PAVELDO PUOSELĖJIMO KELIAIS IR KLYSTKELIAIS
Apie akademinę stovyklą „Grafai Zubovai: kultūros ir švietimo keliu“
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Apie akademinę stovyklą „Grafai Zubovai: kultūros ir švietimo keliu“
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In interwar Lithuania, issues of heritage protection were analyzed from the perspective of the official institutions of heritage protection; so, in many cases, the contribution of intellectuals engaged in highlighting the issues of heritage protection was not disclosed. Artist Mstislavas Dobuzinskis, general Vladas Nagevicius, bibliographer and archeologist Eduardas Volteris, art critic Paulius Galaune, historian Zenonas Ivinskis etc. had discussed, promoted and expressed concerns about heritage protection. However, approaches to heritage protection, peculiar for their modern and innovative insights by A. Mosinskis and J. Getneris, can be distinguished out of the numerous opinions expressed by the intellectuals. Despite a unique contribution of the architects to interwar heritage protection, their heritage protection activities have not been broadly researched and evaluated. The aim of this article is to analyze the approaches of A. Mosinskis and J. Getneris to heritage protection and their influence on the heritage protection discourse in interwar Lithuania. An analysis and evaluation of the contribution of A. Mosinskis and J. Getneris to heritage protection in interwar Lithuania have shown that papers by the architects, dedicated to heritage protection topics, changed the heritage protection discourse in interwar Lithuania by initiating a shift from elementary heritage protection principles toward heritage protection approaches common to a complex structural heritage protection concept. The architects cultivated the principles of sustainable urban development and integrity, suggested complex ideas of cultural heritage protection and refused to protect only unique single objects.
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Do you enjoy traveling? Probably there is no person with a negative response. Some of travellers are fast collectors of famous places, while others are just observers of culture and lifestyle. The third ones simply lost in tourism gaining popularity on social networks, while some like to travel on a virtual basis... But let us just imagine positive tourism which really helps to preserve cultural and historical values. Why are some countries already protecting themselves form tourists? Finally, just ask yourself what kind of tourist are you? an active user? a philosophical custodian? a passive observer? The Romualdo Del Bianco Foundation (Fondazione Romualdo Del Bianco®) gives the answers to these and many other questions. The foundation cares about the values and responsibility of tourism philosophy. The International Institute Life Beyond Tourism® promotes the transformation of tourism into meaningful travel. It motivates the consumer of commercial tourism to reflect on the cultural and philosophical value of travel and traveler.
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Though the concept of an ethnographic open-air museum is not a new one, little is known about the interplay between a visitor and an amalgam museum setting. Ethnographic open-air museums are complex spaces with shared qualities of outdoor sites and indoor museums. Grounded in Gibson’s theory of affordances (1979), the article explores how visitors interact within and in relation to the hybrid space of ethnographic open-air museum and how communication shapes their interactions. The analysis is based on a qualitative study of visitors in the Belarusian State Museum of Folk Architecture and Rural Lifestyle (Aziartso, Belarus) and the Open-Air Museum of Lithuania (Rumšiškės, Lithuania). The data were collected using participatory observation and semistructured interviews with visitors. The article employs a constructivist approach and conceptualizes an ethnographic museum as a free-choice environment, where behavior patterns are linked to the institutional context and the visitors’ ability to perceive the information about the objects and environments that specified the possibilities and constraints for interacting with the museum’s space. The study reveals how cultural communication fosters the diversity of visiting scenarios and the perceptions of ethnographic open-air museums as cultural heritage sites, natural parks and stages for entertainment. The implications of this research could be relevant to cultural policymakers and communication specialists in designing the cultural, recreational and educational policies of museums.
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This article is aimed at presenting an insight into national identities as constructed on the basis of the heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) in the major Lithuanian and Belarusian news sites (2013–2014). By performing content analysis, it was revealed that in the vast majority of news publications, either Lithuania or Belarus, respectively by country of publishing, was considered as the main or only successor of the GDL, although this narrative was not elaborated upon and was seen as self-explanatory. The neighboring state was rarely criticized and its narrative mostly considered as frivolous and not worthy of attention. A lack of contact, discussion and mutual explanation between the Lithuanian and Belarusian narratives in the public sphere means that a conflict between both national identities can be seen as hidden or potential.
