Zagadnienia medyczne dotyczące osób ze środowiska LGB

Author(s): Agnieszka Jaśkowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Nowadays there are still many hardships that a LGB person encounters when entering a therapeutic relation with a medical doctor. Not only has medical personnel little awareness of LGB patients' specific needs and diseases that occur more frequently in this population, but also they are likely to use stereotypes and behave in ways that can be called homophobic. The purpose of this review is to familiarize the reader with diseases whose frequency is associated with non-heterosexual orientation, especially sexually transmitted diseases, tumors and psychiatric disorders, as well as to present the current attitude of medical personnel to LGB patients.

EMIL KRAEPELIN AND GERMAN PSYCHIATRY IN MULTICULTURAL DORPAT/TARTU, 1886–1891

Author(s): Maike Rotzoll,Frank Grüner / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

When the later famous psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) was called to the University of Dorpat/Tartu at the age of 30, he probably did not busy himself much with the multicultural situation that he found there. Like many of his academic contemporaries, he regarded this Baltic university, then still German-speaking and one of the most important in the Russian Empire, as a kind of exile or at least only a way station for his career, which he hoped to pursue within the German Empire. He brought his research programme for the upcoming discipline of psychiatry with him, as the author of the compendium which, in the course of several editions, became a multi-volume, influential textbook. But at his new venue he found not only a complicated situation of (university) politics caught between negotiation processes among the various cultural groups, but also students from many regions and with different mother tongues, who had to adapt to the official language of instruction. In addition, he took over a recently founded university psychiatric clinic, where all parts of the population were represented, but with whom he could communicate only in a rudimentary manner, as far as the non-German-speaking population groups were concerned. But how did the patients from such different language families manage to make themselves heard in the world of university clinics headed by mostly German-speaking physicians, especially in psychiatry, a discipline particularly dependent upon language? What translation processes were performed by whom over the working therapeutic day, and what were the effects of this partial loss of speech on clinical research? What opportunities resulted from precisely this multi-lingual situation in a contact zone between Western Europe and Russia for psychiatric science and practice? This paper attempts to provide some preliminary answers to these questions, using already known and newly discovered sources.

WHY WAS EMIL KRAEPELIN NOT RECOGNIZED AS A PSYCHOLOGIST?

Author(s): Jüri Allik / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

According to a dominant view, Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) was the founder of modern psychiatry, but his contribution to the history of experimental psychology was insignificant. This interpretation contradicts Kraepelin’s own view during his stay in Tartu (1886–1891) because at that time he was more interested in psychology than in his not very satisfying clinical work. He also considered his research on the work curve to be his chief scientific contribution, not the distinction between schizophrenia and affective psychoses which is still valid in the modern classifications of mental disorders. In this paper, I analyse Kraepelin and his students’ contribution to four fields of psychology: pharmacopsychology, individual differences, sleep studies, and the work curve. In each of these four areas, Kraepelin and his students made important and pioneering contributions which, although initially recognized by contemporaries, were later gradually forgotten by more recent generation of researchers. I argue that the lack of recognition of Kraepelin’s psychological studies is unjustified because he, together with many of his associates, created these four branches of psychology, very much as Hermann Ebbinghaus created the experimental study of memory and Oswald Külpe created the experimental study of thinking.

PSYCHIATRY AND THE NOBEL PRIZE: EMIL KRAEPELIN’S NOBELIBILITY

Author(s): Heiner Fangerau,Thorsten Halling,Nils Hansson / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

This paper gives an overview of runner-up candidates in the field of psychiatry for the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine and provides a detailed account of the Nobel Prize nominations for Emil Kraepelin. Kraepelin was nominated for the Nobel Prize on at least eight occasions from 1909 to 1926. Among the sponsors, we find psychiatrists and neurologists such as Robert Gaupp, Ernst Meyer, Eugen Bleuler, Oswald Bumke, Giovanni Mingazzini, and Wilhelm Weygandt. Portraying Kraepelin as a Nestor of psychiatry, the nominators meant that his work was of theoretical importance and that they also liberated the way for new areas of research. However, the proposals remained half-hearted and lacked clear practical results or solid evidence, which in the end weakened Kraepelin’s Nobelibility, i.e. his eligibility for the award.

O empirycznym wykorzystaniu teorii kratyzmu Władysława Witwickiego

Author(s): Amadeusz Citlak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2016

This article presents the main assumptions of Władysław Witwicki’s kratyzm theory as one that has not been used empirically. This is one of the most original theories in Polish psychology that has never been transferred to the psychological laboratory, although its explanatory potential seems to be large. The first part discusses the main features of the theory, the second indicates those aspects of it that are not mentioned elsewhere and seem to be vital in the planning of experimental research. The pursuit of power theory, with all its originality, does not account for certain psychological variables, and does not define the important links between them. This problem seems to be important for the verification efforts of its individual claims.

Psychopathia Sexualis

Author(s): Richard von Krafft-Ebing / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2016

The first polish translation of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Psychopathia Sexualis".

