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Psychologiczne znaczenie pieniędzy a makiawelizm

Author(s): Agata Gąsiorowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2016

The aim of this paper was to verify the relation between psychological meaning of money and Machiavellianism. According to recent research, money bolsters self-focus and focus on own goals, motivates to keep resources that are inevitable to reach those goals, and changes the perception of social world from community mode to market-pricing mode, and these phenomena are in turn related to Machiavellianism. However, previous studies in this area examined only the correlations between money attitudes and Machiavellianism. These results have been replicated in the first study presented in this paper: Machiavellianism was related to the belief in the symbolic nature of money, but not to the instrumental focus on money management. Second study showed that the money primes results in higher scores on the MACH-IV scale when compared to control condition, and this effect is stronger among participants who attribute emotional connotations to money.

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Milczenie jako ucieleśniona praktyka tożsamościowa

Author(s): Grażyna Osika / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

This article focuses on the role of silence in building personal identity. Humans intuitively feel that there is a relation between silence and self-identity, and different kinds of spiritual practices pursued everywhere in the world prove the permanence of this conviction. It seems that there is a good reason to try and understand the basis of the relation between silence and self-identity by seeking the answer to the question of what happens when we cease talking and what allows us to ‘look deeper in our selves.’ In the present considerations silence is defined as abstaining from speaking. As such, it creates a space that helps the human being open up to various types of experiencing the world and the self, without recourse to words.The approach used throughout the analyses rests on the assumption that the body, in particular embodied proprioception, an unmediated experience of the body’s internal sense of itself, is a decisive factor in establishing the human self. Proprioception reveals the layers of identity which in everyday experience are hidden either by the words spoken by others or in the internal dialogue with oneself. The article describes how proprioception is a basic source of self knowledge accessible as a result of a conscious practice of silence.

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Wpływ grupowej terapii w psychodramie na styl przywiązania u dzieci w grupie ryzyka: aspekt edukacyjny, emocjonalny, społeczny oraz behawioralny

Author(s): Zivit Vaxberg / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

Children at-risk are defined as children who may be found in physical, mental, or emotional situations of risk. Attachment theory assumes a connection between the origin family’s experiences and the attachment patterns in the relations with another person, and many research studies have found that the attachment between the parent and the child has a main role in the child’s normal development. The psychodrama group is one method of intervention that seeks to treat psychological and social problems through drama and provides the child with holding, security, and protection. The children act figures related to problems that trouble them and thus free themselves from distresses and drives and learn to see and understand the self and other people and to create beneficial patterns of behavior and attachment. Treatment with psychodrama has been found to be very effective in work with children who experience distress, both with themselves and with society.

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İnternet bağimliliğinda kişilik yapisi, benlik saygisi ve savunma mekanizmalarinin yordayiciliği

Author(s): Ali Haydar Özgün / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2017

The internet as a consequence of technology makes life easier for people to get rapid Access to information, to have fun and to communicate faster wherever they may be in the world where as it has brought about internet addiction. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation and predictive value of personality characteristics, self-esteem and defense mechanism for internet addiction. The research data were collected from 872 students at Istanbul Gelisim University in the 2016-2017 academic year by use of ‘’International Personality Inventory Short Version’’, ‘’ Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale’’ and ‘’ Internet Addiction Scale’’ and “Defense Style Questionnaire”. In consequence of the research, it was determined that there was a significant and positive relation between internet addiction and introversion, hostility, disorganization, emotional instability, resistance to experience, low self-esteem, immature and neurotic defense mechanisms and that there was a significant and negative relation between internet addiction and extroversion, peacefulness, conscientiousness and openness to experience.

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Internalizing and externalizing disorders and type of family of origin – theoretical analysis and findings

Author(s): Ewa Wysocka ,Barbara Ostafińska-Molik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

The authors conducted theoretical and empirical analysis of mechanisms of adjustment disorders (internalizing, externalizing and mixed) inherent in the family of origin. As the basis for the analyses, a systemic approach to the family was adopted, and within it, typological differentiation based on the concept of David Field (correct, chaotic, power, entangled and overprotective family), as well as the concept of emotional and behavioural disorders of Thomas M. Achenbach, which distinguishes internalizing, externalizing and mixed disorders. An analysis of relations between types and dimensions (syndromes) of adjustment disorders and types of the family of origin was attempted. The analysis showed that the quality of the family of origin (indicated by type) to a small extent determines differences in thetypes of adjustment disorders. However, certain significant tendencies were observed, which allow to conclude that specific forms of disorders are connected with particular features of the family of origin (taking into account differentiation resulting from parental roles: mother and father).

