Otto Stobbe und die Rechtsgeschichte der Juden

Author(s): Guido Kisch / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Hardly any part of the history of the Jews has so far been as neglected as the legal history of the Jews in medieval and modern times. It is a special, however very large scientific area, even an independent science with wide branching, comprising an era of about one and a half millennia, based on both history as well as on law, offering an undreamt-of abundance of legal historical material and historical, legal and sociological problems presents. These aspects have almost entirely eluded, even to the present day, any systematic scientific work, any historical collection, judicial comprehension and sociological lighting. And yet today, less than ever, a particular justification for the importance of this field of research is needed.

Or Sarua als Geschichtsquelle

Author(s): J. Kahan / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

A source not unimportant to the history of the Jews in the Middle Ages are the responses and the decisoric works of the Jewish scholars. It is true that the historical moment in the treatment of the historical substance takes a back seat, because both the questioner and the spender of the ans-wer are concerned with the decision of the ritual law, but the historical core is all the more diffe-rent from the treated law topic. (Comprehensive in the Yearbook of the Society, VIII, B. Suler "Rabbinische Geschichtsquellen p. 27 ff.) In this regard, the work of Rabbi Yitzhak Or Sarua deserves special attention.

Rabbinische Geschichtsquellen

Author(s): B. Suler / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The excerpts from 33 Responses of Rabbi Israel ben R. Chajim Bruna used here are divided into 21 pieces according to the individual events, each piece comprising the entire material, even if it is taken from various responses, which refers to the relevant event. The majority of them are of great and greatest importance for the history or cultural history of the Jews in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia in the 15th century. Here is a brief overview of the content and the value of the more important pieces of interest to us, which should also serve as an explanation of the events and instructions for a deeper understanding of the context.

Zur Geschichte der Juden in Teltsch

Author(s): Michael Rachmuth / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

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Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Judensiedlungen in Böhmen in den Jahren 1650 und 1674

Author(s): Josef Hrásky / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

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Megillath Samuel

Author(s): Salomon Hugo Lieben / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

In the following, the festive days of Purim and Megilloth, as far as they relate to Prague and Bohemia, are listed, and, besides those which have already been published and are mentioned here only very briefly, the others are discussed in some detail. Additionally to the Megillath-Samuel, belonging to the more important ones in content and size, is completely reproduced.

Zwei Beiträge zur Geschichte des Frankismus in den böhmischen Ländern

Author(s): Wenzel Žáček / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this work is not to set out in detail the basics and presuppositions of Jewish mysticism; nor is it our intention to detail the curriculum of the leaders of Sabbatianism, Sabbatai Zewi and Jakob Josef Frank and their prominent confessors. In our narrative we only want to limit ourselves to a concise overview of the lives of the two sectarians and their basic doctrines. In more detail, we only want to deal with those times when their heresies began to invade the Bohemian lands, and describe how they were received here and what attacks and struggles they faced here. That's why our study is in two parts. The first part will contain a brief overview of the life and teachings of Jakob Josef Frank with a more detailed account of his stay in Moravia, written on the basis of new and previously unused material. The second part will be dedicated to the end of Frank's life and especially the persecution of his Prague followers by the advocates of the ruling Jewish orthodoxy around 1800; Also for this purpose previously unknown archive sources were used. The dogmatic side of these struggles remains unnoticed, because the ideological and religious content of the teachings of Frank and the religious foundations of Sabbatai Zewi are not connected with the history of Jewry in the Bohemian lands, but are well known from the previous literature. The present work will pay particular attention to essential events and real facts in order to enrich historical knowledge about the spread of Frankism and its propaganda in the Czech lands. The events are to be faithfully described according to the sources, without the intention of favoring any of the hostile parties; sharp failures against one or the other party will always be only the echo of the sources in their wording or in faithful paraphrase.

