CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Koncepcje wzmocnienia poznawczego. Próba definicji oraz przegląd metod

Author(s): Artur Gunia / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2-3/2015

The idea of cognitive enhancement refers to multifaceted and interdisciplinary approach aimed at improving human mental processes. Cognitive enhancement is the amplification or extension of core mind capacities through improvement or augmentation of either internal or external information processing systems. This includes improvements of intelligence and attention, reinforcement of creativity and memory, or extension of perception range. The main feature of cognitive enhancement is voluntariness of use for overcoming natural mental limitations. This article is a synthesis of current trends in cognitive enhancement from the perspective of transhumanism. The article presents various definitions of cognitive enhancement, methods of cognitive enhancement (biotechnological methods, non-pharmacological methods, IT methods) as well as challenges and questions concerning improving human mental processes.

More...

Bildung der Sinne

Author(s): Ewa Przybylska,Ekkehard Nuissl / Language(s): German Issue: 3 (16)/2016

The subject of the article boils down to the issue of sensory perception in the context of cultural education. At the centre of interest there is the question whether and to what extent, cultural education may or should have the aim of supporting the development of individual’s aesthetic competencies. Cultural education is identified by the authors with aesthetic education which forms aestheticism, shapes human personality and supports his ability of self-realisation through arousing his intellectual and emotional creative skills; in other words: competencies of participating in symbolic culture. It is about the sensory perception of the outside world which is simultaneously an internal process guiding a human being in understanding the world and himself. The senses, as the main instruments of cultural and aesthetic development, make the perceiving subject able to act in different social contexts; he is not only able to distinguish beauty from ugliness, but also, and most of all, has an capability of surviving and finding fulfilment in social world as well as actively participating in symbolic culture. The authors refer to synaesthesia phenomenon, that is, simultaneous perception by different senses. There is no object perceived through the senses which would not induce experiences specific for several senses at once. The phenomenon of synaesthesia is another argument for a holistic approach of cultural education to the subject engaged in the act of perception considering all the senses and synaptic connections thanks to which the brain is able to perform cognitive operations as perceiving and thinking. Simultaneously, synaesthesia is a challenge to cultural education. According to the authors, the objective of cultural education is not so much supporting reception of broadly taken products of culture but rather aesthetic sensitizing and sharpening of senses. A decisive power is not attributed to knowledge of artefacts of culture but to the competence of their perception and understanding. Thus the need of education of senses as instruments of perception is a main field of cultural education.

More...

Децентрализација на здравствената заштита во делот на менталното здравје – отпочнување на процесот на дехоспитализација

Author(s): Ivan Trajkov / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 5/2010

Facing the problems and all the negative sides of the centralised mental health system developed an opportunity for a big change and real reforms in this area such as decentralisation of the health care- taking the patients out, in their natural environment and continuing with the treatment there. The process of de-hospitalisation puts an accent on the reintegration of the patients, their transformation from patients into users of mental health care services and their reintegration in the society. The main goal behind the de-hospitalisation is to secure a complete social inclusion of the patient through: continuous improvement of the legislation, education of the administration, overcoming prejudice, setting up centres for mental health care within the communities.

More...

HIJACKING SORROW, JOY, PLEASURE AND REWARD: A PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE THEORY OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION

Author(s): Valery Yevarouski / Language(s): English Issue: 41 (02)/2017

This article offers a philosophical interpretation of the key concepts of alcohol addiction in neuroscience (the anhedonia hypothesis, the want-like system, the incentive salience hypothesis) and psychology (the rational choice model). A comprehensive, transdisciplinary review of the theories of alcohol addiction is performed and their applications to the treatment and recovery processes are discussed. As a core component, we reconstruct the experience to become habitual during subsequent alcohol misuse. As a result, the article proposes a philosophical theory for the broad interpretation of the concept of addiction as a reward system disorder with an application for cognitive and behavioral activity.

More...