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Zaburzenia internalizacyjne i eksternalizacyjne a typ rodziny pochodzenia – analiza teoretyczna i wyniki badań

Author(s): Ewa Wysocka ,Barbara Ostafińska-Molik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

Autorki dokonały analizy teoretycznej i empirycznej mechanizmów zaburzeń adaptacyjnych (internalizacyjnych, eksternalizacyjnych i mieszanych) tkwiących w rodzinie pochodzenia. Jako podstawę dokonanych analiz przyjęły systemowe ujęcie rodziny, a w jej ramach typologiczne jej zróżnicowanie na podstawie koncepcji Davida Fielda (rodzina prawidłowa, chaotyczna, władzy, uwikłana i nadopiekuńcza), a także koncepcję zaburzeń emocjonalnych i behawioralnych Thomasa M. Achenbacha, w której wyodrębnia się zaburzenia internalizacyjne, eksternalizacyjne i mieszane. Dokonano próby analizy zależności pomiędzy typami i wymiarami (syndromami) zaburzeń adaptacyjnych a typami rodziny pochodzenia. Analiza wykazała, że jakość rodziny pochodzenia (wskaźnikowana przez jej typ) w niewielkim stopniu determinuje zróżnicowanie w zakresie typów zaburzeń adaptacyjnych. Zaobserwowano jednak pewne istotne tendencje, które pozwalają wnioskować, że specyficzne formy zaburzeń są powiązane z określonymi cechami rodziny pochodzenia (z uwzględnieniem zróżnicowania wynikającego z ról rodzicielskich: matki i ojca).

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Psychological Capital, Self-Compassion, and Life Satisfaction of Unemployed Youth

Author(s): Eglė Sabaitytė,Aistė Diržytė / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

Background. Youth unemployment is currently one of the biggest problems in European society. It can reduce the economic prosperity and psychological well-being of unemployed youth. Positive psychological capital (PsyCap) and self-compassion are linked with a number of positive constructs. Those include satisfaction with life, positive affect and personal initiative to make needed changes in one’s life. Thus, PsyCap and self-compassion could be promising resources enhancing the psychological well-being of unemployed youth. The aims of the study are: 1) to reveal relation between PsyCap and self-compassion with life satisfaction of unemployed youth; 2) to investigate the difference between PsyCap and self-compassion for higher and lower levels of life satisfaction among unemployed youth. Methods. The sample consisted of 80 unemployed Lithuanians aged 19-29 (38% male, 62% female). The Psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), Satisfaction With Life scale (Diener et al., 1985), and Self-Compassion scale (Neff, 2003a) were used in the study. Results. Positive and significant correlations were found between PsyCap and life satisfaction. Moreover, we found positive and significant correlations between PsyCap components and all positive self-compassion components. Although life satisfaction positively correlates with total self-compassion, however, not all positive components of self-compassion correlate with the life satisfaction of unemployed youth. Furthermore, unemployed youth highly satisfied with life had higher levels of PsyCap and self-compassion compared to unemployed youth who were less satisfied with life. Conclusions. Our findings revealed positive correlations between PsyCap and self-compassion with life satisfaction of unemployed youth. Future research is needed in order to explore the causality between variables.

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Relationship With Authority in Narcissism

Author(s): Dovilė Petronytė-Kvedarauskienė,Gražina Gudaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

Background. Relationship with authority is a significant social as well as psychological factor which was destructively influenced by the Soviet authoritarian regime. In Western cultures, authority is often neglected while stressing the importance of an individual, and that leads to narcissistic problems. Though relevance of the issue of relationship with authority is acknowledged in contemporary psychology, it has been scarcely studied so far. Thorough conceptualization of the construct of relationship with authority is necessary for both an adequate assessment of it and applicability of the knowledge about the phenomenon in psychotherapy practice. Finding the narcissistic motives in relation with authority would help to handle with narcissism in research as well as in psychotherapy. The aim of the article is to give a comprehensive conception of relationship with authority with regard to its influence on human psyche development. We seek to distinguish levels and modes of this relationship. The final task is to discern specific motives of relationship with authority which are characteristic of narcissism. Methods. Psychodynamic, mostly Analytical, literature has been reviewed and analysed to explore psychological concept of relationship with authority and its part in inner dynamics of narcissism. Results. Authority can be described as a power, reputation or competence attributed to a person, social group or institution. Three levels of relationship with authority can be discerned: relationship with 1) outer authority figures; 2) inner authority; 3) transpersonal authority. Analysis of literature has led to distinguishing such characteristic motives of narcissistic relationship with authority: aggrandizement or depreciating one’s own authority; fright, anger with re-gard to or fight against authority; abusive authoritative stance or excessive submissiveness; idealization or devaluation of authorities. Conclusions. The importance of the specific modes of relationship with authority in narcissism is inferred with recommendations to include the factor into assessment and psychotherapy of narcissism.

