgaria and Edirne in Turkey are presented by the two migrant groups that have crossed the Bulgarian-Turkish border and settled in particular urban neighbourhoods. The visual approach in the urban anthropology requires a specific methodology starting from the material environment of the city and its public spaces to the social and cultural relationships of the urban inhabitants and the invisible aspects of their symbolic layer as memory and heritage. The paper analyzes the strategies and valorization and legitimation of the heritage of migration and heirs, who trace their places of everyday life and festivity. The fieldwork research was done among the heirs of the so called “Thracian Bulgarians”, living in Tsarevo and Pomorie and the Turks, born in Bulgaria and resettled in Turkey in Edirne.
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In the article I discuss the process of Engels’ search for a social alternative in the conditions of the pre-revolutionary crisis that struck Europe in the early 1940s. Twenty-two-year-old Engels became enthralled with it when he arrived in London in November, 1842. He was young, rebellious, of a brilliant mind and exploratory spirit. He belonged to a generation whose youth coincided with the culmination of the crisis of the Restoration period. Against this background, I want to look at the period that Engels spent between November 1842 and April 1845 in Manchester, where he arrived from his parents’ home in Barmen.
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While K. Marx, when it is about agrarian and rural, mostly dealt with the questions of commercial agriculture, like land rent, work force, etc, his associate F. Engels focused on social position, fate and role of peasantry in (past and expected) revolutions. In this paper we give a review of Engels’s views on peasantry, with an analysis and a critique. With his descriptions of the social position of the German, the French and the Russian peasantry, and of rural commune as one of the traditional institutions of rural society, Engels contributed to sociology. His claims that peasantry must disappear and that it is not capable to protect and promote their own interests, exert a significant influence upon the political practice in the socialist societies of the XX century.
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The paper deals with the peasant question in the socialist thought of the second half 19th century, with special reference to the work of Friedrich Engels. In the classic socialist literature, the peasant question has long been marked as a marginal question of property, as can best be seen from Marx’s analysis in Louis Bonaparte’s Eighteenth Brimer. Almost half a century later, Engels approaches the peasant question from another angle, considering the problem of small peasants as a cultural, not just an economic problem. The paper will show that Engels’ analysis of the peasant question opened new avenues for socialist theory, which leads to a revision of the classical doctrine of the proletarian revolution and suggests an evolutionary path of social change.
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The paper deals with a relation between historical materialism and idealism – while proving idealism to be a profoundly conservative point of view – proving the thesis through an example of the contemporary political discourse of Zoran Milanović, and his so-called “liberal progressiveness”. Holy Family – Critique of Critical Critique can be read via contemporary examples that supplement materialistic interpretation of liberalism/idealism with the psychoanalytical interpretation of suppression of class conflict. A nature of liberal interpretation of the world vis-à-vis materialistic insights (undoubtedly and with clearness) epistemological and not only by facts – can be seen from The Condition of the Working Class in England, a study of young Engels that will be taken as a foundation of the materialistic understanding of the modernity and related figure of an unaccommodated man. A fundamental possibility of an overcoming of dialectical paradox in the figure of a proletarian as an unaccommodated man (while avoiding idealistic “displacements”), can be found in the development of technology as a possibility of overcoming of the capitalistic mode of production, as a foundation of development and personal freedom that can be achieved only in the community.
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The article touches upon the topic of cultural transformations, on the basis of the analysis of song lyrics written by Paweł Soltys, performing under the stage pseudonym Pablopavo. Moreover, it elaborates in more detail on the separate, interconnected and overlapping circles of issues, such as: the relationship between the mainstream and niche phenomena in culture, garbage, waste and remnants in culture, or money and the lack thereof in the world of wealth or nothingness. The observations lead to the conclusion that in his musical activity, the artist combines various, sometimes extreme social orders and worlds, including all kinds of phenomena taken from the mainstream and low art.
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The aim of the current chapter is to present the essence of sustainable consumption andits basic rules: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle. Minimalism and sharing economy were presented as the manifestation of the Reduce rule. Reuse requires distribution systems which will give access to preowned products (in a broader scope), thus, they will provide products with a second life. This may be provided by alternative retail formats which are oriented towards the sale of second-hand products. Some of these formats, especially online applications, are becoming quite popular—their number, as well as the amount of their customers is rapidly growing. Also, traditional mainstream retailers have become involved in second-hand product sales.
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Research on language acquisition is a central theme in sociolinguistic research. Contemporary social, economic and political processes affect the life of communities and the languages what they speak. Globalization, migration and the enlargement of the European Union can significantly change the role and the future of majority and minority languages. In this research, we aim to reveal the family level language choice strategies of the Hungarian community in the small town of Margitha (Bihor County, Romania), discussing the role of family related social framework that positively or negatively influences the motivation of minority students to acquire knowledge of the Romanian language. For this purpose, we used both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches. The results of research confirm that in multi-ethnic communities perhaps the most important, however at the same time the most vulnerable component of ethnic identity is the linguistic identity, which plays a key role in shaping the cultural landmarks and contents that determine the social integration of the individual. The positive family effects of socialization with the Hungarian language can be observed mostly in the ethnically homogeneous family. However, if one of the spouses is ethnic Romanian, the dominant language of communication within the family is more likely to be the Romanian language.
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Ukraine is a multinational and multicultural country. Though Ukrainian scientists have studied the issue of multicultural education from different aspects, nevertheless, there is no special or ideal model of multicultural education. That is why we decided to monitor the students’ multicultural education state at secondary schools of Ukraine. In order to identify the state of multicultural education in Ukrainian schools we conducted an empirical study in schools of Cherkasy region among primary, secondary and senior level students. The main method was determined as questionnaire, which is provided for clarification of issues of national-patriotic and multicultural orientation. Accordingly, questionnaires that combined quantitative and qualitative data collection were offered to the 4th, 6th and 11th grade students in some schools in Uman and Uman district, covering 296 respondents. Thus, the monitoring of the state of multicultural education in Ukrainian school education has shown that the problem of multicultural upbringing of children and young people is addressed at the government level, relevant research is conducted, some aspects of multiculturalism are observed in educational programs of some subjects, but the level of multicultural education of students should be higher.
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Article indicates the elements of the development of the human personality and what is the significance of the visual arts in shaping personality, as a tool and method of interaction in the development of an integrated personality and learning visual artistic culture. Visual arts are treated here as a basic form of expression and the expression of individual psychological development, and thus one of the ways of knowing mental development. The issues are complemented by an analysis of selected cases where activity was used as a result of surgery to change attitudes, verification of self‑esteem, improve social relationships and the development of the capacity of perceiving reality, concentration, development of visual memory, imagination and creative thinking.
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Cultural heritage is a part of the economy that should be successfully used. Traditional food products are becoming a kind of investment for local communities and an incentive to achieve socio-economic benefits. They are part of the heritage, and given the changing trends and the growing demand for local food products, they can contribute to the development of entrepreneurship. Every economic initiative starts with an idea and a resource on which ideas can be developed. All these classic elements of entrepreneurship work the same for products created on the basis of the local food product heritage. The development of entrepreneurship inspired by the heritage of the local food product makes it possible to implement especially those undertakings whose idea is based on locality, neighborhood, ecology, nature, social authenticity and corporate responsibility. This is the opportunity to create something unique, different from the competitors’ offer. The combination of traditional products with modern methods of processing, presentation and sales creates an innovative, highly competitive product. Products of local food heritage create a new clientele among tourists who are more and more aware consumers and residents who want to identify with the place of origin or residence.
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