EVOLUCIJA MOZGA HOMINIDA - VELIČINA MOZGA I/ILI NEURALNA REORGANIZACIJA

Author(s): Nermin Đapo,Maida Koso-Drljević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2017

Through millions of years of evolution, major adaptations took place that changed and shaped the brain of primates. What characteristics of the brain are relevant to explain the evolution of intelligence and differences in intelligence with different taxonomies of primates? Are those the general characteristics like absolute brain size, or anatomical and physiological specialisations of different brain parts? This paper primarily shows hypotheses that explain the connection between the size of the brain and life-history variables. According to the majority of hypotheses, there is a direct evolutionary connection between the size of the brain and life-history variables.When changes occur in one variable, certain changes are expected in the other, regardless of the biological processes. However, the evolution of primate brain size entails complex patterns that include both an increase and decrease of the size of certain structures. Therefore, alongside the comparison of the absolute and relative size of the brain in different species, comparative studies of the anatomic organisation and nerve circles in similar brain structures also constitute a significant source of information on brain evolution. Although there is an ongoing debate on the importance of the sizeof the brain versus the neurological reorganisation, it could be argued that this is a misplaced dichotomy, for both perspectives are important in order to understand the evolution of brain in primates. The evolution of organisms unfolds in a coordinated manner. With the overall increase in the body size, an increase also occurs in the size of body parts, internal organs, and accordingly the brain. That is why a significant section of variability of size in certain body parts can be explained in the overall size of the body. On the other hand, the varying size of certain parts of the brain is independent of the overall size of the brain. The mosaic evolution concept obtains that organs evolve in different ways given the varying nature of selective pressures.As is the case with body organs, certain brain structures can change in an adaptively specific manner, independently of changes to the entire brain.

More...

Lifelong Learning as the Future Human Need

Author(s): Oksana Voitovska,Svitlana Tolochko / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2019

In the paper, the authors give a brief review of studies in the field of the neuroscience of consciousness in order to prove the following key point of the future human image: lifelong learning is the posthuman need. As well as new physical culture, which the authors have examined in the previous article, lifelong learning is the second key feature of the future human image. The authors have used the dialectical, scientific and formal logical methods of philosophy in order to fulfil the task. The novelty of the study is the substantiation of lifelong learning based on the neuroscience of consciousness, as well as the consideration of lifelong learning as a special culture that ensures the continuous development of the neural basis of consciousness. As a result of the study, the authors came to the following conclusions: а) lifelong learning is a special culture that provides continuous development of consciousness in ontogenesis; b) lifelong learning need as culture is due to the dynamic neural basis of consciousness, which requires special conditions for full development in ontogenesis.

More...

APHASIA IN BILINGUAL INDIVIDUALS

Author(s): Réka Incze (Kutasi) / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2017

Nowadays most of us speak more than one language. We all use language in order to communicate with others. Damage to the brain due to certain neurological disorders, such as stroke, can lead to language impairment defined as aphasia. A lot of studies were performed with reference to the mechanisms involved in language production in case of monolingual aphasic patients but little attention was attributed to bilingualism in cognitive neuropsychology research. Due to the language differences that frequently appear as a result of this disorder, it is vital to perform speech-language evaluation in each of the languages the patient is proficient in, as these can distinctively be affected thus, testing only one language cannot evaluate the severity of the impairment. Understanding language organization and processing in bilingual aphasic speakers is important for the understanding of the structure and function of bilingual speech in people who do not suffer from any kind of language impairment.

More...

FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ADMISSIONS: ANALYSIS BY ICD-10 DEFINED SUBTYPES

Author(s): Neven HENIGSBERG,Vera Folnegović-Šmelc / Language(s): English Issue: 57/2002

The frequency and length of admissions over 50 years were analyzed in a sample of 10.268 schizophrenic patients according to ICD-10 subtypes of schizophrenia. The lowest yearly hospitalization frequencies during the risk period were observed in simple, catatonic, unspecified and hebephrenic schizophrenia. When the total sample was analyzed, unspecified schizophrenia exhibited a significantly higher length of hospitalization than paranoid and undifferentiated/other schizophrenia. However, after the exclusion of continuous hospitalizations, unspecified schizophrenia, in severe contrast, was identified as the subtype with lowest admission length. This indicates the need for further research in order to explore the homogeneity of that diagnostic category, i.e. whether unspecified schizophrenia encompasses two subgroups with significantly different courses. Despite the fact that paranoid schizophrenia is generally considered as having the best course and prognosis, this subtype did not have the lowest frequency, nor length of hospitalization. A weak, but significant, negative correlation was observed between admission rate and the length of hospitalization for the total sample, and particularly in the paranoid and residual schizophrenia subtypes. In conclusion, subtypes of schizophrenia differ both in hospitalization rate and length of admission.

More...

Novi rezultati istraživanja, promjene u gledištima u psihologiji i sociologiji obrazovanja i njihove posljedice za sadašnju i buduću pedagošku praksu

Author(s): Mira Čudina-Obradović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 11/2017

Relevant steps forward have been taken in direction of understanding the functioning of the human brain and the learning process, particularly thanks to the possibility of conducting direct brain research by using state-of-the-art technologies (neuroimaging). Here are several relevant accomplishments achieved: understanding of neuroplasticity; understanding of crucial importance of the first three years in a child’s life (the first one in particular) for the establishment of the quality functioning of the brain; understanding of the importance of the surrounding (intrauterine, exterior physical, exterior social) for the development of executive brain functioning and prerequisites for school achievement. Furthermore, the importance of parental behaviour towards the child in forming the prerequisites for intelligent behaviour and school achievement was revealed, as well as as was the importance of economic, cultural and social capital of the family for the development of intellectual and social prerequisites for intellectual functioning and school achievement. The term neurodiversity was introduced to emphasize the need for the teaching process to be individually tailored. New terms, which will change the learning and teaching process to a considerable extent, have not been transferred from theory to practice yet. Their inclusion into pedagogical literature and educational programms for parents, educators and teachers should hence become imperative.

More...

Zaburzenia regulacji procesów sensorycznych układu proprioceptywnego u dzieci z całościowymi zaburzeniami rozwojowymi ze spektrum autyzmu

Author(s): Natalia Habik,Jarosław Chmielewski,Magdalena Florek-Łuszczki,Jerzy Zagórski,Monika Szpringer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

Introduction. The objective of the research was to show detailed breakdowns of sensitization and hypersensitivity reactions in the regulation of the sensory proprioceptive system processing. Materials and methods. The study involved 30 children diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorders from the autism spectrum. The respondents attended a therapy in the National Autism Society of Kielce. The study was conducted from February to April 2016 in the NAS facility and was based on observation, whose task was to collect data insights, used a survey, surveying techniques, including a questionnaire and a standardized Questionnaire on Sensomotor Disorders. Results. The research indicated that children with ASD showed an increased disturbance in the proprioceptive system. Hypersensitivity was less severe in the tested group. Conclusion. Children with sensory regulation impairment who attended physiotherapy showed reduced symptoms of disorders of the proprioceptive system.

More...

Problemi neformalnih (obiteljskih) njegovatelja u skrbi za osobe s demencijom- kvalitativni pristupa

Author(s): Ana Tilinger,Ana Štambuk / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2018

Alzheimer’s disease, as the most common form of dementia, is a progressive, incurable condition that can lead to total dependence on others. The whole family, especially the family member who serves as caregiver of a patient, faces many problems and is in a very difficult situation. By taking over the demanding role of care for the family member, the carer often becomes a “victim of the disease” who needs to find ways to shoulder everything that the disease brings. Studies outside Croatia show that some interventions assist caregivers in their role, such as knowledge of the disease process, knowledge of nutrition and nursing of the affected person, knowledge of caregiver-related stress management, and instructions on how to address the problems associated with the patient’s changed behaviour. In order to gain insight into the problems encountered by informal carers in the care of a member of the family with dementia in Croatia, we examined their experiences. The method used for this qualitative research was a semi-structured interview. The results of this research suggest that informal caregivers are faced with demanding tasks of caring, difficulties in communication with the sick, system-level problems, social isolation and disrupted psychophysical functioning. The work emphasises the importance of educating informal caregivers about different aspects of care with the aim of facilitating a caring role, expertise in working with patients, and informing and sensitising the local community and society about the needs of informal caregivers.