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The Relationship with Yourself when Praying to Transcendent God and to an Immanent God

Author(s): Larisa Ileana Casangiu,Loredana Gabi Ciobănescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

In this article, we aim to discuss on prayer, trying to identify a kind of relationship with yourself during the praying to a transcendent God and an immanent God, according to the religious literature and the Romanian social reality. For this purpose, we have conducted an experimental research ascertaining the investigation based on interview and questionnaire aimed the relationship with yourself indirectly when praying to a transcendent God and an immanent God among the believers/faithful persons who pray (almost) daily.

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Mesto parasocijalnih veza u svakodnevnom životu i njihova povezanost sa životom i ličnošću pojedinca

Author(s): Sanja Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2012

The concept of parasocial interactions mainly defines relationships that audience form with media personalities (from celebrities to fictional characters). Parasocial interactions are one-sided and they are developed as a consequence of the illision of intimacy. They are based on imagination and integrated in other social networks of the person and such they are strongly related to the ways by which a person creates other social relations. Being exposed to media personalities who are constantly available, although audience has no direct contact with them, the feeling of familiarity arises. Often, audience feels like knowing those personalities better and in more intimate way than their own neigbors and even friends. Illusion of intimacy comes with familiarity. In this paper, the question how parasocial interactions are related to a social life of an individual is being examined. Media and pseudo-intimacy that comes with media exposure do influence lives. But personality of every individual and his/her social life has an impact on the way he/she builds parasocial interactions. Extreme forms of parasocial interactions, as well as groupie phenomenon, are analysed in terms of parasocial interactions.

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Przemoc a realizacja celów grupowych: perspektywa makropsychologiczna

Author(s): Janusz Reykowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

For a very long period of human history the direct physical violence used to be one of the main means of obtaining power, wealth, and prestige. It was also a common technique of social control, socialization of children and regulation of social relations. However, human societies were also developing various ways of controlling and curtailing direct violence primarily the in-group one. Traditional cultures and traditional mentality contain both various injunctions inhibiting violence and also the requirements that incite it. The major changes in the social functions of violence were associated with the development of liberal thought and liberal institutions – free market and democratic political system. Liberal culture and liberal mentality have delegitimized all kind of physical violence except as defense of human rights and freedoms. Nevertheless, the tendency to using violence as a mean of attaining political, economic or ideological goals have not disappeared. They are being justified by ideologies that grew out of transformation the traditional (conservative) thought into Right Wing Authoritarianism and/or Social Dominance Orientation but also transformation the liberal thought into Libertarianism. These ideologies facilitate the change of competitions and disagreements between social groups into destructive conflicts.

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Zazdrość romantyczna: kluczowe koncepcje teoretyczne i narzędzia pomiaru

Author(s): Paulina Szostek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

Jealousy is one of the main emotions experienced in social situations. Moreover – it appears in every period of life and it exceed over context of romantic love. Despite of this in polish literature there is still only few studies about jealousy – its nature and manifestations. In this article author described all of key concepts of jealousy – its definition, dimensions and forms. Because most theoreticians and researchers of jealousy constructed their own instrument which measure this emotion, those scales and questionnaires become also described or mentioned. Exactly characterized only those questionnaires or scales, which are used by many researchers and which have high reliability and accuracy. Author also mentioned about alternatives measure methods. At the end of this article author indicate positives and negatives of particular ways in assessing level of jealousy.