Krafft-Ebing

Author(s): Georges Bataille / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2016

George Bataille on Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Profesor Gościmierz Geras – wspomnienie i wstęp do zrozumienia zagadnień z obszaru psychologii penitencjarnej

Author(s): Beata Pastwa-Wojciechowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest zapoznanie Czytelnika z dorobkiem naukowym z zakresu psychologii penitencjarnej Profesora Gościmierza Gerasa i jego znaczenia oraz wpływu na dalszy rozwój naszej wiedzy o naturze człowieka. Spostrzeżenia, koncepcje i teorie wypracowane m.in. przez Profesora nadal powinny być inspiracją do badań z uwzględnieniem współczesnej wiedzy, ale także poszanowaniem tej, która została wcześniej wypracowana. Wydaje się, że poznanie człowieka w sytuacjach ekstremalnych czy też trudnych jest wciąż obszarem poszukiwań, w którym brakuje całościowego spojrzenia na jego funkcjonowanie. Często patrzymy na osadzonych przez kontekst czynności lub zadań, które mamy wykonać, bez szerszego poznania mechanizmów leżących u ich podłoża. Poznając to, co określamy jako patologiczne odnajdujemy również drogę do normalności a nawet heroizmu.

Professor Gościmierz Geras – Memory and Introduction to Understanding Issues in the Area of Correctional Psychology

Author(s): Beata Pastwa-Wojciechowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The aim of this article is to promote Professor Gościmierz Geras’ contribution to scientific research on correctional psychology and his impact on the further development of our general knowledge on human nature. Insights, concepts and theories developed, among others, by the Professor, should continue to be the source of inspiration for studies based on updated knowledge, but also respecting previous contributions. Finding out about man in extreme or unusual circumstances still seems to be a challenge if one does not look at human actions holistically. We perceive prisoners too often from the narrow context of tasks and functions without the broader knowledge of mechanisms which are at the root of their actions. Getting to know what we define as pathological, we also find the path to the healthy norm and even heroism.

Szondi and the Genetics of the Mind

Author(s): Tamás Bereczkei / Language(s): English Issue: 04/1997

The review of: Ember és sors. Három tanulmány (Man and Fate: Three studies) by Lipót Szondi; Budapest: Kossuth Publishers, 1996, 142 pp.

Tarihi, Toplumsal Ve Siyasal Alana Psikanalitik Bakmak Üzerine

Author(s): Ernur Genç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 87/2016

In Turkey, generally in social sciences but especially in sociology, there is lack of self-reflexion and sociological imagination that requires deep analyze, wide look, and specificity. Lack of a science tradition and scientific continuity is preventing the intellectual accumulation, so that we need an integral perspective to social facts. In this issue, certainly, transferring the west social science tradition is not a solution; therefore we have to realize and overcome the dynamics which cause and reproduce the intellectual/academic shallowness and superficiality. In this context, within Turkish social sciences, the re-reading and understanding of Freud and psychoanalysis must be taken into account considerably.

Identitás és asszimiláció

Author(s): Ferenc Erős / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

The essay attempts to compare the careers of three famous psychoanalysts, Erich Fromm, Bruno Bettelheim, and Erik H. Erikson from the point of view of the history of science and the sociology of knowledge. All of them came from Central Europe, from Jewish families. Their life work unfolded in America, but their thinking had been determined by their European experiences and questions: the meaning of freedom, the dilemma of survival, and the nature of identity. In the 1960s and 1970s they were respected not only as psychoanalysts and social thinkers, but as public intellectuals, too. For today, however, they became “forgotten intellectuals”. The essay points out those social, scientific, political, and personal factors that played a part in their decline.

Психолог – специалист по тренингите (Д-р на педагогическите науки проф. Стойко Иванов навърши 60 години)

Author(s): Luben Dessev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2017

Gustave Le Bon Ve Sigmund Freud'un Isiginda Kitle Psikolojisi Ve Gezi Hareketi'nin Psíkolojisi

Author(s): Fazilet Ahu Özmen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2015

Defined as mass psychology, the characteristics of the social, psychological behaviors and attitudes of mass, has been analyzed, in the 19th century, by the famous French social scientists Gustave Le Bon, Gabriel Tarde, pioneer of the German psychological school Sigmund Freud and English psychologist William Mc Dougall. These researchers have analyzed the psychology of mass movements occurring in the framework of social events, the gathering of people possessing different cultural and social values around an event and have argued that the acting of the mass with a collective consciousness and collective soul creates mass psychology. Especially, according to Le Bon and Freud, acting through “common soul”, “common consciousness”, “subconsciousness” that are the main characteristics of the mass psychology; are among the most important values of mass movements. The Gezi Movement, which took place in May- August 2013 in the Gezi Park, has also demonstrated the characteristics of a mass movement. Individuals and social groups composed of these individuals participating to the movement have acted through mass psychology. The proper characteristics of masses defined in Mass Psychology analyses of Le Bon and Freud have also been found in the masses participating to the Gezi Movement since these masses have tried to develop their resistance through the typical framework of mass psychology. This study has the purpose to provide an analysis of the Gezi Movement as a mass movement in the light of the scholars of the French and German social psychology school Gustave Le Bon and Sigmund Freud.