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Lietuviškasis sugrįžimas į pokario miestą. Apie Viltės Janušauskaitės disertaciją „Urbanistinio paveldo apsauga sovietinėje Lietuvoje: idėjos ir praktika“ ir jos gynimą / Lithuanian Return to the Postwar City (on Viltė Janušauskaitėʼs thesis „Preservation of Urban Heritage in Soviet Lithuania: Ideas and Practices“)
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В рамках трехдневной научной конференции ПроЧтение Ахматовой, прошедшей в Санкт-Петербурге 23–25 июня 2019 г., были проведены три «Круглых стола» и «Ахматовские чтения». 23 июня в Белом зале Шереметевского дворца состоялся круглый стол «Ахматова. Тоска по мировой культуре. Актуальный взгляд профессионального читателя». Модераторы – заместитель гл. редактора журнала «Знамя», литературный критик Наталья Иванова и профессор Олег Лекманов. Участников приветствовала директор музея Ахматовой в Фонтанном Доме Нина Попова, определившая жанр предстоящего собрания «профессиональных читателей» как диалог, устный рассказ о творчестве и личности Ахматовой, которая отстаивала свою литературную и гражданскую позицию в гордом одиночестве, независимо от мнения подавляющего большинства. Это важно для современной эпохи. [...]
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Personnalité marquante de la première Renaissance française, Philippe de Commynes (1447-1511) a été considéré comme un précurseur de l’historiographie moderne en France et l’un des premiers grands écrivains français. Ses oeuvres ont circulé aussi sur le territoire de la Transylvanie , elles ont été lues , appréciées et collectionnées par des intellectuels renommés, tels Timotei Cipariu ou Teleki Sámuel. La présence des 13 exemplaires rares et précieux des oeuvres de Commynes dans les bibliothèques de Cluj-Napoca, Târgu-Mureş ou Aiud, constitue un motif de fierté et leur mise en valeur un honneur.
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Transylvania had often been reclaimed by the empires that surrounded it, so Romanians living there were permanently exposed to the danger of losing their national and spiritual identity, along with their Orthodoxy. Printing books in this part of Romania was a difficult task, because the prince and the nobles, who were neither Romanian nor Orthodox, imposed a severe censorship. In the 17th century, the Calvinistic offensive on Romanians intensified, in order to isolate them from the faith of their brothers in Moldova and Wallachia. Realising that Orthodox religion meant for the Romanians in Transylvania both culture and the worship of God, the Metropolitan Simion Ştefan from Alba Iulia printed in Romanian in 1648 The New Testament and The Psalter, in 1651, with the help of a group of Romanian scholars. These books generated a strong echo in culture and spirituality, a fact which is obvious by the ample circulation of these books in all the Romanian provinces by numbers that amounted to thousands. The Psalter printed in Alba Iulia (Bălgrad) in 1651 was less studied, because it was put into shade by the authority and dignity of The New Testament from 1648. The second foreword of The Psalter (which has 3 forewords) is a true abridged Orthodox theology treatise. Under the pretext of highlighting the importance of the Psalms, Calvinism was being fought against, as it was the religion of the political authority in those times. We can infer from this foreword that it was elaborated for the purpose of strengthening the awareness of the Romanians in Transylvania as belonging to the Byzantine Orthodox religion, which was a living presence in the lives of their Romanian brothers across the mountains, and that means that a strong nationalistic spirit was present here. A foreword like this, written in the Romanian language, could only be elaborated by a Romanian (perhaps by the courageous Metropolitan Simion Ştefan); there is an abundance of quotes from famous Byzantine authors (mainly), which proves a good knowledge of classical languages and also an original approach to these authors.
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Among the old Romanian books printed in Buda a special place is held by the geography ones such as The Discovery of America. Volume I, by Ioan Hainrih Kampe, was translated into Romanian by Nicola Nicolau, who also covered the publication expenses. The book includes 4 copper engravings (related to its contents) distinctive as regards the theme, of Romantic type: Columbus’s Arrival at America’s Coast; Columbus’s Departure from Spain (signed A. Geiger del. et sculp.); The Terrible Storm at Sea; Columbus’s Arrival at the Beautiful Coast of America (signed Prixner sc.). The present article is intended to examine the four illustrations. We shall also try to demonstrate that the two unsigned engravings belong to Geiger, too.
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Emil Botta is one of the most original Romanian poets. He assumed the condition of the damned poet and refused to be included in any pre-established category. He willingly created a mask for himself and played a part. Nevertheless, this was more than just an image since it actually reflected his true inner self. The poet was acutely aware of the profound distinction between the “face” and the “mask”, between the spirit and the body.His poetry is a singular one in the 20th Century Romanian literature. It is situated somewhere in between the disabused meditation and the ontic ceremony, the poet trying to perceive beyond the horizon of reality into the mysterious horizon of transcendence.