Zur Geschichte der Juden in Teltsch

Author(s): Michael Rachmuth / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The history of the Jewish community in Telč (Moravia), which numbered 93 souls as late as 1921, has not yet been published, with the exception of a few short notes by Beringer and Janousek on the history of the city and the rule of Teltsch (Telč). And yet the history of this small Jewish community provides us with events of general interest. So the otherwise seldom found fact that in 1651 the city purchased from its landlord Wilhelm Count Slawata the establishment of a numerus clausus of only three Jewish families by obliging them to pay a Jewish tax (Židoplat) per 30 fl to be paid to the count's pension in two half-yearly installments. The trial of the brothers Josef and Moses Hesky, who were accused of fraudulent bankruptcy in 1667, is neither without general interest, since a case of magistrate justice against bankrupt Jews, if the believers were Christians, is presented here. Finally, we are also shown that Christian tradespeople repeatedly complained about the competition of the Jewish traders against the competition of Jewish merchants, not only the authorities and the state authorities, but also that the latter in their shops (as in a modern department store) peddle a larger number of different categories of commodities. Also interesting are the reasons which the Teltsch Jews cite for the fact that the Jewish trader does not specialize in a single type of commodity in his trade like the Christian one.

Von den Anfängen des Vereines für Verbesserung des israelitischen Kultus in Böhmen

Author(s): František Roubík / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

On March 25, 1832, the wealthy Prague Jewish merchant Jakob Dormitzer, probably under the influence of a request in the Prague newspaper of March 1 of the same year, which will be discussed further, presented a memorandum to the Prague Gubernial Presidium to carry out the necessary improvements to Jewish customs and conventions, and did not even shy away from the then revolutionary proposal to postpone the Jewish Sabbath holiday to Sunday in order to assimilate the Jews of the Christian population. All the better Jews - Dormitzer argued - would realize that it was necessary to remove from Jewish customs everything that is inappropriate today and has its origins in times of long persecution and contemptuous treatment of the Jews. In grateful remembrance of the fact that the Austrian government was the first in Europe to call the Jews to defend their country, Dormitzer recommended the introduction of Reformed Jewish worship in the Vienna and Pester Muster synagogues and the relocation of the Saturday holiday to Sunday, an amendment whose permissibility and usefulness are allegedly proven by strict orthodox principles. Dormitzer relied in support of his radical proposal on a booklet of Chief Rabbi Aron Chorin from Arad: "The faithful messenger to his fellow religious", of which he enclosed a copy in his memorandum and in which he himself (on page 16) is quoted with his views under the pseudonym Jakob. Of course, Dormitzer's unusual proposal required a thorough consideration by the provincial authorities, who were always very cautious in Jewish matters in order to avoid, in particular, the awakening of religious passions He did not, however, express any concern that the Jewish religious leaders might object to Dormitzer's radical suggestion, and therefore called on the town captain to discuss both the mayor of Prague and the Antra Gierer and some more educated Prague Jews, especially on the question whether the transfer of the Jewish holiday to Sunday according to religious principles was permissible at all.

Zwei Testamente des Simon Biach

Author(s): Heinrick Flesch / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Der gelbe Fleck in Prag

Author(s): L. Moses / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Tobias Jakobovits has dedicated an in-depth study of the Jewish badges in Bohemia. (Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden…, Vol III., Prag 1931, pp.. 145 ff.) Amongst these badges, the yellow spot ordered by Maria Theresia in 1750 played its defamatory role the longest and only in 1781 did this remnant of a bad time disappear. Jakobovits shows in detail the drudgery that arose the Prague Jews from occasional violations of the ordinance, which was directed primarily against the unmarried Jews, since the married people were already marked by the beards. In addition to the files which he refers to, which relate to the yellow spot, there are also some documents in the Vienna State Archives of the Interior and the Judiciary, which record the facts of some transgressions of this kind and are therefore extensively communicated here as a supplement to the work of Jakobovits.

Od telefona do prenosa uživo: kako postati fizička sinagoga, ali bez zidova

Author(s): Bracha Yael / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Preko dvije hiljade godina, sinagoga je bila dom jevrejskoj zajednici, a time je imala odgovornost da ispunjava duhovne, intelektualne i emocionalne potrebe svojih pripadnika. Zajednica je središnja ideja judaizma; kako kaže jevrejska feministička teologinja pionirka Judith Plaskow: “Odnos s Bogom je posredovan zajednicom i izražava se u zajednici”. U srži je zavjetnog odnosa između Boga i ljudi.