Antoni Kępiński's Philosophy of Medicine - an alternative reading

Author(s): Jakub Zawiła-Niedźwiecki / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2016

Antoni Kępiński remains an often read and quoted author even 40 years after his premature death. Usually he is read in the context of his times and his connections with contemporary philosophy. This paper aims to show other aspects of his reflections on psychiatry. His views on the position of psychiatry within medicine, its methods, psychophysical problems, and other issues are compared with current knowledge and current thought paradigms. The goal is to show that while Kępiński was obviously functioning within a different scientific and philosophical paradigm many of his ideas and reflections can still be found within current debates. The important conclusion is to not hold on to the views that Kępiński held himself because he did not know as much as we do, but to see the importance of the debates that he foresaw even then and possibly learn something from his extensive clinical experience.

Anthropologische Psychiatrie. Eine Referenz der Kępiński-Rezeption?

Author(s): Thomas Reuster / Language(s): German Issue: 28/2016

It is suggested to link Antoni Kępiński to the vicinity of the so-called Anthropological Psychiatry. This hypothesis is supported by his criticism of psychiatric objectivity, his personally committed style of psychotherapy and his assumption that mental sanity and illness is based on a constitutive value-based condition according to the model of information metabolism. This paper examines the most important criteria of his psychiatric work and research in contrast to Humanistic Psychology. The provisional conclusion that Kępiński and Anthropological Psychiatry are in accordance cannot be fully justified. However, with a broader concept of anthropological psychiatry it is possible to integrate Kępiński's views.

Prancūzų Ir Britų Psichologinė Estetika Kelyje Į Meno Psichologiją

Author(s): Antanas Andrijauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 68/2011

The article analyzes the psychology of aesthetics transformation to art psychology in France and Great Britain at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The most famous French and British elaborators of art psychology – Victor Bach, Henri’s Delacroix, André Malraux, Jean Weber, Denis Huisman, Robert Francès, Vernon Lee, Edward Bullough – applied the principles of empiricist psychology to the investigation of artistic creativity. They directly related the phenomenon of aesthteticity with the sensations of pleasure and displeasure; applied some elements of empathy theory, enriched by physiological aspects, to the inquiry of creative work and aesthetic perception. As a result of these theoretical and methodological innovations psychology of art become the independent branch of the psychology of aesthetics having its own subject of inquiry, structure and objectives.

BELA JULESZ AND “SCIENTIFIC BILINGUALISM”

Author(s): Ilona Kovács / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2006

Béla Julesz (1928–2003), known for his work in depth perception and pattern recognition, was an inspirational master to a whole generation of neuroscientists. He developed new techniques (involving computer-generated random-dot stereograms, cinematograms, and textures) that led to a new field of perceptual research called “early vision”. Julesz often emphasized the importance of “scientific bilingualism” in the creative process.

Difficult beginnings of forensic psychiatry in the Russian Empire in the 18th century

Author(s): Malwina Dębicka / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This publication reveals the origins of forensic psychiatry in tsarist Russia during a selected historical period. The article reveals the first forensic and medical examinations of the mental state of defendants, as well as the first major legal regulations in this area. The issue of the participation of a medical expert (usually physicians) as an expert witness in court proceedings in the examination of the mental state is discussed from legal and historical, as well as historical and medical aspects.

Destinul unei generaţii

Author(s): Mihai Dinu Gheorghiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 49/2022

Psihologia socială deschide acest număr printr un dialog cu doi colegi, psihologi şi psihoterapeuţi, a căror pregătire profesională a început în prima jumătate a anilor 1970, în cadrul unei secţii cu dublă specializare, în psihologie şi sociologie, unică în ţară pe atunci şi care nu s a reconstituit în acelaşi format după 1990. Cei doi colegi, Undina Stănilescu Natansohn şi Ion Dafinoiu, au urmat căi diferite după absolvirea facultăţii: Undina mai întâi la Iaşi, apoi în Israel (lângă Tel Aviv) şi în Canada (la Montréal), Ion (Nelu) la Bucureşti înainte de a reveni la Iaşi. Alăturarea celor două interviuri permite reliefarea câtorva repere din ceea ce s ar putea numi „destinul unei generaţii”. Membrii promoţiei noastre (1976), cea mai numeroasă dintre cele câteva ale acestei secţii (60 de absolvenţi), au parcurs itinerarii profesionale diferite, nu întotdeauna cunoscute dincolo de relaţiile personale menţinute între cei rămaşi prieteni. Majoritatea pare să fi ales calea psihologiei, profilul secţiei cunoscând de altfel modificări pe când eram în al III lea an de studii. „Defectologia” a devenit disciplină obligatorie şi am fost orientaţi la „reparti ţie” cu precădere în învăţământul special, ca profesori logopezi, consilieri şcolari, puţini spre instituţiile medicale sau cele din transporturi. Un protest organizat atunci de studenţi împotriva schimbării orientării secţiei noastre a rămas fără urmări.