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Rola procesów asocjacyjnych i formułowania sądów w nabywaniu i ekspresji postaw

Author(s): Robert Balas,Joanna Sweklej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

The presented research addresses the issue of how associative and propositional processes contribute to attitude acquisition through evaluative conditioning. Evaluative conditioning (EC) is defined as a change in the evaluation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) due to its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US) of either positive or negative valence. The features and boundary conditions of EC are currently vividly discusses from two theoretical perspectives: associative and propositional. We present two experiments where two factors were manipulated. First, we varied cognitive resources availability through a secondary task procedure. Second, intentional control was manipulated by verbal instructions either before or after conditioning phase. The results showed that reducing cognitive resources limits but not erases the EC effect. Moreover, we demonstrate that it is partially possible to intentionally control attitude acquisition and expression to some extent, but not to the extent that eliminates the effect of pairing on CS evaluation. We argue that those results are best explained by a two-process model that assumes both associative and propositional mechanisms of evaluative learning.

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Siła cech negatywnych w kształtowaniu się podobieństwa: implikacje dla budowania wizerunku marki miasta

Author(s): Andrzej Falkowski,Maria Sidoruk-Błach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

Modern research concerning evaluation of various objects show that the strength of their negative features definitely pushes back from objects stronger than the strength of positive features attracts to them. In a series of empirical studies on social behavior, this positive–negative asymmetry, also known as the negativity effect, has been confirmed, and formed the basis for building an effective strategy for shaping brand image in both, the economic and political market. The present work shows the psychological mechanism of formation of the negativity effect developed in the Tversky’s theory of similarity features in which a set-theoretical approach has been extended for open sets. The results of research conducted on the image of cities shows the specificity and dynamics of the changes in similarities between the compared objects, actual and expected, modified by the negativity effect. It allow to describe the formation of the similarity in the effect of changes in the number of positive and negative features of compared objects. The described mechanism of negativity effect is universal, concerns the evaluation and comparison of physical and social stimuli that can be defined in the theory of similarity features.

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Problem adaptacyjnej wartości empatii w kontekście jej związków z poziomem organizacji osobowości

Author(s): Aleksandra Pilarska,Anna Suchańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of the components of empathy (i.e., emphatic concern, personal distress, and perspective taking) to the psychic functions regarded as crucial to the mature personality (i.e., maturity of defense mechanisms, integration of identity, reality testing capacity, control over aggressive impulses, and presence of a moral compass), and to test for gender differences in the magnitude of these relationships. The study sample included 183 young adults (64.5% women and 35,5% men). The Inventory of personality organization (Izdebska, Pastwa-Wojciechowska, 2013) and the Empathic sensitiveness scale (Kaźmierczak, Plopa, Retowski, 2007) were used. The obtained results revealed significant associations between the quality of personality functioning and empathic responsiveness, in particular between personal distress and personality pathology. Moreover, significant differences were observed between men and women in terms of control over aggressive impulses and empathic concern. Also, gender moderated the relationships of aggression control to personal distress and perspective taking, and of superego maturity to perspective taking.

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Rola zasobów osobistych i społecznych w kształtowaniu poczucia jakości życia u nastolatków – wychowanków domów dziecka

Author(s): Nina Ogińska-Bulik,Magdalena Kobylarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

Staying in an children’s home is treated as a factor of undermining the proper development of an individual. It can lead to symptoms of inadaptability and a reduced sense of quality of life. The process of adaptation to the adverse situation in life requires an individual having the resources, both personal and social. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between personal and social resources and a sense of the quality of life of young people, who lived in children’s home. Among the personal resources they included resiliency and self-esteem. Received social support was considered as a social resource. The study involved 60 adolescents (29 boys and 31 girls) aged 11–17 years (M =14.2; SD =2.0), staying in children’s home. It was assumed that young people presenting a higher level of resiliency and receiving more social support will also be presenting a higher sense of quality of life, or show more signs of adapting to that new, unfavorable situation, as staying in a children’s home is. 4 measurement tools were used in the study: the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Youth, Self-Esteem Inventory, Scale to measure resiliency – SPP-18 and Social Support Scale. Correlation analysis indicates significant positive relations between sense of the quality of life of self-esteem, resiliency, and obtained social support. Stronger associations are concerned with personal resources than social ones. Self-esteem proved to be an important (and only) predictor of a sense of quality of life, explaining 34% of the variance of the dependent variable. The results of the conducted study among persons living in children’s homes, indicate that the personal resources play more important role for the sense of quality of life than those obtained social support.