Isus i Samarijanka

Author(s): Tanja Grabovac / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Radikalnost povijesnog djelovanja Židova Isusa Krista pokazuje se, između ostalog, nekonvencionalnim ponašanjem prema ženama u tadašnjem patrijarhalnom društvu. Radikalnost ne dotiče samo njega, nego su primjer radikalnosti sve revolucionarne žene koje su napuštale svoje domove (što je bilo apsolutno neprimjereno ponašanje) kako bi bile u krugu Isusovih učenica. Vjeri u uskrsnuće, temelju i vrhuncu kršćanske vjere, svjedočile su žene. Njih je, pak, tadašnje židovstvo smatralo nepouzdanim u svjedočenju te zbog toga nisu mogle biti svjedokinje na sudu. Ipak su odabrane da svjedoče fundament kršćanske vjere. (Brown, 1996: 137) Iako su povijest i pisana riječ zanemarivale važnost žena koje su okruživale Isusa, on je zajedno s njima sudjelovao u revolucionarnom uvođenju žena u temelje vjere koja nadilazi spolne i rodne podjele. Isus je s pojedinim ženama iz evanđelja razgovarao i otvarao se o bitnim vjerskim iskustvima, kao s nijednim muškarcem. Primjer su Samarijanka, Kanaanka, Marija iz Betanije, Marta, te mnoge druge žene o kojima piše Rebeka Jadranka Anić u knjizi Žene u crkvi i društvu.

Židovská obec Postoloprty a její místo v regionu severozápadních Čech do konce 18. století

Author(s): Hana Legnerová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the history of the Jewish community of Postoloprty (Postelberg) in the context of Jewish settlement in north-west Bohemia. This community is remarkable in that it is one of the few in Bohemia to have been established as a result of the expulsion of Jews from Vienna and from Lower Austria after 1669. A key role in the relocation of the Jews here was played by the owner of the Postoloprty domain, Georg Ludwig Graf von Sinzendorf (1616–1681), who took under his protection almost 20 Jewish families who had originally settled on his estates in Lower Austria. The character of the owner of the domain was generally crucial for the Jewish community. This is because he was in a position to alter their established way of life by rejecting their existing rights and obligations. After 1691, the new owners of the domain, the Schwarzenbergs, introduced stricter rules for the Jewish community, especially with regard to marriage permits and to their dealings with the Christian majority. The Jews were gradually segregated to a separate street in the north-east of the town. Towards the end of the 18th century, the community became heavily indebted and its population stagnated as a result of a combination of several unfavourable factors – notably, a sudden reduction in the number of families in 1711, high costs to be paid for the newly built synagogue, and a series of natural disasters.

Židé na Vitorazsku ve 2. polovině 19. a začátku 20. století

Author(s): Michal Morawetz / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The border region of Vitoraz (Weitra) in South Bohemia, lying between Gmünd on the Austrian side and Suchdol nad Lužnicí (Suchenthal) on the Czech side, was annexed to Czechoslovakia in July 1920. There were Jewish families living in a few of the formerly Lower Austrian villages at that time. This paper presents information about individual Jewish families ascertained from sources that have been preserved in a fragmentary way or by chance. The focus is on the attitudes of the Jewish inhabitants at certain historical points in time, and on their fate in the 20th century. An awareness of the dispersed rural settlement in this area is now almost completely missing. References in the scholarly and regional literature to Jewish families in the Vitoraz region are still limited to the area of České Velenice (Gmünd) during the Second World War; moreover, they concern mostly Hungarian Jews who died in the Gmünd work camp at the turn of 1944 and 1945 and who were buried in the cemetery at České Velenice. The aim of this paper is to return to the history of the communities in Vitoraz the names of the Jewish families who belonged there.

Tzv. kyselinová aféra a konfinace plzeňských Židů v dubnu a květnu 1939

Author(s): Karel Řeháček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Practically since time immemorial, the practice of confining people has served as an official restriction on the right to freedom of movement and residence, in effect as a ‘milder’ form of imprisonment. It has been used primarily by dictatorships, but also by democratic regimes at times of crisis. The practice was carried out, for example, in Czechoslovakia, especially in the last period of its inter-war existence from the autumn of 1938 and extensively after the establishment of the Protectorate. Its purpose was to eliminate dissenting adversaries, to intimidate the Protectorate population, and to punish visible opponents and members of the incipient anti-fascist resistance movement. One such protest action that occurred in Pilsen in April 1939 became known as the ‘Acid Affair’ (so named because of the throwing of acid on Nazi German uniforms, signs and posters), the consequences of which are analyzed in this paper. Based on a study of archival sources, the paper shows that it has been possible not only to reconstruct the circumstances behind this incident of local resistance, but also to obtain interesting information about the not-so-positive attitudes of the Protectorate authorities towards people of Jewish descent. The Pilsen incident points to a number of significant facts. Firstly, it was the first major anti-Jewish demonstration to have been officially held in Pilsen. Secondly, the Protectorate – i.e. Czech – security authorities actively contributed to the confining of the local Jewish population. And thirdly, it could have served both as a warning to the Jews of Pilsen and the surrounding area, and as a guide on how to act in the following months. The period of relative safety that Jews had experienced in the former Czechoslovakia was now definitely over.