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Pelbartus of Themeswar (1430/40-1504), a Franciscan monk who was teaching theology in Buda, is one of the most famous preachers of the Catholic Church and also the most successful Hungarian writer abroad, as his works has been published in ninety editions before 1526.The aim of this paper is to offer a brief introduction to his works that are being kept in the Teleki-Bolyai Library. Most of Pelbartus’ works are collections of sermons, written in order to help clerics in their pastoral work. The central ideas of his texts are asceticism and the virtues of the Middle Ages, scholasticism against the renaissance spirit of King Matthias’s court.
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The history of the Romanians from Transylvania is closely connected to culture, as a means of fighting for political, national and social rights. During the XVIIIth and the XIXth centuries, Romanians have tried to use the power of information in order to manage this fight; thus, the interest for spreading knowledge within the ordinary people increased. There are many cultural associations that were founded and some of them have understood the role of library, which is the place the information can be stored. So far, we have identified some different cathegories of libraries - such as public libraries, specialized libraries, particular libraries - but they all have the same purpose, the same objectives: to offer free acces to information, to contribute to the education of all people and to use what was already known about cultural and historical values of our past.
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18 auteurs français, représentants d’une grande valeur de la Renaissance, ayant des préoccupations multiples, parmi lesquelles celles de philologie aussi, ont fait partie de la bibliothèque de Timotei Cipariu. Cela témoigne de son intérêt pour la philologie, envisagée dans le sens large du mot. Ces livres, beaucoup d’entre eux étant des raretés, sont un motif de fierté pour la Bibliothèque académique de Cluj-Napoca et leur mise en valeur nous semble plus que nécessaire, même un honneur.
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Even though bearing a coat of arms was a frequent habit in Hungary from the XVth century onwards, the first book of a Hungarian author dealing with heraldry was published only in 1695. Printed in Kolozsvár, by Miklós Misztótfalusi Kis, Ferenc Pápai Páriz’s Ars heraldica was one of the notable examples for the new heraldic approach current in the XVIIth century. Though written in Latin, it is considered to be the first Hungarian book of heraldry.The work is divided into 16 chapters, out of which only three deal explicitly with coats of arms. The other chapters introduce topics of politology, archontology, genealogy and other auxiliary sciences of history. The heraldic part is well-documented and offers a significant amount of information to the reader.The aim of Pápai Páriz was to provide the nobility of Hungary and Transylvania with a handbook that could improve their knowledge in questions connected to offices, dignities, kingship and other characteristics accompanying the noble status.
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This paper describes a manuscript which can be found in the Special Collections Fund in the Romanian Academy Library of Cluj-Napoca. It is an act signed in original by Varlaam, Metropolitan bishop of Transylvania. It is an administrative act, written in Romanian with Cyrillic alphabet, and it dates back on the 27th of June, 1688.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the main parameters according to which the holiday is classified as an intangible cultural heritage. Research methodology. General scientific and special methods of research analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison are used. The use of scientific approaches integrated with culturology, history, and ethnography testifies to the interdisciplinarity of the research. The scientific novelty is to determine the main characteristics of the holidays as intangible cultural heritage and analyze the experience of their inclusion in the UNESCO Intangible Heritage List. Conclusions. Intangible cultural heritage is an intangible element of culture, mostly traditional, all that can be considered the spiritual and intellectual achievements of the people. Intangible cultural heritage includes holidays embodied in relevant cultural practices, which may have the most stable and unconditional parameters, enshrined in the minds of people as carriers of historical experience, ethnocultural identity, and various socio-cultural practices that allow distinguishing cultures from each other. The main significance of the holidays, which are already included in the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, is the preservation of traditions, communication, uniting communities around common rituals and values, passing on the relevant experience to the next generation.
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Aurel Filimon is a complex personality of the interwars culture. He has activated as teacher, collaborator of the famous professor Al. Tzigara-Samurcaş and also as secretary of the Museum of National Art in Bucharest, archaeologist, curator, librarian and, finally, director of the Târgu-Mureş Municipal Library. After 1918, when he has set with his familly in Târgu-Mureş, he began to make steps for establishing a museum of archeology and ethnography and three years later, in 1921, after opening the museum, he was appointed its custodian. The opening of the Museum of Natural Sciences is also due to him. In 1922 he became librarian at the Târgu-Mureş Municipal Library, and, between 1936-1940 he was the director of this library. Aurel Filimon might be called „the father of the Romanian books” in the collections of local library. He has allways considered that Romanian books have a double role: first, they give to the minority elements the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the products of Romanian literary and scientific works and second, it refers to the chance offered to Romanians to get to know their culture better and to contribute to the development of our culture. He was interested in developing the library collections, especially the Romanian collections, and all his efforts have been made in this direction. He has used different ways of getting more books for the library: acquisitions, even on his own expenses, donations from individuals or institutions. If the Romanian books collection was quite small, around 3.000 volumes, at the moment he has started his activity as a librarian, after 1940, when he had to leave Târgu-Mureş because of political reasons, there were no less than 14.200 volumes, mostly achieved through donations.