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"Skala typów przywiązania do miejsca" według typologii Davida M. Hummona (1992): ustrukturyzowana jakościowa metoda badania przywiązania do miejsca zamieszkania

Author(s): Alan Mandal,Marcin Moroń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

The article presents the description of the construction stages and results of the validity analysis of Type of Attachment Scale, based on the typology of place attachment by David M. Hummon (1992). The Scale consist of descriptions of two types of attachment: everyday and active attachment, and three types of lack of place attachment: alienation, place relativity, and placelessness. A subject is ask to indicate which out of the five that are presented the description best suits their own relation toward their place of living. An examination of psychometric properties and validity of the Scale was conducted in a series of 3 studies on 912 participants. In the study 1 were 586 participants in age between 18 and 72 years (50% female). The participants filled out the prepared Type of attachment scale, Place attachment scale (Williams, & Vaske, 2003), a sociodemographic survey, and series of questions about the affective attitude toward their place of living. In the study 2 were 274 participants in age from 16 to 72. The participants filled out the Type of attachment scale, Place attachment scale and identity scale (Lewicka, 2012), and Scales measuring agency and communion (Wojciszke, Szlendak, 2010). In the study 3, with 52 participants, the reliability of the Scale was examined by test-retest procedure. The obtained results showed that Types of attachment scale is a reliable and valid measure of person-place relations according to categorization by Hummon (1992). Types of place attachment, included in Type of attachment scale, demonstrate a distinguishable profiles of sociodemographic and psychological characteristics. Individuals who identified themselves with everyday and active attachment were significantly stronger attached to the place than the other types of lack of attachment, differing with each other according to the length of residence and a level of place inherited dimension. Non-attached types have a similar profiles, that indicates a low place attachment. The place relativity type can be described as the lowest attached, with the highest mobility, the shortest length of residence and the weakest bond according to earlier generation presence in the place of living. Alienation was connected with neutral of negative attitude toward the place, and was described by a positive correlation with the European identity. A placeless type was reflected by a weak place attachment and low local identity, but a positive correlation with agency.

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"Kwestionariusz przekonań politycznych": własności psychometryczne

Author(s): Gabriela Czarnek,Piotr Dragon,Paulina Szwed,Bogdan Wojciszke / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

The goal of this article is to present the psychometric properties of the Political Beliefs Questionnaire. It consists of four subdimensions: religious fundamentalism and xenophobia, which form the dimension of cultural beliefs; and acceptance of capitalism and anti-welfare, which form the dimension of economic beliefs. We present evidence for the validity of the questionnaire in identifying political beliefs on the rightleft dimension. Analyses were performed on a set of multiple samples (total N = 1673). Evidence for the theoretical validity was provided by confirmatory factor analysis, correlations with other – conceptually related – constructs, and a moderation of the strength and direction of the correlation between the cultural and economic beliefs dimensions by political sophistication. Concurrent validity of the questionnaire has been demonstrated based on the criterion of declared voting choices. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated based on a measure of homogeneity and absolute stability. The results indicate the good psychometric properties of "Political Beliefs Questionnaire".

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Siła relacji interpersonalnej: wstępna weryfikacja koncepcji i metody pomiarowej

Author(s): Anita Zbieg,Aleksandra Słowińska,Błażej Żak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2017

The article describes a concept that attempts to integrate several sociological and psychological constructs of tie strength and relationship closeness. The concept infers strength of relationship between two people from: time spent in relationship, intimacy in relationships and similarity of partners. The concept as well as psychometric properties of the constructed Tie Strength Scale (TSS) have been verified in a study of 554 dyads. Research shows that the higher intensity across all three components of the tie strength, the stronger closeness measured by existing IOS and URCS Scales. Moreover, the study confirmed that the successive circles of acquaintanceship are characterized with the lower tie strength scores. Stronger social influence within relationships with higher tie strength scores have been also observed.

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Po co tożsamość? Od tożsamości indywidualnej do tożsamości cywilizacyjnej

Author(s): Piotr Jaroszyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2016

The Author in his article marks out that the rule of identity has the key meaning, not only in philosophy but also in every domain of knowledge and culture. He reckons that this rule should be accepted in relation to every area of reality. However, it shows that the problem is more complicated. It pays attention to the finder of the identity rule – Parmenides. In the conclusions, he emphasises that from the perspective of the history, finding the identity rule not only had a philosophical but also cultural and civilisational meaning. This rule as the conscious afterthought laid the foundations for the Greek and Western culture, especially Latin civilisation. For this reason, the Author notices that the paper on reclaiming and building your own identity is a whole life task for every human being. Since man has to build his/her identity and preserve it till the end, then it is an integral and mature identity, the identity to the extent of a complete human being.

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