More...

MOKSLO IR POLITIKOS AKISTATA: ĮRODYMAI, VERTYBĖS, IDEOLOGIJOS

Author(s): Evaldas Juozelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 98/2019

The article investigates the assumption that there is a correlation between the individual’s psychological setting and political attitudes and the individual’s attitude toward scientific information and the scientific community. In other words, the issue is whether the approvability of scientific data by the individual is essentially a subjective and ideological relationship between distinct scientific problems and relevant evaluative directives. I propose the following research guidelines: a) that the division of the political worldview into the conservative and the liberal reveals a propensity to explain away the political discourse as a set of opposites, and could be fine-tuned by means of neurophilosophical scepsis; b) wonders if there is a representation of science that could contribute to effective science policy-making c) also investigates if the intolerance to various political and scientific views in Western universities is solved by the considered correlation.

More...

Sigara Kullanımı, Nöropsikolojik Performans ve Kişilik Özellikleri

Author(s): Wayne M. DİNN,Ayşe Ayçiçeği-Dinn,Simge ŞİŞMAN-BAL / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2018

The aim of this research is to examine the use of cigarette smoking in terms of personality traits and neuropsychological test performance. Various clinical and personality tests, and also a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery were administered to current-smokers (n=28), former smokers (n=18) and never-smokers (n=43). Findings following clinical and personality testing indicated that current-smokers had higher scores in novelty and sensation seeking, venturesomeness and disinhibition but had lower scores in obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorder than never-smokers and former smokers. For neuropsychological performance; although the current-smokers’ performance was as good as never-smokers and former smokers on the neuropsychological tests which are sensitive to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction, in comparison to the never-smokers and former smokers, they performed rather poorly on the neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to inhibitory control and the orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction, such as rule breaking. The results pointed out that the orbitofrontal cortex plays a critical role in cigarette smoking.

More...

Wpływ kontekstowego bodźca dotykowego na percepcję smaku czekolady

Author(s): Magdalena Szubielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2018

The present experimental study refers to the research into multisensory perception, in this case, the combination of tactile and taste senses. The investigation is focused on the relationship between the properties of the tactile stimulus accompanying yet unrelated to the process of eating and the taste perception of milk chocolate. The subjects, standing barefoot on either soft or hard surface, consumed a piece of chocolate and then evaluated if it was sweet (assessment of the principal taste dimension), whether they liked it and if it melted in their mouth (complex assessments). It was only in a situation of complex taste evaluation that chocolate was evaluated higher when it was consumed while participants were standing on a soft rather than a rough surface; on the other hand perception of the principal flavour dimension, i.e. sweetness, did not depend on the properties of the contextual tactile stimulus.

More...

Impresjony słów. Język naturalnych i sztucznych sieci neuronowych

Author(s): Wiesław Galus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2018

It was shown that mental representations of objects created in human minds during the learning process, which take the form of hierarchically connected neurons called semblions, have properties explaining the hierarchical structure of metaphors and other mind tools embodied in Lakoff’s cognitive linguistics concept. It was proven that, at the neurological level, semblions of objects, concepts, ideas and models can be associated with neuronal representations of phonemes heard in coincidence with other objects, creating new semblions which correspond to words. It was shown how activation of semblions can result in recalling, associating, thinking and other higher mental functions which are necessary to use natural language. It was considered why semblions representing mathematical notions enable an adequate description of numerous phenomena of the physical world but, at the same time, their polymodal counterparts can be used to describe qualia. The complementarity between Horzyk’s associative intelligence model and Galus’ model of architecture of self-aware systems was pointed out, which can be used to create artificial self-aware systems able to use both natural language and formal languages with understanding.