Judaika v Archivu České národní banky

Author(s): Lenka Vrchotová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The research community tends to associate the Archive of the Czech National Bank (“the Archive”) primarily with archival documents that are of importance for research on economic history, especially the history of banking, because the archival materials housed there are mostly the institutional fonds of Czechoslovak monetary institutions. This paper shows, however, that research in the Archive’s holdings can provide answers to questions relating to the clients (both corporate and individual), rank-and-file employees, and Jewish managers of these institutions. It acquaints us with the documents of Judaica in the Archive with focus primarily on the source base for three specific areas: bank clientele, the staff policies of monetary institutions, and Jewish financial elites. Particular emphasis is placed on sources that have either not been used by the research community at all or that have been studied only marginally. The paper also provides a survey of research interest in the study of Judaica in the Archive of the Czech National Bank between 2010 and 2020. This shows that research interest in this topic has been relatively constant over the last ten years, but also that researchers on Jewish history have not yet made full use of the diverse archival holdings in the Archive. Three reasons are provided as to why this is the case: there is limited awareness of the sources in the Archive; fewer archival documents now need to be traced by the Czech Republic’s Joint Working Commission dealing with the mitigation of property injustices inflicted on Holocaust victims; and the focus of research on banking history in the Czech Republic is not oriented toward Jewish-related topics.

K dějinám židovského osídlení v Rožmberku nad Vltavou

Author(s): Daniel Polakovič / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The history of Jewish settlement in Rožmberk nad Vltavou is traced back to the late 17th century, following the expulsion of Jews from Vienna and Lower Austria. Although the existing literature repeats the information that the beginnings of Jewish settlement in Rožmberk date back to the mid-13th century. Early records mention Jewish merchants and families settling in the area, contributing to the local economy and establishing a synagogue and cemetery. Despite facing periodic expulsions and anti-Semitic decrees, the Jewish community persisted, with notable families like the Herlinger and Wehle playing significant roles. The community's resilience is evident in their ability to rebuild after fires and other adversities, maintaining their cultural and religious practices. The preservation of archival materials, including the pinkas (community record book), provides valuable insights into the community's social and economic life. The study emphasizes the importance of these historical records in understanding the broader context of Jewish life in Bohemia. Efforts to document and preserve the Jewish heritage of Rožmberk nad Vltavou continue to be crucial for future generations.

Podnikání ve sladkostech s trpkým koncem Velimská továrna na čokoládu, cukrovinky a kávové náhražky a rodina Glaserů

Author(s): Ladislav Jouza,Miroslava Jouzová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Velim chocolate factory, established in 1869 by Jan Pavel Szalatnay and his cousin Justus Emanuel Szalatnay, initially produced coffee substitutes, chocolate, and malt. The factory evolved into a joint-stock company in 1872, producing various coffee substitutes and chocolate. The Glaser family, prominent in the business, expanded the factory's operations, including the production of chewing gum in the early 20th century. Despite challenges during the Great Depression and World War II, the factory continued to innovate and produce a wide range of confectionery products. After the war, the factory was nationalized and became part of the Czechoslovak national enterprise, focusing on candy production until its closure in 1994.

Pátrání po zmizelých židovských občanech z Nýrska a okolí

Author(s): Irena Vaňkátová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Museum of the Royal Forest in Nýrsko aims to systematically document the history of the local Jewish community, which was once significant. In 2007, they contacted former residents, including Pavel Škorpil and William Tanzer, to gather memories and photographs. These narratives, along with archival research, have helped reconstruct the lives of Jewish citizens like Dr. Julius Tanzer and Leopold Goldbach. The project has uncovered stories of persecution during the Nazi occupation, with many community members deported and killed. Despite these hardships, the Jewish legacy in Nýrsko is preserved through personal recollections and historical records. The museum continues to collect and share these stories, highlighting the contributions and suffering of the Jewish population. The project also includes exhibitions and educational programs to raise awareness about the Jewish heritage in the region. The museum's efforts have been supported by local and international contacts, including descendants of former residents. The ongoing research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Jewish community's impact on Nýrsko's history.