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The paper has as the aim to underline some aspects concerning the activity of Aurel Filimon, whose name is connected with two major archaeological objectives: the bronze deposit from Suseni, where he described artefacts, insisting on each object, and the Roman settlement from Cristeşti, where he personally took part at the excavations, revealing the furnances and later he described the types of ceramics found here. Through his researche, inventories and long term results, Filimon proved to be one of the „pioneers” of modern archaeology in Mureş County.
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This calendar belongs to the Teleki-Bolyai Library from Târgu-Mureş, which opened its gates to the public in 1802, founded by Count Sámuel Teleki, chancellor of Transylvania. This library owns over 200,000 volumes, of which 40,000 were the basic collection gathered by Teleki from 25 different European countries. A later addition to this was the collection of 80,000 volumes belonging to the former Reformed College, named Bolyai Farkas after the great mathematician, who was citizen of this town. Later additions were the remains of libraries from monasteries, castles left without communities. This print is a calendar on the year 1782, so we can sustain almost surely, that it was edited in 1781 and started its way on a market organized usually on the last day of the year, among other objects believed to be fortune bringers on the year to come. The booklet is composed of five units, each with different numbers of leaves. Between the printed sheets there are included leaves of blank paper, meant to receive the notes of the future owner. These last ones seem to be of a different kind of paper. On a single one of these, there is to find the fragment of a watermark, which indicates an animal shape. It was bound in boards, as the fragments kept and the analogies indicate. The print is bicolor: black and red. The red ink was used to highlight the titles, the symbols and the holidays. The calendar is structured on several chapters: on the first page kept we can read the key to the signs and abbreviations used along the texts. The first chapter is the calendar itself, than followed by the prognosis on the weather and health for the year to begin. An important chapter was the one containing the list of markets with the dates and places where there were to be held. The last chapter was a chronicle of the Hungarians, from the beginnings to contemporary events. The state of conservation: the object showed different types of degradation. As effect of inadequate handling, the bounds were missing, many sheets were torn or kept in fragments. A continuous layer of dirt, accidental drops of different substances and water stains covered the whole surface. As chemical damage there should be mentioned that the adhesive has weakened during time, due to a high level of humidity in the air. This way the paper became more hydrophilic. A grown level of acidity could be noticed as a general yellowish colour of the paper. Due to both chemical and biological factors, in some parts more sheets formed unseparable blocks of paper. The biological damage was produced both by fungus and insects. The insect left behind lacks of material, galleries and fly-holes. The fungus destroyed the inner structure of the paper and stained the paper in different colours, which proved the presence of different species. There were made several types of analysis to identify the biological agents, to measure the pH-level, to identify the type and contain of the clueing agent and the type of paper used, so that the completing could be done with the matching type of Japanese paper. The first step of conservation was the disinfecting, followed by a photographic documentation of the initial state. (All steps and procedures were documented). After the proper airing a dry cleaning was done: dusting with a smooth brush and cleaning the more resistant dirt using erasers and scalpels. All pages have been numbered with a light pencil, then the volume was dissembled on sheets and a more profound dusting was done. After testing the solubility of the inks in water and hydro-alcoholic solutions, the sheets were immersed in baths of water and alcohol (1:2 p). The alcohol was necessary as to protect the weakened paper. After this wash the sheets were treated with CMC (carboximetil-cellulose), washing off the surplus, so that it would complete / replace the weakened original gluing. The leaves were dried free and then put in the press. After this followed the restoration: the lacks were completed with Japanese paper from both sides, avoiding overlapping the margins of the original. The thickness and the fiber-direction of the Japanese paper had to be well chosen to match the original. The used gluing agent was the same CMC. After drying, a final pressing was done and the results were checked at backlight. Before replacing the covers, we consulted more analogies and the final option fell on board bounding, covered with a layer of decorative Japanese paper. In case of finding a better solution, these covers will be easy to replace, without harming the original. Concerning the conditions of depositing the object: we propose a box with the exact size of the booklet, made of non-acid cartoon. The R. H. level should be between 50-60% and the temperature about 16-18C°. The great variation of these values can cause the most damage.
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