More...

Záhada vnemu alebo “Something Nearly Enough”

Author(s): Martin Šarkan / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2018

Neuropsychological research expects that knowing of brain mechanisms would suffice to explain all psychological phenomena. This assumption is based on the idea that material particles and fields are the only constituent of the brain, and therefore all causal relations of mental phenomena can be formulated in terms of material elements and their properties. Desipite of huge achievements within the framework of aforementioned attitude, the progress of cognitive sciences in confrontation with the fenomenon of consciousness is in some sort of theoretical and empirical problem.

More...

Predodžba i patologija u filozofiji i psihoterapiji

Author(s): Aleksandar Fatić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/153/2019

The paper discusses the conceptualisation of mental disorder as a representation, rather than an illness, and relates this perspective to the modern understanding of mental health as a healthy “narrative” or life story. The author proceeds to briefly consider the evolution of concepts of illness in psychiatry and a gradual reappearance of Lacanian psychoanalysis and psychiatry. The key concepts of Lacanian psychotherapy pave the way to a growing together of standard psychotherapy and modern philosophical practice within the novel concept of integrative psychotherapy.

More...

Kompleksi

Author(s): Dragutin Vučković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/153/2019

In this paper, author discusses complexes from the standpoint of Carl Gustav Jung’s analytical psychology, regarding their origin, manifestation and purpose. Like any scientific research, the research on psyche begins with the conceptualization of certain natural phenomena. Concept of consciousness, unconsciousness and their dynamics is the basis of the theory of complexes. If there is a consciousness, then the unconsciousness is a direct implication for its existence. The author attempts to describe the work of unconscious on conscious and the changes that assimilation of unconscious content brings, that is, the assimilation of complexes. It is concluded that the assimilation of unconscious content is the base of psychic development, both outside and inside psychoanalytic processes.

More...

Povijesni razvoj institucionalizacije ranjivih skupina. Primjer Prihvatilišta odraslih Narodnog odbora grada Zagreba

Author(s): Jelena Seferović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/153/2019

This article explores the activities of the Adult Shelter of the National Committee of the City of Zagreb since its foundation, from 1953 to 1978. The focus is on the consideration of the policy of taking care of vulnerable groups in social welfare institutions in the city of Zagreb, including persons with mental disorders. It seeks to illuminate the beginnings of the long-term care of the latter population in the homes for mentally ill adults, today known as homes for adults. In connection to this, their social stigmatisation and tendency of placement into spatially segregated objects are discussed. The research showed that the strategies of social protection and mental health protection, despite the then-advocated idea of equality between social categories, were at the time oriented towards the protection of the majority of community from persons with mental disorders.

More...

Сравнительный анализ особенностей образа мира российских студентов и военнослужащих

Author(s): R. I. Atagunov,B. S. Alishev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2018

The image of the world is a holistic vision of reality, which is formed in the consciousness. It consists of a variety of individual ideas, all containing a certain evaluative component. Therefore, they take the form of mental images and beliefs. This paper analyzes only some of the beliefs of young men in two different fields of activity: students and military personnel (the latter is further subdivided into recruits and contract servicemen). In all groups, the belief in the danger/security of the world, its justice/injustice, the level of optimism, the level of life satisfaction, and the level of expression of some other social beliefs have been studied. It has been revealed that contract soldiers have the most specific image of the world, which is characterized by their belief in a fair world order, positive image of the self, the belief in their ability to control what is happening, and the belief in luck. These social beliefs are combined with a high level of optimism and life satisfaction. At the same time, it is the contract soldiers who perceive the world as a less dangerous “place” than the representatives of the other two groups.

More...